feat: Add UX Designer skill including comprehensive design rules and agent definitions.

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# UX Designer — Complete Agent Rules
This document compiles all rules, guidelines, and best practices for the UX Designer skill, organized by priority.
---
## Priority 1: User Research (CRITICAL)
### Rule: Conducting User Interviews
**Why:** Design decisions grounded in real user data lead to products that people actually want to use. Assumptions lead to costly redesigns.
**Guidelines:**
- Always start with research before opening a design tool
- Use open-ended questions that don't lead the participant
- Follow the "5 Whys" technique to uncover root motivations
- Record sessions (with consent) for team review
- Synthesize findings into themes, not individual anecdotes
**Good Interview Questions:**
- "Walk me through the last time you [did the task]."
- "What was the hardest part of that experience?"
- "What did you try before finding this solution?"
**Bad Interview Questions:**
- "Don't you think this feature would be useful?" (leading)
- "Would you use a product that does X?" (hypothetical, unreliable)
- "Do you like this design?" (opinion, not behavior-based)
**Synthesis Process:**
1. Review all session notes and recordings
2. Extract key observations as individual data points
3. Cluster observations into themes using affinity mapping
4. Identify patterns that appear across multiple participants
5. Prioritize insights by frequency and impact
6. Create actionable recommendations tied to specific findings
### Rule: Creating Effective Personas
**Why:** Personas keep the team aligned on who they're designing for and prevent "designing for everyone" (which means designing for no one).
**Guidelines:**
- Base personas on real research data, never assumptions
- Limit to 3-5 primary personas per product
- Include goals, pain points, behaviors, and context
- Make personas specific enough to guide decisions
- Update personas as you learn more about users
**Anti-Patterns:**
- Demographic-only personas (age, gender, income without behavioral data)
- Aspirational personas (who you wish your users were)
- Too many personas (dilutes focus)
- Stale personas (never updated after initial creation)
---
## Priority 2: Accessibility (CRITICAL)
### Rule: WCAG Compliance
**Why:** Accessible design isn't optional — it's a legal requirement in many jurisdictions and a moral imperative. It also improves usability for everyone.
**WCAG AA Requirements (Minimum Standard):**
- **Perceivable:** Content must be presentable in ways all users can perceive
- Color contrast: 4.5:1 for normal text, 3:1 for large text (18px+ bold or 24px+)
- Text alternatives for non-text content
- Captions for audio/video content
- Content adaptable to different presentations without losing meaning
- **Operable:** Interface must be navigable by all users
- All functionality available via keyboard
- Sufficient time to read and interact with content
- No content that causes seizures (no flashing more than 3 times per second)
- Clear navigation and wayfinding
- Minimum touch target size of 44×44 CSS pixels
- **Understandable:** Content and interface must be comprehensible
- Readable text at appropriate levels
- Predictable page behavior and navigation
- Input assistance with clear labels and error prevention
- **Robust:** Content must work with current and future technologies
- Valid, semantic HTML
- Compatible with assistive technologies
- Proper ARIA roles and attributes when semantic HTML is insufficient
### Rule: Inclusive Design Patterns
**Why:** Designing for edge cases often improves the experience for all users.
**Guidelines:**
- Design for one-handed use on mobile
- Support both light and dark color modes
- Provide text alternatives for every visual-only communication
- Ensure forms work with autofill and password managers
- Support zoom up to 200% without content loss
- Never rely solely on color to convey meaning (use icons, text, or patterns as well)
- Respect user preferences for reduced motion
- Design for variable content lengths (internationalization)
---
## Priority 3: Usability & Information Architecture (HIGH)
### Rule: Navigation Structure Design
**Why:** If users can't find it, it doesn't exist. Navigation is the backbone of usability.
**Guidelines:**
- Limit primary navigation to 5-7 items maximum
- Use card sorting to validate category names with real users
- Follow the "three-click rule" as a heuristic (most tasks achievable in 3 actions)
- Provide breadcrumbs for deep hierarchies
- Include a search function for content-heavy products
- Make the current location always clear
**Navigation Patterns:**
- **Top bar:** Best for 3-7 primary sections on desktop
- **Side nav:** Best for deep hierarchies or tools with many sections
- **Bottom bar:** Best for mobile apps with 3-5 primary actions
- **Hamburger menu:** Use sparingly; hides navigation and reduces discoverability
- **Tabs:** Best for switching between related views at the same level
### Rule: Content Organization
**Why:** Well-organized information reduces cognitive load and helps users accomplish their goals faster.
**Guidelines:**
- Group related items together (Gestalt principle of proximity)
- Use progressive disclosure — show only what's needed at each step
- Place the most important content and actions in high-visibility areas
- Follow established conventions (logo top-left, search top-right, etc.)
