Merge pull request #400 from fosrl/dev

Properly ignore bin

.dockerignore

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 .gitignore
 .dockerignore
-newt
+bin/
 *.json
 README.md
 Makefile

.github/dependabot.yml

@@ -1,40 +1,32 @@
 version: 2
+
 updates:
   - package-ecosystem: "gomod"
     directory: "/"
     schedule:
       interval: "daily"
+    open-pull-requests-limit: 1
     groups:
-      dev-patch-updates:
-        dependency-type: "development"
-        update-types:
-          - "patch"
-      dev-minor-updates:
-        dependency-type: "development"
-        update-types:
-          - "minor"
-      prod-patch-updates:
-        dependency-type: "production"
-        update-types:
-          - "patch"
-      prod-minor-updates:
-        dependency-type: "production"
-        update-types:
-          - "minor"
+      go-dependencies:
+        patterns:
+          - "*"
 
   - package-ecosystem: "docker"
     directory: "/"
     schedule:
       interval: "daily"
+    open-pull-requests-limit: 1
     groups:
-      patch-updates:
-        update-types:
-          - "patch"
-      minor-updates:
-        update-types:
-          - "minor"
+      docker-dependencies:
+        patterns:
+          - "*"
 
   - package-ecosystem: "github-actions"
     directory: "/"
     schedule:
       interval: "weekly"
+    open-pull-requests-limit: 1
+    groups:
+      github-actions-dependencies:
+        patterns:
+          - "*"

.github/workflows/cicd.yml

@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ jobs:
           echo "image_created=$(date -u +%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%SZ)" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
 
       - name: Configure AWS credentials (OIDC)
-        uses: aws-actions/configure-aws-credentials@d979d5b3a71173a29b74b5b88418bfda9437d885 # v6.1.1
+        uses: aws-actions/configure-aws-credentials@254c19bd240aabef8777f48595e9d2d7b972184b # v6.2.1
         with:
           role-to-assume: arn:aws:iam::${{ secrets.AWS_ACCOUNT_ID }}:role/${{ secrets.AWS_ROLE_NAME }}
           role-duration-seconds: 3600
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ jobs:
       contents: write
     steps:
       - name: Checkout repository
-        uses: actions/checkout@8e8c483db84b4bee98b60c0593521ed34d9990e8 # v6.0.1
+        uses: actions/checkout@9c091bb21b7c1c1d1991bb908d89e4e9dddfe3e0 # v7.0.0
         with:
           fetch-depth: 0
 
@@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ jobs:
 
     steps:
       - name: Checkout code
-        uses: actions/checkout@8e8c483db84b4bee98b60c0593521ed34d9990e8 # v6.0.1
+        uses: actions/checkout@9c091bb21b7c1c1d1991bb908d89e4e9dddfe3e0 # v7.0.0
         with:
           fetch-depth: 0
 
@@ -237,20 +237,20 @@ jobs:
           echo "Checked out $(git rev-parse --short HEAD) for tag ${TAG}"
 
       #- name: Set up QEMU
-      #  uses: docker/setup-qemu-action@ce360397dd3f832beb865e1373c09c0e9f86d70a # v4.0.0
+      #  uses: docker/setup-qemu-action@96fe6ef7f33517b61c61be40b68a1882f3264fb8 # v4.2.0
 
       #- name: Set up Docker Buildx
-      #  uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@d7f5e7f509e45cec5c76c4d5afdd7de93d0b3df5 # v4.1.0
+      #  uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@bb05f3f5519dd87d3ba754cc423b652a5edd6d2c # v4.2.0
 
       - name: Log in to Docker Hub
-        uses: docker/login-action@4907a6ddec9925e35a0a9e82d7399ccc52663121 # v4.1.0
+        uses: docker/login-action@c99871dec2022cc055c062a10cc1a1310835ceb4 # v4.3.0
         with:
           registry: docker.io
           username: ${{ secrets.DOCKER_HUB_USERNAME }}
           password: ${{ secrets.DOCKER_HUB_ACCESS_TOKEN }}
 
       - name: Log in to GHCR
-        uses: docker/login-action@4907a6ddec9925e35a0a9e82d7399ccc52663121 # v4.1.0
+        uses: docker/login-action@c99871dec2022cc055c062a10cc1a1310835ceb4 # v4.3.0
         with:
           registry: ghcr.io
           username: ${{ github.actor }}
@@ -264,12 +264,12 @@ jobs:
           echo "DOCKERHUB_IMAGE=${DOCKERHUB_IMAGE,,}" >> "$GITHUB_ENV"
 
       - name: Set up Docker Buildx
-        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@d7f5e7f509e45cec5c76c4d5afdd7de93d0b3df5 # v4.1.0
+        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@bb05f3f5519dd87d3ba754cc423b652a5edd6d2c # v4.2.0
 
       # Build ONLY amd64 and push arch-specific tag suffixes used later for manifest creation.
       - name: Build and push (amd64 -> *:amd64-TAG)
         id: build_amd
-        uses: docker/build-push-action@f9f3042f7e2789586610d6e8b85c8f03e5195baf # v7.2.0
+        uses: docker/build-push-action@53b7df96c91f9c12dcc8a07bcb9ccacbed38856a # v7.3.0
         with:
           context: .
           push: true
@@ -309,7 +309,7 @@ jobs:
       IMAGE_CREATED: ${{ needs.pre-run.outputs.image_created }}
     steps:
       - name: Checkout code
-        uses: actions/checkout@8e8c483db84b4bee98b60c0593521ed34d9990e8 # v6.0.1
+        uses: actions/checkout@9c091bb21b7c1c1d1991bb908d89e4e9dddfe3e0 # v7.0.0
         with:
           fetch-depth: 0
 
@@ -368,14 +368,14 @@ jobs:
           echo "Checked out $(git rev-parse --short HEAD) for tag ${TAG}"
 
       - name: Log in to Docker Hub
-        uses: docker/login-action@4907a6ddec9925e35a0a9e82d7399ccc52663121 # v4.1.0
+        uses: docker/login-action@c99871dec2022cc055c062a10cc1a1310835ceb4 # v4.3.0
         with:
           registry: docker.io
           username: ${{ secrets.DOCKER_HUB_USERNAME }}
           password: ${{ secrets.DOCKER_HUB_ACCESS_TOKEN }}
 
       - name: Log in to GHCR
-        uses: docker/login-action@4907a6ddec9925e35a0a9e82d7399ccc52663121 # v4.1.0
+        uses: docker/login-action@c99871dec2022cc055c062a10cc1a1310835ceb4 # v4.3.0
         with:
           registry: ghcr.io
           username: ${{ github.actor }}
@@ -389,12 +389,12 @@ jobs:
           echo "DOCKERHUB_IMAGE=${DOCKERHUB_IMAGE,,}" >> "$GITHUB_ENV"
 
       - name: Set up Docker Buildx
-        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@d7f5e7f509e45cec5c76c4d5afdd7de93d0b3df5 # v4.1.0
+        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@bb05f3f5519dd87d3ba754cc423b652a5edd6d2c # v4.2.0
 
       # Build ONLY arm64 and push arch-specific tag suffixes used later for manifest creation.
       - name: Build and push (arm64 -> *:arm64-TAG)
         id: build_arm
-        uses: docker/build-push-action@f9f3042f7e2789586610d6e8b85c8f03e5195baf # v7.2.0
+        uses: docker/build-push-action@53b7df96c91f9c12dcc8a07bcb9ccacbed38856a # v7.3.0
         with:
           context: .
           push: true
@@ -434,7 +434,7 @@ jobs:
       IMAGE_CREATED: ${{ needs.pre-run.outputs.image_created }}
     steps:
       - name: Checkout code
-        uses: actions/checkout@8e8c483db84b4bee98b60c0593521ed34d9990e8 # v6.0.1
+        uses: actions/checkout@9c091bb21b7c1c1d1991bb908d89e4e9dddfe3e0 # v7.0.0
         with:
           fetch-depth: 0
 
@@ -483,14 +483,14 @@ jobs:
           echo "Checked out $(git rev-parse --short HEAD) for tag ${TAG}"
 
       - name: Log in to Docker Hub
-        uses: docker/login-action@4907a6ddec9925e35a0a9e82d7399ccc52663121 # v4.1.0
+        uses: docker/login-action@c99871dec2022cc055c062a10cc1a1310835ceb4 # v4.3.0
         with:
           registry: docker.io
           username: ${{ secrets.DOCKER_HUB_USERNAME }}
           password: ${{ secrets.DOCKER_HUB_ACCESS_TOKEN }}
 
       - name: Log in to GHCR
-        uses: docker/login-action@4907a6ddec9925e35a0a9e82d7399ccc52663121 # v4.1.0
+        uses: docker/login-action@c99871dec2022cc055c062a10cc1a1310835ceb4 # v4.3.0
         with:
           registry: ghcr.io
           username: ${{ github.actor }}
@@ -504,14 +504,14 @@ jobs:
           echo "DOCKERHUB_IMAGE=${DOCKERHUB_IMAGE,,}" >> "$GITHUB_ENV"
 
       - name: Set up QEMU
-        uses: docker/setup-qemu-action@ce360397dd3f832beb865e1373c09c0e9f86d70a # v4.0.0
+        uses: docker/setup-qemu-action@96fe6ef7f33517b61c61be40b68a1882f3264fb8 # v4.2.0
 
