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[GH-ISSUE #10670] On multi-GPU systems, the context should be loaded into the GPU with the most available memory. #53527
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opened 2026-04-29 03:31:28 -05:00 by GiteaMirror
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Originally created by @bitcandy on GitHub (May 12, 2025).
Original GitHub issue: https://github.com/ollama/ollama/issues/10670
In my multi-GPU system, the gemma3:12b-it-qat model begins loading onto the GPU with the least available memory, leading to a 500 error (memory issue) when using a context window exceeding 1,000 tokens (anywhere between 1,000 and 100,000 tokens). After some investigation, I found that the model primarily uses a GPU with just 6GB of free memory, even though another GPU has 10GB free—or even about 5GB free after splitting the model across multiple GPUs—which should be sufficient for the context window.
My proposal is that on multi-GPU systems, once the model has loaded, the context should be placed on the GPU with the most available memory. It appears that Ollama could benefit from an additional check for free memory before deciding where to load the context window.
P.S. If context is loaded onto all GPUs by design (I don't know), then the Ollama loading system should utilize more memory from the GPU with the largest available VRAM
ps. gemma3:12b work well with any context window at the same conditions....
@rick-github commented on GitHub (May 12, 2025):
ollama estimates memory requirements and then round-robin assigns layers to the available devices. If a device is full, layer assignment is done on the remaining devices until all the layers are assigned. This sounds more like an OOM issue due to inaccuracies in memory estimation. Server logs will show details of memory estimation. Generic ways for dealing with OOM can be found here.
@bitcandy commented on GitHub (May 12, 2025):
@rick-github thank you, your answer help a lot to find new ways for optimization and now I can run gemma3:12b-it-qat at the same conditions with this
Environment="OLLAMA_FLASH_ATTENTION=1"
Environment="OLLAMA_NUM_PARALLEL=1"
(I think NUM_PARALLEL helped and not sure that flash attention actually worked (at the log I see only this
May 12 11:33:43 m3pc ollama[173536]: time=2025-05-12T11:33:43.747Z level=INFO source=server.go:186 msg="enabling flash attention"
and nothing else about flash.
)
But i still can't understand why it does not load almost everything to GTX 1080 Ti at least up to 10000 mb, before use other cards? And the second question why it use CPU, when the system still have so big amount of free VRAM?
@rick-github commented on GitHub (May 12, 2025):
The ollama server estimates that it can offload 41 of 49 layers. However, since flash attention is enabled, the runner doesn't use as much VRAM as the server estimated, so the VRAM is under-utilized. You can override the estimation by setting
num_gpuas described here.@bitcandy commented on GitHub (May 12, 2025):
@rick-github with flash attention disabled it is exactly the same estimation and exactly the same high under-utilization of VRAM :-(
About
num_gpu... it can make things only worse. I want to load all model to GPUs as I have enough VRAM for that, but withnum_gpu=0it will load everything to cpu...num_gpu=49also will not actually override the behavior and will not help utilize more VRAM. :-(@rick-github commented on GitHub (May 12, 2025):
Yes, flash attention will make the same estimation because the estimation is done by the ollama server which doesn't know a bout the VRAM savings from flash attention.
num_gpu=49will override the estimation and utilize more VRAM. If you are finding that it doesn't, server logs may show why.@bitcandy commented on GitHub (May 12, 2025):
@rick-github
Tried again.
OLLAMA_FLASH_ATTENTION:true
I see at the log that it submit 49 to runner...but without success as said before
@rick-github commented on GitHub (May 12, 2025):
All 49 layers are offloaded to the GPU. The output of
ollama psis inaccurate becausenum_gpuwas overridden.@bitcandy commented on GitHub (May 12, 2025):
Thank you very much. Sorry that I trouble you with my questions.
Is it other way to check actual cpu /gpu utilization expect
ollama psand the speed of execution?p.s. also hope it will be possible to estimate layers better with ollama in the future :-)
@rick-github commented on GitHub (May 12, 2025):
Currently the logs contain the most accurate information. The inaccurate
ollama psoutput is an open issue in #7597#6160
@bitcandy commented on GitHub (May 12, 2025):
@rick-github At my last log present:
You said that all 49 layers are offloaded to the GPU. Why it use CPU buffer 1.9 GB ? Is it expected?
Is it the same issue that "ollama don't know" with flash enabled ? Then what tell exactly 100% at the log without mistakes that it run fully at GPU?...
@rick-github commented on GitHub (May 12, 2025):
Some tensors may not be supported by your GPU. Set
OLLAMA_DEBUG=1in the server environment to see tensor assignment.@bitcandy commented on GitHub (May 12, 2025):
@rick-github
https://pastebin.com/tViT4UdL
I see, 48 loaded to gpu, last one is at CPU... right? :-( seems log was right about 1,5 gb part at CPU
Is this mean that last tensor not supported by my GPUs? Or something other?
@rick-github commented on GitHub (May 12, 2025):
token_embd.weightis not a repeating layer so will not have much of an impact running in a CPU buffer. The reason for choosing CPU over CUDA is not clear.@jessegross commented on GitHub (May 12, 2025):
We always load the input layer on the CPU because the CUDA backend doesn't support some of the required operations on quantized tensors. As you say, the performance impact is minimal.