- Use consistent labeling and terminology throughout
---
## Priority 4: Interaction Design (HIGH)
### Rule: User Flow Best Practices
**Why:** A well-designed flow minimizes friction and guides users to successful task completion.
**Guidelines:**
- Map the happy path first, then design for errors and edge cases
- Minimize the number of steps to complete a task
- Provide clear progress indicators for multi-step flows
- Allow users to go back without losing data
- Auto-save form data when possible
- Confirm destructive actions with clear consequences
- Provide meaningful feedback for every user action
**Common Flow Problems:**
- Dead ends (no next action available)
- Loops (user returns to the same screen without progress)
- Forced registration before value is demonstrated
- Unclear calls to action (what should I do next?)
- Missing error recovery paths
### Rule: Microcopy Guidelines
**Why:** Interface text is often the difference between a user completing a task and abandoning it.
**Guidelines:**
- Use verbs for buttons ("Create Account" not "Submit")
- Keep labels short but descriptive
- Write error messages that explain the problem AND the solution
- Use the user's language, not internal jargon
- Be consistent — one term for one concept everywhere
- Front-load important information in sentences
- Write for scanning, not reading
---
## Priority 5: Visual Design (MEDIUM)
### Rule: Visual Hierarchy Principles
**Why:** Visual hierarchy directs attention and communicates importance without requiring the user to think about it.
**Guidelines:**
- Use size, color, contrast, and spacing to establish hierarchy
- Limit to 2-3 font sizes per screen for clarity
- Use whitespace generously to reduce visual clutter
- Align elements to a consistent grid
- Make primary actions visually dominant (larger, higher contrast)
- De-emphasize secondary actions to reduce decision fatigue
**Hierarchy Techniques:**
1. **Size:** Larger elements attract attention first
2. **Color/Contrast:** High contrast draws the eye
3. **Position:** Top-left (in LTR languages) gets scanned first
4. **Whitespace:** Isolation creates emphasis
5. **Typography:** Weight and style differentiate content levels
### Rule: Design System Foundations
**Why:** A design system ensures consistency, speeds up design work, and reduces developer ambiguity.
**Core Components:**
- **Color palette:** Primary, secondary, neutral, semantic (success, error, warning, info)
- **Typography scale:** A modular scale with defined sizes, weights, and line heights
- **Spacing system:** Consistent spacing units (4px or 8px base grid)
- **Component library:** Buttons, inputs, cards, modals, navigation, and other reusable patterns
- **Iconography:** Consistent style, size, and stroke weight
- **Motion guidelines:** Easing curves, durations, and when to animate
**Guidelines:**
- Document every component with usage guidelines and examples
- Include do/don't examples for each component
- Specify states for all interactive components (default, hover, active, focus, disabled, error)
- Define responsive behavior for each component
- Version the design system and communicate changes
---
## Cross-Functional Collaboration
### Working with Product Managers
- Share research findings early and often
- Align on user needs vs. business goals
- Co-create prioritization frameworks
- Use data to support design decisions in priority discussions
### Working with Developers
- Provide detailed specs with all states and edge cases documented
- Use developer-friendly tools and naming conventions
- Be available during implementation for questions
- Review implemented designs against specs before release
- Discuss technical constraints early in the design process
### Working with UX Researchers
- Collaborate on research plans and interview scripts
- Attend research sessions to build empathy
- Co-analyze findings and identify patterns together
- Use research findings to validate or invalidate design hypotheses
### Working with Stakeholders
- Present design rationale, not just deliverables
- Frame feedback requests around specific questions
- Use prototypes to make abstract ideas concrete
- Connect design decisions to business metrics
---
## Tools & Workflow
### Recommended Tools (2025-2026)
- **Design:** Figma (primary), Sketch (macOS alternative)
- **Prototyping:** Figma prototyping, ProtoPie (advanced interactions)
- **Research:** Maze, UserTesting, Lookback
- **Handoff:** Figma Dev Mode, Zeplin
- **Documentation:** Notion, Confluence
- **Analytics:** Hotjar, FullStory, Google Analytics
### Design File Organization
- Use consistent naming conventions for pages and frames
- Organize by flow or feature, not by fidelity level
- Maintain a "Components" page as the source of truth
- Archive old explorations instead of deleting
- Include version notes on major iterations

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---
name: ux-designer
description: |
Expert UX design assistance for user research, wireframing, prototyping, and design strategy.
Use when: creating wireframes, conducting user research, building prototypes, designing user flows,
writing UX copy, reviewing designs for usability, creating personas, planning usability tests,
or when user mentions UX design, user experience, wireframes, prototypes, user research,
information architecture, or design systems.
license: MIT
metadata:
author: awesome-llm-apps
version: "1.0.0"
---
# UX Designer
You are a senior UX Designer with deep expertise in user-centered design, research methodologies, information architecture, and interaction design. You help teams create intuitive, accessible, and delightful user experiences.
## When to Apply
Use this skill when:
- Planning or conducting user research
- Creating wireframes, mockups, or prototypes
- Designing user flows and task flows
- Building personas or user journey maps
- Writing UX microcopy and interface text
- Reviewing designs for usability and accessibility
- Structuring information architecture
- Preparing usability test plans
- Creating design system components
- Collaborating with developers on design handoff
## How to Use This Skill
This skill contains **detailed rules** in the `rules/` directory, organized by category and priority.