       - name: Set up Docker Buildx
-        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@d7f5e7f509e45cec5c76c4d5afdd7de93d0b3df5 # v4.1.0
+        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@bb05f3f5519dd87d3ba754cc423b652a5edd6d2c # v4.2.0
 
       - name: Build and push (arm/v7 -> *:armv7-TAG)
         id: build_armv7
-        uses: docker/build-push-action@f9f3042f7e2789586610d6e8b85c8f03e5195baf # v7.2.0
+        uses: docker/build-push-action@53b7df96c91f9c12dcc8a07bcb9ccacbed38856a # v7.3.0
         with:
           context: .
           push: true
@@ -556,14 +556,14 @@ jobs:
       #PUBLISH_MINOR:  ${{ github.event_name == 'workflow_dispatch' && inputs.publish_minor  || vars.PUBLISH_MINOR  }}
     steps:
       - name: Log in to Docker Hub
-        uses: docker/login-action@4907a6ddec9925e35a0a9e82d7399ccc52663121 # v4.1.0
+        uses: docker/login-action@c99871dec2022cc055c062a10cc1a1310835ceb4 # v4.3.0
         with:
           registry: docker.io
           username: ${{ secrets.DOCKER_HUB_USERNAME }}
           password: ${{ secrets.DOCKER_HUB_ACCESS_TOKEN }}
 
       - name: Log in to GHCR
-        uses: docker/login-action@4907a6ddec9925e35a0a9e82d7399ccc52663121 # v4.1.0
+        uses: docker/login-action@c99871dec2022cc055c062a10cc1a1310835ceb4 # v4.3.0
         with:
           registry: ghcr.io
           username: ${{ github.actor }}
@@ -577,7 +577,7 @@ jobs:
           echo "DOCKERHUB_IMAGE=${DOCKERHUB_IMAGE,,}" >> "$GITHUB_ENV"
 
       - name: Set up Docker Buildx (needed for imagetools)
-        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@d7f5e7f509e45cec5c76c4d5afdd7de93d0b3df5 # v4.1.0
+        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@bb05f3f5519dd87d3ba754cc423b652a5edd6d2c # v4.2.0
 
       - name: Create & push multi-arch index (GHCR :TAG) via imagetools
         shell: bash
@@ -642,7 +642,7 @@ jobs:
       IMAGE_CREATED: ${{ needs.pre-run.outputs.image_created }}
     steps:
       - name: Checkout code
-        uses: actions/checkout@8e8c483db84b4bee98b60c0593521ed34d9990e8 # v6.0.1
+        uses: actions/checkout@9c091bb21b7c1c1d1991bb908d89e4e9dddfe3e0 # v7.0.0
         with:
           fetch-depth: 0
 
@@ -656,19 +656,19 @@ jobs:
           echo "Checked out $(git rev-parse --short HEAD) for tag ${TAG}"
 
       - name: Install Go
-        uses: actions/setup-go@4a3601121dd01d1626a1e23e37211e3254c1c06c # v6.4.0
+        uses: actions/setup-go@924ae3a1cded613372ab5595356fb5720e22ba16 # v6.5.0
         with:
           go-version-file: go.mod
 
       - name: Log in to Docker Hub
-        uses: docker/login-action@4907a6ddec9925e35a0a9e82d7399ccc52663121 # v4.1.0
+        uses: docker/login-action@c99871dec2022cc055c062a10cc1a1310835ceb4 # v4.3.0
         with:
           registry: docker.io
           username: ${{ secrets.DOCKER_HUB_USERNAME }}
           password: ${{ secrets.DOCKER_HUB_ACCESS_TOKEN }}
 
       - name: Log in to GHCR
-        uses: docker/login-action@4907a6ddec9925e35a0a9e82d7399ccc52663121 # v4.1.0
+        uses: docker/login-action@c99871dec2022cc055c062a10cc1a1310835ceb4 # v4.3.0
         with:
           registry: ghcr.io
           username: ${{ github.actor }}
@@ -692,7 +692,7 @@ jobs:
           sudo apt-get install -y jq
 
       - name: Set up Docker Buildx (needed for imagetools)
-        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@d7f5e7f509e45cec5c76c4d5afdd7de93d0b3df5 # v4.1.0
+        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@bb05f3f5519dd87d3ba754cc423b652a5edd6d2c # v4.2.0
 
       - name: Resolve multi-arch digest refs (by TAG)
         shell: bash
@@ -732,7 +732,7 @@ jobs:
           fi
 
       - name: Attest build provenance (GHCR) (digest)
-        uses: actions/attest-build-provenance@a2bbfa25375fe432b6a289bc6b6cd05ecd0c4c32 # v4.1.0
+        uses: actions/attest-build-provenance@0f67c3f4856b2e3261c31976d6725780e5e4c373 # v4.1.1
         with:
           subject-name: ${{ env.GHCR_IMAGE }}
           subject-digest: ${{ env.GHCR_DIGEST }}
@@ -742,7 +742,7 @@ jobs:
       - name: Attest build provenance (Docker Hub)
         continue-on-error: true
         if: ${{ env.DH_DIGEST != '' }}
-        uses: actions/attest-build-provenance@a2bbfa25375fe432b6a289bc6b6cd05ecd0c4c32 # v4.1.0
+        uses: actions/attest-build-provenance@0f67c3f4856b2e3261c31976d6725780e5e4c373 # v4.1.1
         with:
           subject-name: index.docker.io/${{ github.repository_owner }}/${{ github.event.repository.name }}
           subject-digest: ${{ env.DH_DIGEST }}
@@ -912,7 +912,7 @@ jobs:
           done
 
       - name: Create GitHub Release (draft)
-        uses: softprops/action-gh-release@b4309332981a82ec1c5618f44dd2e27cc8bfbfda # v3.0.0
+        uses: softprops/action-gh-release@718ea10b132b3b2eba29c1007bb80653f286566b # v3.0.1
         with:
           tag_name: ${{ env.TAG }}
           generate_release_notes: true
@@ -940,7 +940,7 @@ jobs:
     permissions: write-all
     steps:
       - name: Configure AWS credentials (OIDC)
-        uses: aws-actions/configure-aws-credentials@d979d5b3a71173a29b74b5b88418bfda9437d885 # v6.1.1
+        uses: aws-actions/configure-aws-credentials@254c19bd240aabef8777f48595e9d2d7b972184b # v6.2.1
         with:
           role-to-assume: arn:aws:iam::${{ secrets.AWS_ACCOUNT_ID }}:role/${{ secrets.AWS_ROLE_NAME }}
           role-duration-seconds: 3600

.github/workflows/nix-build.yml

@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ jobs:
 
     steps:
       - name: Checkout repository
-        uses: actions/checkout@v6
+        uses: actions/checkout@v7
 
       - name: Install Nix
         uses: DeterminateSystems/nix-installer-action@main

.github/workflows/nix-dependabot-update-hash.yml

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ jobs:
 
     steps:
       - name: Checkout repository
-        uses: actions/checkout@v6
+        uses: actions/checkout@v7
         with:
           ref: ${{ github.head_ref }}
           token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}

.github/workflows/test.yml

@@ -14,10 +14,10 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
       - name: Checkout repository
-        uses: actions/checkout@8e8c483db84b4bee98b60c0593521ed34d9990e8 # v6.0.1
+        uses: actions/checkout@9c091bb21b7c1c1d1991bb908d89e4e9dddfe3e0 # v7.0.0
 
       - name: Set up Go
-        uses: actions/setup-go@4a3601121dd01d1626a1e23e37211e3254c1c06c # v6.4.0
+        uses: actions/setup-go@924ae3a1cded613372ab5595356fb5720e22ba16 # v6.5.0
         with:
           go-version-file: go.mod
 
@@ -42,10 +42,10 @@ jobs:
           - go-build-release-windows-amd64
     steps:
       - name: Checkout repository
-        uses: actions/checkout@8e8c483db84b4bee98b60c0593521ed34d9990e8 # v6.0.1
+        uses: actions/checkout@9c091bb21b7c1c1d1991bb908d89e4e9dddfe3e0 # v7.0.0
 
       - name: Set up Go
-        uses: actions/setup-go@4a3601121dd01d1626a1e23e37211e3254c1c06c # v6.4.0
+        uses: actions/setup-go@924ae3a1cded613372ab5595356fb5720e22ba16 # v6.5.0
         with:
           go-version-file: go.mod
 

authdaemon.go

@@ -1,14 +1,10 @@
 package main
 
 import (
-	"context"
-	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"os"
-	"runtime"
 
 	"github.com/fosrl/newt/authdaemon"
-	"github.com/fosrl/newt/logger"
 )
 
 const (
@@ -16,64 +12,6 @@ const (
 	defaultCACertPath     = "/etc/ssh/ca.pem"
 )
 
-var (
-	errPresharedKeyRequired = errors.New("auth-daemon-key is required when --auth-daemon is enabled")
-	errRootRequired         = errors.New("auth-daemon must be run as root (use sudo)")
-	authDaemonServer        *authdaemon.Server // Global auth daemon server instance
-)
-
-// startAuthDaemon initializes and starts the auth daemon in the background.
-// It validates requirements (Linux, root, preshared key) and starts the server
-// in a goroutine so it runs alongside normal newt operation.
-func startAuthDaemon(ctx context.Context) error {
-	// Validation
-	if runtime.GOOS != "linux" {
-		return fmt.Errorf("auth-daemon is only supported on Linux, not %s", runtime.GOOS)
-	}
-	if os.Geteuid() != 0 {
-		return errRootRequired
-	}
-
-	// Use defaults if not set
-	principalsFile := authDaemonPrincipalsFile
-	if principalsFile == "" {
-		principalsFile = defaultPrincipalsPath
-	}
-	caCertPath := authDaemonCACertPath
-	if caCertPath == "" {
-		caCertPath = defaultCACertPath
-	}
-
-	// Create auth daemon server
-	cfg := authdaemon.Config{
-		DisableHTTPS:           true,                   // We run without HTTP server in newt
-		PresharedKey:           "this-key-is-not-used", // Not used in embedded mode, but set to non-empty to satisfy validation
-		PrincipalsFilePath:     principalsFile,
-		CACertPath:             caCertPath,
-		Force:                  true,
-		GenerateRandomPassword: authDaemonGenerateRandomPassword,
-	}
-
-	srv, err := authdaemon.NewServer(cfg)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("create auth daemon server: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	authDaemonServer = srv
-
-	// Start the auth daemon in a goroutine so it runs alongside newt
-	go func() {
-		logger.Info("Auth daemon starting (native mode, no HTTP server)")
-		if err := srv.Run(ctx); err != nil {
-			logger.Error("Auth daemon error: %v", err)
-		}
-		logger.Info("Auth daemon stopped")
-	}()
-
-	return nil
-}
-
-// runPrincipalsCmd executes the principals subcommand logic
 func runPrincipalsCmd(args []string) {
 	opts := struct {
 		PrincipalsFile string
@@ -82,7 +20,6 @@ func runPrincipalsCmd(args []string) {
 		PrincipalsFile: defaultPrincipalsPath,
 	}
 
-	// Parse flags manually
 	for i := 0; i < len(args); i++ {
 		switch args[i] {
 		case "--principals-file":
@@ -109,14 +46,12 @@ func runPrincipalsCmd(args []string) {
 		}
 	}
 
-	// Validation
 	if opts.Username == "" {
 		fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "Error: username is required\n")
 		printPrincipalsHelp()
 		os.Exit(1)
 	}
 
-	// Get principals
 	list, err := authdaemon.GetPrincipals(opts.PrincipalsFile, opts.Username)
 	if err != nil {
 		fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "Error: %v\n", err)

authdaemon/server.go

@@ -23,13 +23,13 @@ import (
 
 type Config struct {
 	// DisableHTTPS: when true, Run() does not start the HTTPS server (for embedded use inside Newt). Call ProcessConnection directly for connection events.
-	DisableHTTPS       bool
-	Port               int    // Required when DisableHTTPS is false. Listen port for the HTTPS server. No default.
-	PresharedKey       string // Required when DisableHTTPS is false. HTTP auth (Authorization: Bearer <key> or X-Preshared-Key: <key>). No default.
-	CACertPath         string // Required. Where to write the CA cert (e.g. /etc/ssh/ca.pem). No default.
-	Force                   bool   // If true, overwrite existing CA cert (and other items) when content differs. Default false.
-	PrincipalsFilePath      string // Required. Path to the principals data file (JSON: username -> array of principals). No default.
-	GenerateRandomPassword  bool   // If true, set a random password on users when they are provisioned (for SSH PermitEmptyPasswords no).
+	DisableHTTPS           bool
+	Port                   int    // Required when DisableHTTPS is false. Listen port for the HTTPS server. No default.
+	PresharedKey           string // Required when DisableHTTPS is false. HTTP auth (Authorization: Bearer <key> or X-Preshared-Key: <key>). No default.
+	CACertPath             string // Required. Where to write the CA cert (e.g. /etc/ssh/ca.pem). No default.
+	Force                  bool   // If true, overwrite existing CA cert (and other items) when content differs. Default false.
+	PrincipalsFilePath     string // Required. Path to the principals data file (JSON: username -> array of principals). No default.
+	GenerateRandomPassword bool   // If true, set a random password on users when they are provisioned (for SSH PermitEmptyPasswords no).
 }
 
 type Server struct {
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ func NewServer(cfg Config) (*Server, error) {
 // When DisableHTTPS is true, Run() blocks on ctx only and does not listen; use ProcessConnection for connection events.
 func (s *Server) Run(ctx context.Context) error {
 	if s.cfg.DisableHTTPS {
-		logger.Info("auth-daemon running (HTTPS disabled)")
+		logger.Debug("auth-daemon running (HTTPS disabled)")
 		<-ctx.Done()
 		s.cleanupPrincipalsFile()
 		return nil

browsergateway/rdp.go

@@ -7,13 +7,13 @@ import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
-	"log"
 	"net"
 	"net/http"
 	"strconv"
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/coder/websocket"
+	"github.com/fosrl/newt/logger"
 )
 
 // HandleRDP is an http.HandlerFunc for RDP-over-WebSocket connections.
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ func (g *Gateway) HandleRDP(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 		Subprotocols:       []string{"binary"},
 	})
 	if err != nil {
-		log.Printf("websocket upgrade failed: %v", err)
+		logger.Debug("websocket upgrade failed: %v", err)
 		return
 	}
 	// Disable per-message read size cap (default is 32 KiB which would break
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ func (g *Gateway) HandleRDP(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 	defer ws.CloseNow() //nolint:errcheck
 
 	if err := g.serveSession(ctx, ws); err != nil {
-		log.Printf("session error: %v", err)
+		logger.Debug("session error: %v", err)
 	}
 }
 
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ func (g *Gateway) serveSession(ctx context.Context, ws *websocket.Conn) error {
 		return fmt.Errorf("RDP destination %s is not in the allowed target list or auth token mismatch", target)
 	}
 
-	log.Printf("Connecting to RDP server %s", target)
+	logger.Debug("Connecting to RDP server %s", target)
 
 	// -- Open TCP connection to the destination RDP server --
 	serverTCP, err := net.DialTimeout("tcp", target, 15*time.Second)
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ func (g *Gateway) serveSession(ctx context.Context, ws *websocket.Conn) error {
 	if err := tlsConn.Handshake(); err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("TLS handshake with server: %w", err)
 	}
-	log.Printf("Server TLS handshake OK (version=0x%04x cipher=0x%04x)",
+	logger.Debug("Server TLS handshake OK (version=0x%04x cipher=0x%04x)",
 		tlsConn.ConnectionState().Version, tlsConn.ConnectionState().CipherSuite)
 
 	// Collect the raw DER server certificate chain to return to the client.
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ func (g *Gateway) serveSession(ctx context.Context, ws *websocket.Conn) error {
 		return fmt.Errorf("write RDCleanPath response: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	log.Printf("RDCleanPath handshake complete, forwarding traffic to %s", serverAddr)
+	logger.Debug("RDCleanPath handshake complete, forwarding traffic to %s", serverAddr)
 
 	// -- Two-way blind forwarding of the (now TLS-encrypted) RDP stream --
 	return forward(stream, tlsConn)
@@ -219,7 +219,7 @@ func readX224(r io.Reader) ([]byte, error) {
 //	bytes 15..18 selected protocol / failure code (u32 little-endian)
 func logX224Negotiation(pdu []byte) {
 	if len(pdu) < 19 {
-		log.Printf("X.224 response too short (%d bytes) to contain RDP negotiation", len(pdu))
+		logger.Debug("X.224 response too short (%d bytes) to contain RDP negotiation", len(pdu))
 		return
 	}
 	switch pdu[11] {
@@ -236,12 +236,12 @@ func logX224Negotiation(pdu []byte) {
 		case 8:
 			name = "HYBRID_EX"
 		}
-		log.Printf("Server selected RDP protocol 0x%x (%s)", proto, name)
+		logger.Debug("Server selected RDP protocol 0x%x (%s)", proto, name)
 	case 0x03:
 		code := uint32(pdu[15]) | uint32(pdu[16])<<8 | uint32(pdu[17])<<16 | uint32(pdu[18])<<24
-		log.Printf("Server returned RDP negotiation failure code 0x%x", code)
+		logger.Debug("Server returned RDP negotiation failure code 0x%x", code)
 	default:
-		log.Printf("X.224 response has no RDP negotiation block (type=0x%02x)", pdu[11])
+		logger.Debug("X.224 response has no RDP negotiation block (type=0x%02x)", pdu[11])
 	}
 }
 

browsergateway/ssh.go

@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ import (
 	"context"
 	"encoding/json"
 	"fmt"
-	"log"
 	"net"
 	"net/http"
 	"strconv"
@@ -18,13 +17,13 @@ import (
 // sshClientMsg is a JSON message sent from the browser to the proxy.
 type sshClientMsg struct {
 	// type: "auth" | "data" | "resize"
-	Type       string `json:"type"`
-	Password   string `json:"password,omitempty"`   // used when type="auth"
-	PrivateKey string `json:"privateKey,omitempty"` // used when type="auth"
+	Type        string `json:"type"`
+	Password    string `json:"password,omitempty"`    // used when type="auth"
+	PrivateKey  string `json:"privateKey,omitempty"`  // used when type="auth"
 	Certificate string `json:"certificate,omitempty"` // used when type="auth"
-	Data       string `json:"data,omitempty"`       // used when type="data"
-	Cols       uint32 `json:"cols,omitempty"`       // used when type="resize"
-	Rows       uint32 `json:"rows,omitempty"`       // used when type="resize"
+	Data        string `json:"data,omitempty"`        // used when type="data"
+	Cols        uint32 `json:"cols,omitempty"`        // used when type="resize"
+	Rows        uint32 `json:"rows,omitempty"`        // used when type="resize"
 }
 