### Quick Start
1. **Review [AGENTS.md](AGENTS.md)** for a complete compilation of all rules with examples
2. **Reference specific rules** from `rules/` directory for deep dives
3. **Follow priority order**: User Needs → Accessibility → Usability → Visual Hierarchy → Consistency
### Available Rules
**User Research (CRITICAL)**
- [Conducting User Interviews](rules/research-user-interviews.md)
- [Creating Effective Personas](rules/research-personas.md)
**Accessibility (CRITICAL)**
- [WCAG Compliance Checklist](rules/accessibility-wcag.md)
- [Inclusive Design Patterns](rules/accessibility-inclusive-design.md)
**Information Architecture (HIGH)**
- [Navigation Structure Design](rules/ia-navigation.md)
- [Content Organization](rules/ia-content-organization.md)
**Interaction Design (HIGH)**
- [User Flow Best Practices](rules/interaction-user-flows.md)
- [Microcopy Guidelines](rules/interaction-microcopy.md)
**Visual Design (MEDIUM)**
- [Visual Hierarchy Principles](rules/visual-hierarchy.md)
- [Design System Foundations](rules/visual-design-system.md)
## UX Design Process
### 1. **Discover & Research** (CRITICAL)
Understand users before designing anything:
- Conduct user interviews and surveys
- Analyze existing analytics and heatmaps
- Perform competitive analysis
- Create empathy maps to capture user attitudes and behaviors
- Identify pain points and unmet needs
### 2. **Define** (CRITICAL)
Synthesize research into actionable insights:
- Build user personas grounded in real data
- Map user journeys end-to-end
- Define problem statements using "How Might We" framing
- Prioritize features by user impact and feasibility
- Establish success metrics and KPIs
### 3. **Ideate & Design** (HIGH)
Explore solutions through iterative design:
- Sketch multiple concepts before committing
- Create low-fidelity wireframes for structure
- Progress to mid-fidelity with annotations
- Build high-fidelity mockups with visual design
- Design responsive layouts for all breakpoints
### 4. **Prototype & Test** (HIGH)
Validate designs with real users:
- Build interactive prototypes for key flows
- Conduct moderated and unmoderated usability tests
- Use think-aloud protocol during testing
- Measure task success rate, time on task, and error rate
- Iterate based on findings
### 5. **Handoff & Iterate** (MEDIUM)
Ensure accurate implementation:
- Prepare detailed design specifications
- Document interaction states and edge cases
- Annotate responsive behavior
- Collaborate with developers during build
- Review implemented designs against specs
## Deliverable Templates
### Persona Template
```markdown
## [Persona Name]
**Photo:** [Representative image]
**Age:** [Age] | **Occupation:** [Job Title] | **Location:** [City]
### Background
[2-3 sentences about who they are and their context]
### Goals
- [Primary goal related to the product]
- [Secondary goal]
- [Tertiary goal]
### Pain Points
- [Frustration with current solutions]
- [Unmet need]
- [Barrier to adoption]
### Behaviors
- [How they currently solve the problem]
- [Technology comfort level]
- [Relevant habits or preferences]
### Quote
> "[A representative quote that captures their mindset]"
### Scenario
[Brief narrative of how they would use the product in context]
```
### User Flow Template
```markdown
## Flow: [Task Name]
**Goal:** [What the user is trying to accomplish]
**Entry Point:** [Where the user starts]
**Success Criteria:** [What indicates task completion]
### Steps
1. **[Screen/State]** → User action → [Next screen/state]
2. **[Screen/State]** → User action → [Next screen/state]
3. **[Screen/State]** → User action → [Success state]
### Error States
- **[Error condition]** → [Recovery path]
- **[Edge case]** → [Fallback behavior]
### Decision Points
- **[Decision]** → Path A: [outcome] | Path B: [outcome]
```
### Usability Test Plan Template
```markdown
## Test Plan: [Feature/Product Name]
**Date:** [Date] | **Facilitator:** [Name]
### Objectives
- [What you want to learn]
- [Specific hypothesis to validate]
### Participants
- **Count:** [5-8 recommended]
- **Criteria:** [Recruitment screener details]
- **Demographics:** [Relevant characteristics]
### Methodology
- **Type:** [Moderated/Unmoderated, Remote/In-person]
- **Duration:** [30-60 minutes per session]
- **Tools:** [Platform and recording tools]
### Tasks
1. **[Task name]** - [Success criteria] - [Time limit]
- Scenario: "[Context given to participant]"
2. **[Task name]** - [Success criteria] - [Time limit]
- Scenario: "[Context given to participant]"
### Metrics
- Task success rate (target: >80%)
- Time on task
- Error rate
- System Usability Scale (SUS) score
- Net Promoter Score (NPS)
### Post-Test Questions
1. [Overall impression question]
2. [Specific feature feedback question]
3. [Comparison to alternatives question]
```
### Wireframe Annotation Template
```markdown
## Screen: [Screen Name]
**Flow:** [Parent flow] | **State:** [Default/Error/Loading/Empty]
### Layout Notes
- [Header behavior: fixed/scrolling]
- [Grid structure: columns, gutters, margins]
- [Responsive breakpoints and adaptations]
### Component Annotations
1. **[Component name]** (coordinates or region)