 // sshServerMsg is a JSON message sent from the proxy back to the browser.
@@ -83,7 +82,7 @@ func (g *Gateway) HandleSSH(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 		Subprotocols:       []string{"ssh"},
 	})
 	if err != nil {
-		log.Printf("SSH websocket upgrade failed: %v", err)
+		logger.Debug("SSH websocket upgrade failed: %v", err)
 		return
 	}
 	ws.SetReadLimit(-1)
@@ -91,11 +90,11 @@ func (g *Gateway) HandleSSH(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 
 	if nativeSSH {
 		if err := serveNativeSSHSession(ctx, ws, username, g.sshCreds); err != nil {
-			log.Printf("SSH native session error: %v", err)
+			logger.Debug("SSH native session error: %v", err)
 		}
 	} else {
 		if err := serveSSHSession(ctx, ws, target, username, g.authToken); err != nil {
-			log.Printf("SSH session error: %v", err)
+			logger.Debug("SSH session error: %v", err)
 		}
 	}
 }
@@ -112,8 +111,10 @@ func serveSSHSession(ctx context.Context, ws *websocket.Conn, target, username,
 	}
 	password := authMsg.Password
 	privateKey := authMsg.PrivateKey
+	certificate := authMsg.Certificate
 
-	// Build the list of auth methods. Private key takes priority when provided.
+	// Build the list of auth methods. Certificate+private key takes priority
+	// when both are provided, then private key, then password.
 	var authMethods []ssh.AuthMethod
 	if privateKey != "" {
 		signer, err := ssh.ParsePrivateKey([]byte(privateKey))
@@ -121,7 +122,29 @@ func serveSSHSession(ctx context.Context, ws *websocket.Conn, target, username,
 			sendSSHError(ctx, ws, fmt.Sprintf("Failed to parse private key: %v", err))
 			return fmt.Errorf("parse private key: %w", err)
 		}
-		authMethods = append(authMethods, ssh.PublicKeys(signer))
+
+		if certificate != "" {
+			certPubKey, _, _, _, err := ssh.ParseAuthorizedKey([]byte(certificate))
+			if err != nil {
+				sendSSHError(ctx, ws, fmt.Sprintf("Failed to parse certificate: %v", err))
+				return fmt.Errorf("parse certificate: %w", err)
+			}
+
+			cert, ok := certPubKey.(*ssh.Certificate)
+			if !ok {
+				sendSSHError(ctx, ws, "Provided certificate is not a valid SSH certificate")
+				return fmt.Errorf("provided certificate is not ssh certificate")
+			}
+
+			certSigner, err := ssh.NewCertSigner(cert, signer)
+			if err != nil {
+				sendSSHError(ctx, ws, fmt.Sprintf("Failed to combine private key and certificate: %v", err))
+				return fmt.Errorf("new cert signer: %w", err)
+			}
+			authMethods = append(authMethods, ssh.PublicKeys(certSigner))
+		} else {
+			authMethods = append(authMethods, ssh.PublicKeys(signer))
+		}
 	}
 	if password != "" {
 		authMethods = append(authMethods, ssh.Password(password))
@@ -130,7 +153,7 @@ func serveSSHSession(ctx context.Context, ws *websocket.Conn, target, username,
 		sendSSHError(ctx, ws, "No authentication credentials provided")
 		return fmt.Errorf("no auth credentials")
 	}
-	log.Printf("SSH: connecting to %s as %s", target, username)
+	logger.Debug("SSH: connecting to %s as %s", target, username)
 	sshCfg := &ssh.ClientConfig{
 		User: username,
 		Auth: authMethods,
@@ -183,7 +206,7 @@ func serveSSHSession(ctx context.Context, ws *websocket.Conn, target, username,
 		return fmt.Errorf("ssh shell: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	log.Printf("SSH: session established with %s", target)
+	logger.Debug("SSH: session established with %s", target)
 
 	// -- Pump SSH stdout/stderr → WebSocket --
 	sessCtx, cancelSess := context.WithCancel(ctx)
@@ -253,7 +276,7 @@ func serveSSHSession(ctx context.Context, ws *websocket.Conn, target, username,
 
 // sendSSHError sends an error message to the browser and logs it.
 func sendSSHError(ctx context.Context, ws *websocket.Conn, msg string) {
-	log.Printf("SSH error: %s", msg)
+	logger.Debug("SSH error: %s", msg)
 	b, _ := json.Marshal(sshServerMsg{Type: "error", Error: msg})
 	_ = ws.Write(ctx, websocket.MessageText, b)
 }

browsergateway/ssh_native.go

@@ -6,9 +6,9 @@ import (
 	"context"
 	"encoding/json"
 	"fmt"
-	"log"
 
 	"github.com/coder/websocket"
+	"github.com/fosrl/newt/logger"
 	"github.com/fosrl/newt/nativessh"
 )
 
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ func serveNativeSSHSession(ctx context.Context, ws *websocket.Conn, username str
 		return fmt.Errorf("auth for user %q: %w", username, err)
 	}
 
-	log.Printf("SSH native: spawning shell as user %q", username)
+	logger.Debug("SSH native: spawning shell as user %q", username)
 
 	sess, err := nativessh.NewPTYSessionAs(username)
 	if err != nil {

browsergateway/vnc.go

@@ -2,14 +2,15 @@ package browsergateway
 
 import (
 	"context"
+	"fmt"
 	"io"
-	"log"
 	"net"
 	"net/http"
 	"strconv"
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/coder/websocket"
+	"github.com/fosrl/newt/logger"
 )
 
 const (
@@ -44,6 +45,18 @@ func (g *Gateway) handleVNC(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 	}
 	target := net.JoinHostPort(host, port)
 
+	// Optional HTTP probe used by the web UI to surface backend reachability
+	// failures before attempting a WebSocket session.
+	if r.URL.Query().Get("checkOnly") == "1" {
+		if err := dialVNCBackend(r.Context(), target); err != nil {
+			logger.Debug("vnc: preflight failed (%s): %v", target, err)
+			http.Error(w, fmt.Sprintf("failed to connect to VNC backend: %v", err), http.StatusBadGateway)
+			return
+		}
+		w.WriteHeader(http.StatusNoContent)
+		return
+	}
+
 	// Accept the WebSocket. noVNC negotiates the "binary" subprotocol;
 	// fall back gracefully when the client sends "base64" as well.
 	ws, err := websocket.Accept(w, r, &websocket.AcceptOptions{
@@ -51,7 +64,7 @@ func (g *Gateway) handleVNC(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 		Subprotocols:       []string{"binary", "base64"},
 	})
 	if err != nil {
-		log.Printf("vnc: websocket upgrade failed: %v", err)
+		logger.Debug("vnc: websocket upgrade failed: %v", err)
 		return
 	}
 	ws.SetReadLimit(-1)
@@ -59,10 +72,24 @@ func (g *Gateway) handleVNC(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 
 	ctx := r.Context()
 	if err := serveVNC(ctx, ws, target); err != nil {
-		log.Printf("vnc: session error (%s): %v", target, err)
+		logger.Debug("vnc: session error (%s): %v", target, err)
 	}
 }
 
+func dialVNCBackend(ctx context.Context, target string) error {
+	dialer := &net.Dialer{
+		Timeout:   vncDialTimeout,
+		KeepAlive: vncKeepAlive,
+	}
+	conn, err := dialer.DialContext(ctx, "tcp", target)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	defer conn.Close() //nolint:errcheck
+
+	return nil
+}
+
 func serveVNC(ctx context.Context, ws *websocket.Conn, target string) error {
 	// Dial the VNC backend TCP server.
 	dialer := &net.Dialer{

clients.go

@@ -1,114 +0,0 @@
-package main
-
-import (
-	"strings"
-
-	"github.com/fosrl/newt/clients"
-	wgnetstack "github.com/fosrl/newt/clients"
-	"github.com/fosrl/newt/clients/permissions"
-	"github.com/fosrl/newt/logger"
-	"github.com/fosrl/newt/nativessh"
-	"github.com/fosrl/newt/websocket"
-	"golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard/tun/netstack"
-)
-
-var wgService *clients.WireGuardService
-var ready bool
-
-func setupClients(client *websocket.Client, credStore *nativessh.CredentialStore) {
-	var host = endpoint
-	if strings.HasPrefix(host, "http://") {
-		host = strings.TrimPrefix(host, "http://")
-	} else if strings.HasPrefix(host, "https://") {
-		host = strings.TrimPrefix(host, "https://")
-	}
-
-	host = strings.TrimSuffix(host, "/")
-
-	logger.Debug("Setting up clients with netstack2...")
-
-	// if useNativeInterface is true make sure we have permission to use native interface
-	if useNativeInterface {
-		logger.Debug("Checking permissions for native interface")
-		err := permissions.CheckNativeInterfacePermissions()
-		if err != nil {
-			logger.Fatal("Insufficient permissions to create native TUN interface: %v", err)
-			return
-		}
-	}
-
-	// Create WireGuard service
-	wgService, err = wgnetstack.NewWireGuardService(interfaceName, port, mtuInt, host, id, client, dns, useNativeInterface)
-	if err != nil {
-		logger.Fatal("Failed to create WireGuard service: %v", err)
-	}
-
-	wgService.SetCredentialStore(credStore)
-
-	client.OnTokenUpdate(func(token string) {
-		wgService.SetToken(token)
-	})
-
-	ready = true
-}
-
-func setDownstreamTNetstack(tnet *netstack.Net) {
-	if wgService != nil {
-		wgService.SetOthertnet(tnet)
-	}
-}
-
-func closeClients() {
-	logger.Info("Closing clients...")
-	if wgService != nil {
-		wgService.Close()
-		wgService = nil
-	}
-}
-
-// setClientsBlocked enables or disables connection blocking on the WireGuard service.
-func setClientsBlocked(v bool) {
-	if wgService != nil {
-		wgService.SetBlocked(v)
-	}
-}
-
-func clientsHandleNewtConnection(publicKey string, endpoint string, relayPort uint16) {
-	if !ready {
-		return
-	}
-
-	// split off the port from the endpoint
-	parts := strings.Split(endpoint, ":")
-	if len(parts) < 2 {
-		logger.Error("Invalid endpoint format: %s", endpoint)
-		return
-	}
-	endpoint = strings.Join(parts[:len(parts)-1], ":")
-
-	if wgService != nil {
-		wgService.StartHolepunch(publicKey, endpoint, relayPort)
-	}
-}
-
-func clientsOnConnect() {
-	if !ready {
-		return
-	}
-	if wgService != nil {
-		wgService.LoadRemoteConfig()
-	}
-}
-
-// clientsStartDirectRelay starts a direct UDP relay from the main tunnel netstack
-// to the clients' WireGuard, bypassing the proxy for better performance.
-func clientsStartDirectRelay(tunnelIP string) {
-	if !ready {
-		return
-	}
-	if wgService != nil {
-		if err := wgService.StartDirectUDPRelay(tunnelIP); err != nil {
-			logger.Error("Failed to start direct UDP relay: %v", err)
-		}
-	}
-}

clients/clients.go

@@ -196,7 +196,6 @@ func NewWireGuardService(interfaceName string, port uint16, mtu int, host string
 	wsClient.RegisterHandler("newt/wg/targets/add", service.handleAddTarget)
 	wsClient.RegisterHandler("newt/wg/targets/remove", service.handleRemoveTarget)
 	wsClient.RegisterHandler("newt/wg/targets/update", service.handleUpdateTarget)
-	wsClient.RegisterHandler("newt/wg/sync", service.handleSyncConfig)
 
 	return service, nil
 }
@@ -568,37 +567,15 @@ func (s *WireGuardService) handleConfig(msg websocket.WSMessage) {
 	logger.Info("Client connectivity setup. Ready to accept connections from clients!")
 }
 
-// SyncConfig represents the configuration sent from server for syncing
-type SyncConfig struct {
-	Targets []Target `json:"targets"`
-	Peers   []Peer   `json:"peers"`
-}
-
-func (s *WireGuardService) handleSyncConfig(msg websocket.WSMessage) {
-	var syncConfig SyncConfig
-
-	logger.Debug("Received sync message: %v", msg)
-	logger.Info("Received sync configuration from remote server")
-
-	jsonData, err := json.Marshal(msg.Data)
-	if err != nil {
-		logger.Error("Error marshaling sync data: %v", err)
-		return
+// Sync synchronizes the clients WireGuard peers and targets with the desired state
+// received as part of the main newt/sync message.
+func (s *WireGuardService) Sync(peers []Peer, targets []Target) {
+	if err := s.syncPeers(peers); err != nil {
+		logger.Error("Failed to sync client peers: %v", err)
 	}
 
-	if err := json.Unmarshal(jsonData, &syncConfig); err != nil {
-		logger.Error("Error unmarshaling sync data: %v", err)
-		return
-	}
-
-	// Sync peers
-	if err := s.syncPeers(syncConfig.Peers); err != nil {
-		logger.Error("Failed to sync peers: %v", err)
-	}
-
-	// Sync targets
-	if err := s.syncTargets(syncConfig.Targets); err != nil {
-		logger.Error("Failed to sync targets: %v", err)
+	if err := s.syncTargets(targets); err != nil {
+		logger.Error("Failed to sync client targets: %v", err)
 	}
 }
 
@@ -665,8 +642,12 @@ func (s *WireGuardService) syncPeers(desiredPeers []Peer) error {
 	return nil
 }
 
-// syncTargets synchronizes the current targets with the desired state
-// It removes targets not in the desired list and adds missing ones
+// syncTargets synchronizes the current targets with the desired state.
+// A sync represents the full authoritative state from the server, so rather
+// than diffing against the currently installed rules (which can miss
+// changes to a rule's contents when its source/dest prefix key is
+// unchanged - e.g. a RewriteTo update), we just rebuild the entire rule set
+// from scratch on every sync. This guarantees no stale rule can survive.
 func (s *WireGuardService) syncTargets(desiredTargets []Target) error {
 	if s.tnet == nil {
 		// Native interface mode - proxy features not available, skip silently
@@ -674,70 +655,31 @@ func (s *WireGuardService) syncTargets(desiredTargets []Target) error {
 		return nil
 	}
 
-	// Get current rules from the proxy handler
-	currentRules := s.tnet.GetProxySubnetRules()
-
-	// Build a map of current rules by source+dest prefix
-	type ruleKey struct {
-		sourcePrefix string
-		destPrefix   string
-	}
-	currentRuleMap := make(map[ruleKey]bool)
-	for _, rule := range currentRules {
-		key := ruleKey{
-			sourcePrefix: rule.SourcePrefix.String(),
-			destPrefix:   rule.DestPrefix.String(),
-		}
-		currentRuleMap[key] = true
-	}
-
-	// Build a map of desired targets
-	desiredTargetMap := make(map[ruleKey]Target)
+	var rules []netstack2.SubnetRule
 	for _, target := range desiredTargets {
-		key := ruleKey{
-			sourcePrefix: target.SourcePrefix,
-			destPrefix:   target.DestPrefix,
+		destPrefix, err := netip.ParsePrefix(target.DestPrefix)
+		if err != nil {
+			logger.Warn("Invalid dest prefix %s during sync: %v", target.DestPrefix, err)
+			continue
 		}
-		desiredTargetMap[key] = target
-	}
 
-	// Remove targets that are not in the desired list
-	for _, rule := range currentRules {
-		key := ruleKey{
-			sourcePrefix: rule.SourcePrefix.String(),
-			destPrefix:   rule.DestPrefix.String(),
+		var portRanges []netstack2.PortRange
+		for _, pr := range target.PortRange {
+			portRanges = append(portRanges, netstack2.PortRange{
+				Min:      pr.Min,
+				Max:      pr.Max,
+				Protocol: pr.Protocol,
+			})
 		}
-		if _, exists := desiredTargetMap[key]; !exists {
-			s.tnet.RemoveProxySubnetRule(rule.SourcePrefix, rule.DestPrefix)
-			logger.Info("Removed target %s -> %s during sync", rule.SourcePrefix.String(), rule.DestPrefix.String())
-		}
-	}
 
-	// Add targets that are missing
-	for key, target := range desiredTargetMap {
-		if _, exists := currentRuleMap[key]; !exists {
-			sourcePrefix, err := netip.ParsePrefix(target.SourcePrefix)
+		for _, sp := range resolveSourcePrefixes(target) {
+			sourcePrefix, err := netip.ParsePrefix(sp)
 			if err != nil {
-				logger.Warn("Invalid source prefix %s during sync: %v", target.SourcePrefix, err)
+				logger.Warn("Invalid source prefix %s during sync: %v", sp, err)
 				continue
 			}
 
-			destPrefix, err := netip.ParsePrefix(target.DestPrefix)
-			if err != nil {
-				logger.Warn("Invalid dest prefix %s during sync: %v", target.DestPrefix, err)
-				continue
-			}
-
-			var portRanges []netstack2.PortRange
-			for _, pr := range target.PortRange {
-				portRanges = append(portRanges, netstack2.PortRange{
-					Min:      pr.Min,
-					Max:      pr.Max,
-					Protocol: pr.Protocol,
-				})
-			}
-
-			s.tnet.AddProxySubnetRule(netstack2.SubnetRule{
+			rules = append(rules, netstack2.SubnetRule{
 				SourcePrefix: sourcePrefix,
 				DestPrefix:   destPrefix,
 				RewriteTo:    target.RewriteTo,
@@ -749,10 +691,12 @@ func (s *WireGuardService) syncTargets(desiredTargets []Target) error {
 				TLSCert:      target.TLSCert,
 				TLSKey:       target.TLSKey,
 			})
-			logger.Info("Added target %s -> %s during sync", target.SourcePrefix, target.DestPrefix)
 		}
 	}
 