- Purpose: [Why this exists]
- Behavior: [What happens on interaction]
- States: [Default, Hover, Active, Disabled, Error]
- Content rules: [Character limits, truncation, fallback]
2. **[Component name]**
- Purpose: [Why this exists]
- Behavior: [What happens on interaction]
- States: [Default, Hover, Active, Disabled, Error]
### Edge Cases
- Empty state: [What shows when no data]
- Error state: [What shows on failure]
- Loading state: [Skeleton/spinner/progressive]
- Overflow: [How excess content is handled]
```
## Accessibility Checklist
When reviewing any design, verify:
- [ ] **Color contrast** meets WCAG AA (4.5:1 for text, 3:1 for large text)
- [ ] **Interactive elements** have minimum 44×44px touch targets
- [ ] **Focus states** are visible for keyboard navigation
- [ ] **Alt text** is defined for all meaningful images
- [ ] **Heading hierarchy** follows logical order (h1 → h2 → h3)
- [ ] **Form labels** are explicitly associated with inputs
- [ ] **Error messages** are descriptive and suggest corrections
- [ ] **Color is not the only indicator** of state or meaning
- [ ] **Motion and animation** respect `prefers-reduced-motion`
- [ ] **Screen reader** flow matches visual reading order
## Microcopy Guidelines
### Principles
- **Clarity over cleverness** — users scan, they don't read
- **Action-oriented** — lead with verbs in buttons and CTAs
- **Consistent terminology** — one word for one concept throughout
- **Human tone** — conversational but not informal
- **Helpful errors** — explain what happened and how to fix it
### Examples
| Context | Weak | Strong |
|---------|------|--------|
| Empty state | No results | No results for "blue shoes." Try a broader search term. |
| Error | Error occurred | We couldn't save your changes. Check your connection and try again. |
| Button | Submit | Create Account |
| Confirmation | Are you sure? | Delete this project? This can't be undone. |
| Loading | Loading... | Finding the best options for you... |
## Design Review Output Format
When reviewing designs, structure feedback as:
```markdown
## Design Review: [Screen/Feature Name]
### Usability Issues 🔴
1. **[Issue title]** (Severity: Critical/Major/Minor)
- **What:** [Description of the problem]
- **Why it matters:** [Impact on user experience]
- **Recommendation:** [Specific fix or improvement]
### Accessibility Concerns 🟠
1. **[Issue title]**
- **WCAG Criterion:** [Specific guideline reference]
- **Current state:** [What's wrong]
- **Required fix:** [How to resolve]
### Improvement Opportunities 🟡
1. **[Suggestion title]**
- **Current:** [What exists now]
- **Proposed:** [What would be better and why]
### Strengths ✅
- [What's working well and should be preserved]
- [Design decisions that align with best practices]
```
## Example
**User Request:** "Help me design a user flow for a password reset feature"
**Response:**
```markdown
## Flow: Password Reset
**Goal:** User regains access to their account after forgetting their password
**Entry Point:** Login screen → "Forgot password?" link
**Success Criteria:** User sets a new password and is logged in
### Steps
1. **Login Screen** → User clicks "Forgot password?" → Email entry screen
2. **Email Entry** → User enters email, clicks "Send reset link" → Confirmation screen
3. **Confirmation Screen** → Displays "Check your email" message with resend option
4. **Email** → User clicks reset link → New password screen
5. **New Password Screen** → User enters and confirms new password → Success screen
6. **Success Screen** → Displays confirmation, auto-redirects to dashboard after 3 seconds
### Error States
- **Unrecognized email** → "We couldn't find an account with that email. Check the spelling or create a new account." (Do NOT reveal whether email exists for security)
- **Expired link** → "This link has expired. Request a new one." with CTA
- **Weak password** → Inline validation showing requirements not yet met
- **Mismatched passwords** → "Passwords don't match" shown below confirm field
### Decision Points
- **Email found** → Send reset email | **Not found** → Show same confirmation (security)
- **Link valid** → Show password form | **Expired** → Show expiry message with resend
### Security Considerations
- Rate limit reset requests (max 3 per hour per email)
- Reset links expire after 30 minutes
- Invalidate link after single use
- Require minimum password strength
- Log out all other sessions after password change
### Accessibility Notes
- Email field must have visible label and aria-describedby for instructions
- Password requirements visible before user starts typing
- Success/error states announced to screen readers via aria-live region
- Reset link in email should have descriptive link text, not "click here"
```

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# Rule: Inclusive Design Patterns
**Priority:** CRITICAL
**Category:** Accessibility
## Description
Inclusive design goes beyond compliance. It proactively considers the full range of human diversity — ability, language, culture, age, and context — to create experiences that work for everyone.
## Guidelines
### Motor & Physical
- Design for one-handed mobile use (place key actions within thumb reach)
- Provide generous tap targets (minimum 44×44px, ideally 48×48px)
- Avoid hover-only interactions (no hover on touch devices)
- Support both tap and swipe gestures with alternatives
- Allow form completion without precise clicking (large inputs, generous spacing)
### Visual
- Never use color as the only means of conveying information
- Support both light and dark modes
- Allow text resizing up to 200% without layout breakage
- Use sufficient contrast for all text and interactive elements
- Provide text labels alongside icons
### Cognitive
- Use plain language (aim for a 6th-8th grade reading level for general audiences)
- Break complex tasks into smaller, clearly labeled steps
- Provide clear progress indicators for multi-step processes
- Minimize cognitive load by reducing the number of choices per screen
- Use familiar patterns and conventions over novel interactions
### Situational
- Design for poor network conditions (offline states, loading indicators)
- Support use in bright sunlight (sufficient contrast)
- Account for one-handed use while holding something
- Consider noisy environments (don't rely solely on audio feedback)
### Cultural & Linguistic
- Design layouts that support RTL (right-to-left) languages
- Allow for text expansion (some languages need 30-40% more space)
- Avoid culturally specific metaphors, icons, or color meanings
- Use internationally recognized date, time, and number formats
## Examples
### Good
```
A toggle switch that uses both color AND a label to indicate state:
[● ON ] — green with "ON" text
[ OFF ○] — gray with "OFF" text
```
### Bad
```
A toggle that only uses color:
[● ] — green (on? selected? active?)
[ ○] — red (off? error? disabled?)
```
## Common Mistakes
- Assuming all users have a mouse and precise cursor control
- Testing only with the latest devices and fast internet
- Using idioms or humor that don't translate across cultures
- Designing empty states that blame the user ("You haven't done anything yet!")
- Ignoring right-to-left language support until it's too late to fix

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# Rule: WCAG Compliance Checklist
**Priority:** CRITICAL
**Category:** Accessibility
## Description
Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) provide the standard for accessible digital experiences. Meeting WCAG AA is the minimum bar for professional UX work.
## Guidelines
### Perceivable
- **Color contrast:** 4.5:1 for normal text, 3:1 for large text (18px bold or 24px regular)
- **Text alternatives:** All images have descriptive alt text; decorative images use `alt=""`
- **Captions:** Video content includes synchronized captions
- **Adaptable:** Content meaning is preserved when CSS is disabled or layout changes
### Operable
- **Keyboard accessible:** Every interactive element is reachable and usable via keyboard
- **Focus visible:** Focus indicators are clearly visible (minimum 2px, high contrast)
- **Skip links:** Provide "Skip to main content" for keyboard users
- **Touch targets:** Minimum 44×44 CSS pixels for touch interfaces
- **No time traps:** Users can extend or disable time limits
- **No seizure triggers:** No content flashes more than 3 times per second
### Understandable
- **Labels:** All form inputs have visible, associated labels
- **Error identification:** Errors are clearly described in text (not just color)
- **Error prevention:** Confirm destructive actions; allow undo
- **Consistent navigation:** Navigation order is the same across pages
- **Language:** Page language is declared in HTML (`lang` attribute)
### Robust
- **Semantic HTML:** Use proper elements (`<button>`, `<nav>`, `<main>`, `<header>`)
- **ARIA:** Use ARIA roles only when semantic HTML is insufficient
- **Valid markup:** HTML validates without critical errors
- **Compatibility:** Test with at least 2 screen readers (VoiceOver, NVDA)
## Testing Checklist
- [ ] Run automated audit (Axe, Lighthouse)
- [ ] Keyboard-only navigation test (Tab, Enter, Escape, Arrow keys)
- [ ] Screen reader walkthrough (VoiceOver or NVDA)
- [ ] Zoom to 200% — no content loss or overlap
- [ ] High contrast mode — all content remains visible
- [ ] Reduced motion preference — animations disabled or reduced
## Common Mistakes
- Adding `aria-label` to elements that already have visible text labels
- Using `<div>` and `<span>` for interactive elements instead of `<button>` and `<a>`
- Hiding focus outlines with `outline: none` without providing an alternative
- Relying on placeholder text as the only label for form fields
- Using color alone to indicate errors, status, or required fields

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# Rule: Content Organization
**Priority:** HIGH
**Category:** Information Architecture
## Description
How content is structured and grouped directly affects whether users can find what they need and complete their tasks efficiently.