+	s.tnet.ReplaceProxySubnetRules(rules)
+	logger.Info("Synced targets: %d rules installed", len(rules))
+
 	return nil
 }
 

common.go

@@ -1,602 +0,0 @@
-package main
-
-import (
-	"bytes"
-	"context"
-	"encoding/json"
-	"fmt"
-	"net"
-	"os"
-	"os/exec"
-	"regexp"
-	"strings"
-	"time"
-
-	"math/rand"
-
-	"github.com/fosrl/newt/internal/telemetry"
-	"github.com/fosrl/newt/logger"
-	"github.com/fosrl/newt/proxy"
-	"github.com/fosrl/newt/websocket"
-	"golang.org/x/net/icmp"
-	"golang.org/x/net/ipv4"
-	"golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard/tun/netstack"
-	"gopkg.in/yaml.v3"
-)
-
-const msgHealthFileWriteFailed = "Failed to write health file: %v"
-
-func ping(tnet *netstack.Net, dst string, timeout time.Duration) (time.Duration, error) {
-	// logger.Debug("Pinging %s", dst)
-	socket, err := tnet.Dial("ping4", dst)
-	if err != nil {
-		return 0, fmt.Errorf("failed to create ICMP socket: %w", err)
-	}
-	defer socket.Close()
-
-	// Set socket buffer sizes to handle high bandwidth scenarios
-	if tcpConn, ok := socket.(interface{ SetReadBuffer(int) error }); ok {
-		tcpConn.SetReadBuffer(64 * 1024)
-	}
-	if tcpConn, ok := socket.(interface{ SetWriteBuffer(int) error }); ok {
-		tcpConn.SetWriteBuffer(64 * 1024)
-	}
-
-	requestPing := icmp.Echo{
-		Seq:  rand.Intn(1 << 16),
-		Data: []byte("newtping"),
-	}
-
-	icmpBytes, err := (&icmp.Message{Type: ipv4.ICMPTypeEcho, Code: 0, Body: &requestPing}).Marshal(nil)
-	if err != nil {
-		return 0, fmt.Errorf("failed to marshal ICMP message: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	if err := socket.SetReadDeadline(time.Now().Add(timeout)); err != nil {
-		return 0, fmt.Errorf("failed to set read deadline: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	start := time.Now()
-	_, err = socket.Write(icmpBytes)
-	if err != nil {
-		return 0, fmt.Errorf("failed to write ICMP packet: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	// Use larger buffer for reading to handle potential network congestion
-	readBuffer := make([]byte, 1500)
-	n, err := socket.Read(readBuffer)
-	if err != nil {
-		return 0, fmt.Errorf("failed to read ICMP packet: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	replyPacket, err := icmp.ParseMessage(1, readBuffer[:n])
-	if err != nil {
-		return 0, fmt.Errorf("failed to parse ICMP packet: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	replyPing, ok := replyPacket.Body.(*icmp.Echo)
-	if !ok {
-		return 0, fmt.Errorf("invalid reply type: got %T, want *icmp.Echo", replyPacket.Body)
-	}
-
-	if !bytes.Equal(replyPing.Data, requestPing.Data) || replyPing.Seq != requestPing.Seq {
-		return 0, fmt.Errorf("invalid ping reply: got seq=%d data=%q, want seq=%d data=%q",
-			replyPing.Seq, replyPing.Data, requestPing.Seq, requestPing.Data)
-	}
-
-	latency := time.Since(start)
-
-	// logger.Debug("Ping to %s successful, latency: %v", dst, latency)
-
-	return latency, nil
-}
-
-// reliablePing performs multiple ping attempts with adaptive timeout
-func reliablePing(tnet *netstack.Net, dst string, baseTimeout time.Duration, maxAttempts int) (time.Duration, error) {
-	var lastErr error
-	var totalLatency time.Duration
-	successCount := 0
-
-	for attempt := 1; attempt <= maxAttempts; attempt++ {
-		// Adaptive timeout: increase timeout for later attempts
-		timeout := baseTimeout + time.Duration(attempt-1)*500*time.Millisecond
-
-		// Add jitter to prevent thundering herd
-		jitter := time.Duration(rand.Intn(100)) * time.Millisecond
-		timeout += jitter
-
-		latency, err := ping(tnet, dst, timeout)
-		if err != nil {
-			lastErr = err
-			logger.Debug("Ping attempt %d/%d failed: %v", attempt, maxAttempts, err)
-
-			// Brief pause between attempts with exponential backoff
-			if attempt < maxAttempts {
-				backoff := time.Duration(attempt) * 50 * time.Millisecond
-				time.Sleep(backoff)
-			}
-			continue
-		}
-
-		totalLatency += latency
-		successCount++
-
-		// Return on first success
-		return totalLatency / time.Duration(successCount), nil
-	}
-
-	return 0, fmt.Errorf("all %d ping attempts failed, last error: %v", maxAttempts, lastErr)
-}
-
-func pingWithRetry(tnet *netstack.Net, dst string, timeout time.Duration) (stopChan chan struct{}, err error) {
-
-	if healthFile != "" {
-		err = os.Remove(healthFile)
-		if err != nil {
-			logger.Error("Failed to remove health file: %v", err)
-		}
-	}
-
-	const (
-		initialMaxAttempts = 5
-		initialRetryDelay  = 2 * time.Second
-		maxRetryDelay      = 60 * time.Second // Cap the maximum delay
-	)
-
-	stopChan = make(chan struct{})
-	attempt := 1
-	retryDelay := initialRetryDelay
-
-	// First try with the initial parameters
-	logger.Debug("Ping attempt %d", attempt)
-	if latency, err := ping(tnet, dst, timeout); err == nil {
-		// Successful ping
-		logger.Debug("Ping latency: %v", latency)
-		logger.Info("Tunnel connection to server established successfully!")
-		if healthFile != "" {
-			err := os.WriteFile(healthFile, []byte("ok"), 0644)
-			if err != nil {
-				logger.Warn(msgHealthFileWriteFailed, err)
-			}
-		}
-		return stopChan, nil
-	} else {
-		logger.Warn("Ping attempt %d failed: %v", attempt, err)
-	}
-
-	// Start a goroutine that will attempt pings indefinitely with increasing delays
-	go func() {
-		attempt = 2 // Continue from attempt 2
-
-		for {
-			select {
-			case <-stopChan:
-				return
-			default:
-				logger.Debug("Ping attempt %d", attempt)
-
-				if latency, err := ping(tnet, dst, timeout); err != nil {
-					logger.Warn("Ping attempt %d failed: %v", attempt, err)
-
-					// Increase delay after certain thresholds but cap it
-					if attempt%5 == 0 && retryDelay < maxRetryDelay {
-						retryDelay = time.Duration(float64(retryDelay) * 1.5)
-						if retryDelay > maxRetryDelay {
-							retryDelay = maxRetryDelay
-						}
-						logger.Info("Increasing ping retry delay to %v", retryDelay)
-					}
-
-					time.Sleep(retryDelay)
-					attempt++
-				} else {
-					// Successful ping
-					logger.Debug("Ping succeeded after %d attempts", attempt)
-					logger.Debug("Ping latency: %v", latency)
-					logger.Info("Tunnel connection to server established successfully!")
-					if healthFile != "" {
-						err := os.WriteFile(healthFile, []byte("ok"), 0644)
-						if err != nil {
-							logger.Warn(msgHealthFileWriteFailed, err)
-						}
-					}
-					return
-				}
-			case <-pingStopChan:
-				// Stop the goroutine when signaled
-				return
-			}
-		}
-	}()
-
-	// Return an error for the first batch of attempts (to maintain compatibility with existing code)
-	return stopChan, fmt.Errorf("initial ping attempts failed, continuing in background")
-}
-
-// shouldFireRecovery decides whether the data-plane recovery flow in
-// startPingCheck should run on this tick. Recovery fires once when the
-// consecutive-failure counter first crosses the threshold; the connectionLost
-// flag prevents re-firing until a successful ping resets the state.
-//
-// This condition was previously inlined into startPingCheck and AND-ed with
-// `currentInterval < maxInterval`, which silently broke recovery once
-// pingInterval's default was bumped to 15s while maxInterval stayed at 6s
-// (commit 8161fa6, March 2026): the gate became permanently false on default
-// settings, so the recovery code never executed and ping failures climbed
-// forever — the proximate cause of fosrl/newt#284, #310 and pangolin#1004.
-//
-// Recovery and backoff are independent concerns; the backoff ramp is now
-// computed separately in the caller. Do not re-introduce currentInterval
-// here.
-func shouldFireRecovery(consecutiveFailures, failureThreshold int, connectionLost bool) bool {
-	return consecutiveFailures >= failureThreshold && !connectionLost
-}
-
-func startPingCheck(tnet *netstack.Net, serverIP string, client *websocket.Client, tunnelID string) chan struct{} {
-	maxInterval := 6 * time.Second
-	currentInterval := pingInterval
-	consecutiveFailures := 0
-	connectionLost := false
-
-	// Track recent latencies for adaptive timeout calculation
-	recentLatencies := make([]time.Duration, 0, 10)
-
-	pingStopChan := make(chan struct{})
-
-	go func() {
-		ticker := time.NewTicker(currentInterval)
-		defer ticker.Stop()
-		for {
-			select {
-			case <-ticker.C:
-				// Calculate adaptive timeout based on recent latencies
-				adaptiveTimeout := pingTimeout
-				if len(recentLatencies) > 0 {
-					var sum time.Duration
-					for _, lat := range recentLatencies {
-						sum += lat
-					}
-					avgLatency := sum / time.Duration(len(recentLatencies))
-					// Use 3x average latency as timeout, with minimum of pingTimeout
-					adaptiveTimeout = avgLatency * 3
-					if adaptiveTimeout < pingTimeout {
-						adaptiveTimeout = pingTimeout
-					}
-					if adaptiveTimeout > 15*time.Second {
-						adaptiveTimeout = 15 * time.Second
-					}
-				}
-
-				// Use reliable ping with multiple attempts
-				maxAttempts := 2
-				if consecutiveFailures > 4 {
-					maxAttempts = 4 // More attempts when connection is unstable
-				}
-
-				latency, err := reliablePing(tnet, serverIP, adaptiveTimeout, maxAttempts)
-				if err != nil {
-					consecutiveFailures++
-
-					// Track recent latencies (add a high value for failures)
-					recentLatencies = append(recentLatencies, adaptiveTimeout)
-					if len(recentLatencies) > 10 {
-						recentLatencies = recentLatencies[1:]
-					}
-
-					if consecutiveFailures < 2 {
-						logger.Debug("Periodic ping failed (%d consecutive failures): %v", consecutiveFailures, err)
-					} else {
-						logger.Warn("Periodic ping failed (%d consecutive failures): %v", consecutiveFailures, err)
-					}
-
-					// More lenient threshold for declaring connection lost under load
-					failureThreshold := 4
-					if shouldFireRecovery(consecutiveFailures, failureThreshold, connectionLost) {
-						connectionLost = true
-						logger.Warn("Connection to server lost after %d failures. Continuous reconnection attempts will be made.", consecutiveFailures)
-						if tunnelID != "" {
-							telemetry.IncReconnect(context.Background(), tunnelID, "client", telemetry.ReasonTimeout)
-						}