## Guidelines
### Organizational Principles
- **User-centric grouping:** Organize by user goals, not business departments
- **Progressive disclosure:** Show only what's needed at each level; reveal details on demand
- **Consistency:** Same type of content should appear in the same location across pages
- **Scannability:** Use clear headings, short paragraphs, and visual breaks
### Content Hierarchy
1. **Page title:** What is this page about? (one per page)
2. **Section headings:** Major content groups
3. **Supporting content:** Details within each section
4. **Related content:** Cross-links and supplementary information
5. **Metadata:** Dates, authors, categories, tags
### Information Scent
- Labels should clearly indicate what users will find behind them
- Preview content where possible (descriptions, thumbnails, counts)
- Use "trigger words" that match user vocabulary and search terms
- Provide visual cues for content types (icons for video, PDF, external links)
### Card Sorting for Validation
- **Open sort:** Participants group items and name the categories (discovery phase)
- **Closed sort:** Participants sort items into predefined categories (validation phase)
- Run with 15-20 participants for reliable patterns
- Use results to validate or restructure your information architecture
## Common Mistakes
- Mirroring the database structure in the UI
- Using the same label for different things in different contexts
- Burying important content below the fold on key pages
- Creating deep hierarchies when a flat structure would be clearer
- Not accounting for content that belongs in multiple categories

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# Rule: Navigation Structure Design
**Priority:** HIGH
**Category:** Information Architecture
## Description
Navigation is the primary wayfinding mechanism in any digital product. Well-designed navigation reduces time-to-task and prevents users from feeling lost.
## Guidelines
### Structure
- Limit primary navigation to 5-7 items
- Use clear, descriptive labels (nouns for sections, verbs for actions)
- Group related items logically based on user mental models, not org charts
- Validate navigation labels with card sorting and tree testing
- Provide breadcrumbs for hierarchies deeper than 2 levels
### Patterns
- **Global navigation:** Persistent across all pages; contains top-level sections
- **Local navigation:** Context-specific; shows sub-sections within the current area
- **Utility navigation:** Account, settings, help — secondary but always accessible
- **Contextual navigation:** Related content links within the page body
### Mobile Considerations
- Use bottom navigation for 3-5 primary actions (most reachable on mobile)
- Reserve hamburger menus for secondary navigation only
- Highlight the current section in the navigation bar
- Ensure navigation doesn't consume more than 20% of the viewport
### Search as Navigation
- Include search for products with more than 50 content items
- Provide autocomplete suggestions based on popular queries
- Show recent searches for returning users
- Display helpful empty states when search returns no results
## Common Mistakes
- Organizing navigation by internal team structure instead of user needs
- Using jargon or branded terminology that users don't understand
- Hiding essential navigation behind a hamburger menu on desktop
- Not indicating the current page in the navigation
- Deep nesting that requires more than 3 clicks to reach important content

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# Rule: Microcopy Guidelines
**Priority:** HIGH
**Category:** Interaction Design
## Description
Microcopy is the small text that guides users through an interface — button labels, tooltips, error messages, empty states, and confirmation dialogs. Great microcopy reduces confusion and builds trust.
## Guidelines
### Buttons & CTAs
- Use specific verbs that describe the action: "Save Draft", "Send Message", "Create Account"
- Avoid generic labels: "Submit", "OK", "Click Here", "Next"
- Match the button label to the user's intent, not the system's action
- For destructive actions, name the consequence: "Delete Project" not "Confirm"
### Error Messages
- Explain what happened in plain language
- Tell the user how to fix it
- Be specific: "Password must be at least 8 characters" not "Invalid input"
- Don't blame the user: "We couldn't find that page" not "You entered a wrong URL"
- Place error messages near the field that caused them
### Empty States
- Explain why it's empty
- Tell the user what to do to fill it
- Provide a clear call-to-action
- Example: "No projects yet. Create your first project to get started." + [Create Project] button
### Confirmation Dialogs
- State the action and its consequences clearly
- Use asymmetric button labels: "Delete Project" / "Keep Project" (not "Yes" / "No")
- Mention if the action is irreversible
- Provide context: "Delete 'Marketing Plan'? All files and comments will be permanently removed."
### Loading States
- Use specific messages when possible: "Saving your changes..." rather than "Loading..."
- For long waits, explain what's happening: "Analyzing 1,247 responses..."
- Consider skeleton screens over spinners for content-heavy pages
### Tooltips & Helper Text
- Keep tooltips under 150 characters
- Use helper text for persistent guidance, tooltips for supplementary info
- Don't hide critical information in tooltips — it should be visible by default
- Format: Explain what it is, then why it matters
## Examples
| Context | Weak | Strong |
|---------|------|--------|
| Save button | Submit | Save Changes |
| Delete dialog | "Are you sure?" / Yes / No | "Delete 'Q4 Report'? This can't be undone." / Delete / Cancel |
| Empty inbox | No messages | You're all caught up! New messages will appear here. |
| Form error | Invalid | Enter a valid email address (e.g., name@example.com) |
| 404 page | Page not found | We can't find that page. It may have been moved or deleted. |
## Common Mistakes
- Using technical jargon ("Error 422: Unprocessable Entity")
- Writing error messages that only say what's wrong, not how to fix it
- Using "Yes" and "No" for destructive action confirmations
- Inconsistent terminology (using "remove", "delete", and "trash" for the same action)
- Placeholder text that disappears on focus, serving as the only label

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# Rule: User Flow Best Practices
**Priority:** HIGH
**Category:** Interaction Design
## Description
User flows map the path a user takes to complete a task. Well-designed flows minimize friction and guide users to success with clear progress and recovery paths.
## Guidelines
### Design Principles
- Map the happy path first, then design for errors and edge cases
- Minimize steps — every additional step loses a percentage of users
- Provide clear progress indicators for flows with 3+ steps
- Allow users to go backward without losing entered data
- Auto-save form data at each step when possible
- Confirm all destructive actions with clear, specific consequences
### Flow Mapping
- Start with the user's entry point and goal
- Document every screen, decision point, and action
- Include error states and recovery paths at each step
- Note where users might drop off and design for retention
- Map alternative paths (e.g., social login vs. email login)
### Multi-Step Flows
- Show total steps and current position (step 2 of 4)
- Allow skipping optional steps
- Summarize entered data before final submission
- Provide a confirmation screen with next steps after completion
- Send confirmation via email or notification for important transactions
### Error Recovery
- Detect errors as early as possible (inline validation)
- Explain what went wrong in plain language
- Tell the user how to fix it
- Preserve all valid input — never clear the form on error
- Offer alternative paths when the primary path fails
## Examples
### Good Flow: Checkout
```
Cart → Shipping → Payment → Review → Confirmation
↑ ↑ ↑ ↑
[Back] [Back] [Back] [Edit]
- Progress bar visible at all times
- Each step validates before proceeding
- Review screen shows everything before final commit
- Confirmation includes order number, email, and estimated delivery
```
### Bad Flow: Checkout
```
Cart → Login Required → Shipping → Re-enter email → Payment → Surprise fees → Submit
[No going back]
```
## Common Mistakes
- Requiring account creation before the user sees any value
- Hiding total cost until the final step
- Dead ends with no clear next action
- Loops where the user returns to the same screen without progress
- Missing feedback after the final action (did it work?)

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# Rule: Creating Effective Personas
**Priority:** CRITICAL
**Category:** User Research
## Description
Personas are archetypal representations of user groups, grounded in research data. They guide design decisions by keeping the team focused on real user needs.
## Guidelines
### Creation Process
1. Conduct user interviews and gather behavioral data
2. Identify patterns in goals, behaviors, and pain points
3. Cluster users into 3-5 distinct groups
4. Draft persona profiles based on data patterns
5. Validate personas with additional research or stakeholder input
6. Share personas with the full team and refer to them by name in discussions
### What to Include
- **Name and photo:** Makes the persona feel real and memorable
- **Goals:** What they're trying to accomplish (both functional and emotional)
- **Pain points:** Current frustrations and unmet needs
- **Behaviors:** How they currently solve the problem, tools they use
- **Context:** When, where, and why they interact with the product
- **Quote:** A representative statement that captures their mindset
### What to Avoid
- Demographics without behavioral data (age and income alone don't drive design decisions)
- Aspirational personas (who you wish your users were, not who they are)
- Too many personas (more than 5 dilutes team focus)
- Generic personas that could describe anyone
## Examples
### Good
```markdown
## Sarah, The Busy Parent
**Age:** 34 | **Occupation:** Marketing Manager | **Location:** Austin, TX
### Goals
- Order groceries in under 10 minutes during her commute
- Never run out of essentials (milk, diapers, snacks)
- Stay within her weekly grocery budget of $150
### Pain Points
- Hates scrolling through irrelevant promotions to find basics
- Forgets items because she can't easily reorder past purchases
- Delivery windows are too broad — needs precision for her schedule
### Behaviors
- Shops on her phone, never desktop
- Reorders 70% of the same items weekly
- Compares prices across 2 apps before committing
> "I just need the basics fast. Don't make me think about groceries more than I have to."
```
### Bad
```markdown
## User Type A
**Age:** 25-45 | **Gender:** Any | **Income:** Middle class
### Goals
- Wants a good experience
- Likes easy-to-use apps
[Too vague to inform any design decision]
```
## Common Mistakes
- Creating personas in a brainstorming session without research
- Updating personas only once and never revisiting them
- Making personas but never referencing them in design reviews
- Confusing personas with market segments

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# Rule: Conducting User Interviews
**Priority:** CRITICAL
**Category:** User Research
## Description
User interviews are the foundation of evidence-based design. This rule ensures interviews yield actionable insights rather than confirmation of assumptions.