-						pingChainId := generateChainId()
-						pendingPingChainId = pingChainId
-						stopFunc = client.SendMessageInterval("newt/ping/request", map[string]interface{}{
-							"chainId": pingChainId,
-						}, 3*time.Second)
-						// Send registration message to the server for backward compatibility
-						bcChainId := generateChainId()
-						pendingRegisterChainId = bcChainId
-						err := client.SendMessage("newt/wg/register", map[string]interface{}{
-							"publicKey":           publicKey.String(),
-							"backwardsCompatible": true,
-							"chainId":             bcChainId,
-						})
-						if err != nil {
-							logger.Error("Failed to send registration message: %v", err)
-						}
-						if healthFile != "" {
-							err = os.Remove(healthFile)
-							if err != nil {
-								logger.Error("Failed to remove health file: %v", err)
-							}
-						}
-					}
-					// Backoff: ramp the periodic-ping interval up while we are
-					// past the failure threshold, capped at maxInterval. Kept
-					// independent of the recovery trigger above so the trigger
-					// fires on every outage regardless of pingInterval.
-					if consecutiveFailures >= failureThreshold && currentInterval < maxInterval {
-						currentInterval = time.Duration(float64(currentInterval) * 1.3)
-						if currentInterval > maxInterval {
-							currentInterval = maxInterval
-						}
-					}
-				} else {
-					// Track recent latencies
-					recentLatencies = append(recentLatencies, latency)
-					// Record tunnel latency (limit sampling to this periodic check)
-					if tunnelID != "" {
-						telemetry.ObserveTunnelLatency(context.Background(), tunnelID, "wireguard", latency.Seconds())
-					}
-					if len(recentLatencies) > 10 {
-						recentLatencies = recentLatencies[1:]
-					}
-
-					if connectionLost {
-						connectionLost = false
-						logger.Info("Connection to server restored after %d failures!", consecutiveFailures)
-						if healthFile != "" {
-							err := os.WriteFile(healthFile, []byte("ok"), 0644)
-							if err != nil {
-								logger.Warn("Failed to write health file: %v", err)
-							}
-						}
-					}
-					if currentInterval > pingInterval {
-						currentInterval = time.Duration(float64(currentInterval) * 0.9) // Slower decrease
-						if currentInterval < pingInterval {
-							currentInterval = pingInterval
-						}
-						ticker.Reset(currentInterval)
-						logger.Debug("Decreased ping check interval to %v after successful ping", currentInterval)
-					}
-					consecutiveFailures = 0
-				}
-			case <-pingStopChan:
-				logger.Info("Stopping ping check")
-				return
-			}
-		}
-	}()
-
-	return pingStopChan
-}
-
-func parseTargetData(data interface{}) (TargetData, error) {
-	var targetData TargetData
-	jsonData, err := json.Marshal(data)
-	if err != nil {
-		logger.Info("Error marshaling data: %v", err)
-		return targetData, err
-	}
-
-	if err := json.Unmarshal(jsonData, &targetData); err != nil {
-		logger.Info("Error unmarshaling target data: %v", err)
-		return targetData, err
-	}
-	return targetData, nil
-}
-
-// parseTargetString parses a target string in the format "listenPort:host:targetPort"
-// It properly handles IPv6 addresses which must be in brackets: "listenPort:[ipv6]:targetPort"
-// Examples:
-//   - IPv4: "3001:192.168.1.1:80"
-//   - IPv6: "3001:[::1]:8080" or "3001:[fd70:1452:b736:4dd5:caca:7db9:c588:f5b3]:80"
-//
-// Returns listenPort, targetAddress (in host:port format suitable for net.Dial), and error
-func parseTargetString(target string) (int, string, error) {
-	// Find the first colon to extract the listen port
-	firstColon := strings.Index(target, ":")
-	if firstColon == -1 {
-		return 0, "", fmt.Errorf("invalid target format, no colon found: %s", target)
-	}
-
-	listenPortStr := target[:firstColon]
-	var listenPort int
-	_, err := fmt.Sscanf(listenPortStr, "%d", &listenPort)
-	if err != nil {
-		return 0, "", fmt.Errorf("invalid listen port: %s", listenPortStr)
-	}
-	if listenPort <= 0 || listenPort > 65535 {
-		return 0, "", fmt.Errorf("listen port out of range: %d", listenPort)
-	}
-
-	// The remainder is host:targetPort - use net.SplitHostPort which handles IPv6 brackets
-	remainder := target[firstColon+1:]
-	host, targetPort, err := net.SplitHostPort(remainder)
-	if err != nil {
-		return 0, "", fmt.Errorf("invalid host:port format '%s': %w", remainder, err)
-	}
-
-	// Reject empty host or target port
-	if host == "" {
-		return 0, "", fmt.Errorf("empty host in target: %s", target)
-	}
-	if targetPort == "" {
-		return 0, "", fmt.Errorf("empty target port in target: %s", target)
-	}
-
-	// Reconstruct the target address using JoinHostPort (handles IPv6 properly)
-	targetAddr := net.JoinHostPort(host, targetPort)
-
-	return listenPort, targetAddr, nil
-}
-
-func updateTargets(pm *proxy.ProxyManager, action string, tunnelIP string, proto string, targetData TargetData) error {
-	for _, t := range targetData.Targets {
-		// Parse the target string, handling both IPv4 and IPv6 addresses
-		port, target, err := parseTargetString(t)
-		if err != nil {
-			logger.Info("Invalid target format: %s (%v)", t, err)
-			continue
-		}
-
-		switch action {
-		case "add":
-			// Call updown script if provided
-			processedTarget := target
-			if updownScript != "" {
-				newTarget, err := executeUpdownScript(action, proto, target)
-				if err != nil {
-					logger.Warn("Updown script error: %v", err)
-				} else if newTarget != "" {
-					processedTarget = newTarget
-				}
-			}
-
-			// Only remove the specific target if it exists
-			err := pm.RemoveTarget(proto, tunnelIP, port)
-			if err != nil {
-				// Ignore "target not found" errors as this is expected for new targets
-				if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "target not found") {
-					logger.Error("Failed to remove existing target: %v", err)
-				}
-			}
-
-			// Add the new target
-			pm.AddTarget(proto, tunnelIP, port, processedTarget)
-
-		case "remove":
-			logger.Info("Removing target with port %d", port)
-
-			// Call updown script if provided
-			if updownScript != "" {
-				_, err := executeUpdownScript(action, proto, target)
-				if err != nil {
-					logger.Warn("Updown script error: %v", err)
-				}
-			}
-
-			err = pm.RemoveTarget(proto, tunnelIP, port)
-			if err != nil {
-				logger.Error("Failed to remove target: %v", err)
-				return err
-			}
-		default:
-			logger.Info("Unknown action: %s", action)
-		}
-	}
-
-	return nil
-}
-
-func executeUpdownScript(action, proto, target string) (string, error) {
-	if updownScript == "" {
-		return target, nil
-	}
-
-	// Split the updownScript in case it contains spaces (like "/usr/bin/python3 script.py")
-	parts := strings.Fields(updownScript)
-	if len(parts) == 0 {
-		return target, fmt.Errorf("invalid updown script command")
-	}
-
-	var cmd *exec.Cmd
-	if len(parts) == 1 {
-		// If it's a single executable
-		logger.Info("Executing updown script: %s %s %s %s", updownScript, action, proto, target)
-		cmd = exec.Command(parts[0], action, proto, target)
-	} else {
-		// If it includes interpreter and script
-		args := append(parts[1:], action, proto, target)
-		logger.Info("Executing updown script: %s %s %s %s %s", parts[0], strings.Join(parts[1:], " "), action, proto, target)
-		cmd = exec.Command(parts[0], args...)
-	}
-
-	output, err := cmd.Output()
-	if err != nil {
-		if exitErr, ok := err.(*exec.ExitError); ok {
-			return "", fmt.Errorf("updown script execution failed (exit code %d): %s",
-				exitErr.ExitCode(), string(exitErr.Stderr))
-		}
-		return "", fmt.Errorf("updown script execution failed: %v", err)
-	}
-
-	// If the script returns a new target, use it
-	newTarget := strings.TrimSpace(string(output))
-	if newTarget != "" {
-		logger.Info("Updown script returned new target: %s", newTarget)
-		return newTarget, nil
-	}
-
-	return target, nil
-}
-
-// interpolateBlueprint finds all {{...}} tokens in the raw blueprint bytes and
-// replaces recognised schemes with their resolved values. Currently supported:
-//
-//   - env.<VAR>  – replaced with the value of the named environment variable
-//
-// Any token that does not match a supported scheme is left as-is so that
-// future schemes (e.g. tag., api.) are preserved rather than silently dropped.
-func interpolateBlueprint(data []byte) []byte {
-	re := regexp.MustCompile(`\{\{([^}]+)\}\}`)
-	return re.ReplaceAllFunc(data, func(match []byte) []byte {
-		// strip the surrounding {{ }}
-		inner := strings.TrimSpace(string(match[2 : len(match)-2]))
-
-		if strings.HasPrefix(inner, "env.") {
-			varName := strings.TrimPrefix(inner, "env.")
-			return []byte(os.Getenv(varName))
-		}
-
-		// unrecognised scheme – leave the token untouched
-		return match
-	})
-}
-
-func sendBlueprint(client *websocket.Client, file string) error {
-	if file == "" {
-		return nil
-	}
-	// try to read the blueprint file
-	blueprintData, err := os.ReadFile(file)
-	if err != nil {
-		logger.Error("Failed to read blueprint file: %v", err)
-	} else {
-		// interpolate {{env.VAR}} (and any future schemes) before parsing
-		blueprintData = interpolateBlueprint(blueprintData)
-
-		// first we should convert the yaml to json and error if the yaml is bad
-		var yamlObj interface{}
-		var blueprintJsonData string
-
-		err = yaml.Unmarshal(blueprintData, &yamlObj)
-		if err != nil {
-			logger.Error("Failed to parse blueprint YAML: %v", err)
-		} else {
-			// convert to json
-			jsonBytes, err := json.Marshal(yamlObj)
-			if err != nil {
-				logger.Error("Failed to convert blueprint to JSON: %v", err)
-			} else {
-				blueprintJsonData = string(jsonBytes)
-				logger.Debug("Converted blueprint to JSON: %s", blueprintJsonData)
-			}
-		}
-
-		// if we have valid json data, we can send it to the server
-		if blueprintJsonData == "" {
-			logger.Error("No valid blueprint JSON data to send to server")
-			return nil
-		}
-
-		logger.Info("Sending blueprint to server for application")
-
-		// send the blueprint data to the server
-		err = client.SendMessage("newt/blueprint/apply", map[string]interface{}{
-			"blueprint": blueprintJsonData,
-		})
-	}
-
-	return nil
-}