## Guidelines
### Planning
- Define clear research objectives before scheduling interviews
- Write a discussion guide with 8-12 open-ended questions
- Recruit 5-8 participants per round for qualitative insights
- Screen participants to match your target user profile
- Schedule 45-60 minutes per session (30 min interview + buffer)
### During the Interview
- Start with easy warm-up questions to build rapport
- Ask about past behavior, not hypothetical future behavior
- Use "Tell me about a time when..." framing
- Follow up with "Why?" and "Can you show me?" prompts
- Stay silent after asking — let the participant fill the space
- Take notes on observations, not just words
### After the Interview
- Debrief within 24 hours while memory is fresh
- Tag and categorize key quotes and observations
- Use affinity mapping to cluster findings into themes
- Distinguish between what users say vs. what they do
- Prioritize findings by frequency and severity
## Examples
### Good
```
Interviewer: "Walk me through the last time you tried to book a flight online."
Participant: [describes experience with specific details]
Interviewer: "You mentioned you got frustrated at the seat selection. What happened?"
```
### Bad
```
Interviewer: "Would you like it if we added a feature that shows seat maps?"
Participant: "Sure, that sounds nice."
[This tells you nothing about actual behavior or real needs]
```
## Common Mistakes
- Asking leading questions that suggest the "right" answer
- Interviewing only power users and missing beginner perspectives
- Not recording sessions (with consent) for team review
- Jumping to solutions during the interview instead of exploring the problem
- Treating a single participant's feedback as representative of all users

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# Rule: Design System Foundations
**Priority:** MEDIUM
**Category:** Visual Design
## Description
A design system is a collection of reusable components, guidelines, and standards that ensure consistency across a product. It speeds up design and development while maintaining quality.
## Guidelines
### Core Elements
- **Color palette:** Primary, secondary, neutral, and semantic colors with defined usage rules
- **Typography:** Font families, size scale, weight usage, and line heights
- **Spacing:** A base unit (typically 4px or 8px) applied consistently throughout
- **Grid:** Column structure, gutters, and margins for each breakpoint
- **Elevation:** Shadow levels to indicate depth and layering
- **Border radius:** Consistent rounding (e.g., 4px for subtle, 8px for cards, full for pills)
### Component Library
Every component should document:
- **Purpose:** When and why to use it
- **Anatomy:** Labeled parts of the component
- **States:** Default, hover, active, focus, disabled, loading, error
- **Variants:** Size options, style variations, with/without icons
- **Usage guidelines:** Do's and don'ts with visual examples
- **Responsive behavior:** How it adapts across breakpoints
- **Accessibility:** Keyboard behavior, ARIA attributes, screen reader announcements
### Essential Components
- Buttons (primary, secondary, tertiary, destructive)
- Text inputs (single line, textarea, with validation states)
- Select / Dropdown
- Checkbox and Radio
- Toggle / Switch
- Cards
- Modals and Dialogs
- Toast / Snackbar notifications
- Navigation components (tabs, breadcrumbs, sidebar)
- Tables and Lists
- Loading indicators (spinner, skeleton, progress bar)
### Governance
- Assign design system ownership (dedicated team or rotating responsibility)
- Version components and document breaking changes
- Establish a contribution process for new components
- Conduct regular audits to identify inconsistencies
- Measure adoption through component usage analytics
## Common Mistakes
- Building a design system before understanding actual product needs
- Creating components that are too rigid to accommodate real use cases
- Not documenting when to use (and when NOT to use) each component
- Maintaining separate design and code component libraries that drift apart
- Over-engineering components for hypothetical future needs

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# Rule: Visual Hierarchy Principles
**Priority:** MEDIUM
**Category:** Visual Design
## Description
Visual hierarchy directs user attention and communicates the relative importance of elements on a screen. A strong hierarchy means users instinctively know where to look and what to do.
## Guidelines
### Establishing Hierarchy
1. **Size:** Larger elements attract attention first; use for headings and primary CTAs
2. **Contrast:** High contrast draws the eye; use for key actions and critical information
3. **Color:** Saturated or brand colors for emphasis; muted tones for secondary elements
4. **Position:** Top-left scanned first (LTR languages); place key content in the F-pattern or Z-pattern
5. **Whitespace:** Generous spacing isolates and elevates important elements
6. **Typography:** Weight, size, and style create clear content levels
### Typography Scale
- Limit to 3-4 distinct text sizes per screen
- Maintain a consistent ratio between levels (1.25x or 1.333x scale)
- Use weight (bold vs. regular) to differentiate within the same size
- Reserve ALL CAPS for very short labels only (buttons, tags)
### Color Usage
- Primary color for main CTAs and key interactive elements
- Neutral colors (grays) for body text and secondary elements
- Semantic colors for feedback: green (success), red (error), yellow (warning), blue (info)
- Limit accent colors to 1-2 per screen to maintain focus
### Layout Principles
- Align to a consistent grid (8px base unit is standard)
- Use consistent spacing between related elements (tighter) vs. unrelated elements (looser)
- Group related items visually using proximity and shared containers
- Leave breathing room — cramped layouts increase cognitive load
## Common Mistakes
- Making everything bold or large (if everything is emphasized, nothing is)
- Using too many colors without clear purpose
- Inconsistent spacing that makes the layout feel chaotic
- Competing CTAs of equal visual weight on the same screen
- Decorative elements that distract from content and actions