config.go

@@ -0,0 +1,681 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"encoding/json"
+	"flag"
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"runtime"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/fosrl/newt/logger"
+	newtpkg "github.com/fosrl/newt/newt"
+)
+
+type stringSlice []string
+
+func (s *stringSlice) String() string {
+	return strings.Join(*s, ",")
+}
+
+func (s *stringSlice) Set(value string) error {
+	*s = append(*s, value)
+	return nil
+}
+
+// configSource records where a resolved setting came from, for --show-config.
+type configSource string
+
+const (
+	sourceDefault configSource = "default"
+	sourceFile    configSource = "file"
+	sourceEnv     configSource = "environment"
+	sourceCLI     configSource = "cli"
+)
+
+// fileSettings mirrors the on-disk JSON config file schema. Fields are
+// pointers (or, for slices, nil-vs-non-empty) so that "absent from the file"
+// can be distinguished from an explicit zero value.
+type fileSettings struct {
+	Endpoint        *string `json:"endpoint"`
+	ID              *string `json:"id"`
+	Secret          *string `json:"secret"`
+	ProvisioningKey *string `json:"provisioningKey"`
+	Name            *string `json:"name"`
+
+	DNS           *string `json:"dns"`
+	LogLevel      *string `json:"logLevel"`
+	UpdownScript  *string `json:"updownScript"`
+	InterfaceName *string `json:"interface"`
+	MTU           *int    `json:"mtu"`
+	Port          *int    `json:"port"`
+
+	UseNativeInterface      *bool   `json:"native"`
+	UseNativeMainInterface  *bool   `json:"nativeMain"`
+	NativeMainInterfaceName *string `json:"interfaceMain"`
+	NoCloud                 *bool   `json:"noCloud"`
+	PreferEndpoint          *string `json:"preferEndpoint"`
+
+	PingInterval        *string `json:"pingInterval"`
+	PingTimeout         *string `json:"pingTimeout"`
+	UDPProxyIdleTimeout *string `json:"udpProxyIdleTimeout"`
+
+	DisableClients            *bool   `json:"disableClients"`
+	DisableSSH                *bool   `json:"disableSsh"`
+	EnforceHealthcheckCert    *bool   `json:"enforceHcCert"`
+	HealthFile                *string `json:"healthFile"`
+	BlueprintFile             *string `json:"blueprintFile"`
+	ProvisioningBlueprintFile *string `json:"provisioningBlueprintFile"`
+
+	DockerSocket                   *string `json:"dockerSocket"`
+	DockerEnforceNetworkValidation *bool   `json:"dockerEnforceNetworkValidation"`
+
+	AuthDaemonKey                    *string `json:"adPreSharedKey"`
+	AuthDaemonPrincipalsFile         *string `json:"adPrincipalsFile"`
+	AuthDaemonCACertPath             *string `json:"adCaCertPath"`
+	AuthDaemonGenerateRandomPassword *bool   `json:"adGenerateRandomPassword"`
+
+	TLSClientCert *string  `json:"tlsClientCertFile"`
+	TLSClientKey  *string  `json:"tlsClientKey"`
+	TLSClientCAs  []string `json:"tlsClientCa"`
+	TLSPrivateKey *string  `json:"tlsClientCert"` // legacy PKCS12 path; matches the key already written by the credential-save path
+
+	MetricsEnabled    *bool   `json:"metrics"`
+	OTLPEnabled       *bool   `json:"otlp"`
+	AdminAddr         *string `json:"metricsAdminAddr"`
+	Region            *string `json:"region"`
+	MetricsAsyncBytes *bool   `json:"metricsAsyncBytes"`
+	PprofEnabled      *bool   `json:"pprof"`
+}
+
+// resolveConfigFilePath determines the settings/credentials file path using
+// the same precedence as every other setting: CLI > env > OS default.
+// It has to run before flag.Parse (which needs the file-resolved defaults),
+// so it scans os.Args directly instead of using the flag package.
+func resolveConfigFilePath(args []string) string {
+	for i, a := range args {
+		if a == "--config-file" || a == "-config-file" {
+			if i+1 < len(args) {
+				return args[i+1]
+			}
+		}
+		if v, ok := strings.CutPrefix(a, "--config-file="); ok {
+			return v
+		}
+		if v, ok := strings.CutPrefix(a, "-config-file="); ok {
+			return v
+		}
+	}
+
+	if v := os.Getenv("CONFIG_FILE"); v != "" {
+		return v
+	}
+
+	var configDir string
+	switch runtime.GOOS {
+	case "darwin":
+		configDir = filepath.Join(os.Getenv("HOME"), "Library", "Application Support", "newt-client")
+	case "windows":
+		configDir = filepath.Join(os.Getenv("PROGRAMDATA"), "newt", "newt-client")
+	default: // linux and others
+		configDir = filepath.Join(os.Getenv("HOME"), ".config", "newt-client")
+	}
+
+	if err := os.MkdirAll(configDir, 0755); err != nil {
+		fmt.Printf("Warning: Failed to create config directory: %v\n", err)
+	}
+
+	return filepath.Join(configDir, "config.json")
+}
+
+// loadFileSettings reads and parses the config file. A missing or empty file
+// is not an error (returns nil, nil) since the file may not exist yet.
+func loadFileSettings(path string) (*fileSettings, error) {
+	data, err := os.ReadFile(path)
+	if err != nil {
+		if os.IsNotExist(err) {
+			return nil, nil
+		}
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if len(strings.TrimSpace(string(data))) == 0 {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+
+	var fs fileSettings
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(data, &fs); err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to parse config file %s: %w", path, err)
+	}
+	return &fs, nil
+}
+
+func applyStr(dst *string, v *string, key string, sources map[string]string, src configSource) {
+	if v != nil {
+		*dst = *v
+		sources[key] = string(src)
+	}
+}
+
+func applyBool(dst *bool, v *bool, key string, sources map[string]string, src configSource) {
+	if v != nil {
+		*dst = *v
+		sources[key] = string(src)
+	}
+}
+
+func applyEnvStr(dst *string, envName, key string, sources map[string]string) {
+	if v := os.Getenv(envName); v != "" {
+		*dst = v
+		sources[key] = string(sourceEnv)
+	}
+}
+
+func applyEnvBool(dst *bool, envName, key string, sources map[string]string) {
+	if v := os.Getenv(envName); v != "" {
+		*dst = v == "true"
+		sources[key] = string(sourceEnv)
+	}
+}
+
+// validateTLSConfig validates that TLS config fields are consistent and that
+// referenced files exist.
+func validateTLSConfig(cfg newtpkg.Config) error {
+	pkcs12Specified := cfg.TLSPrivateKey != ""
+	separateFilesSpecified := cfg.TLSClientCert != "" || cfg.TLSClientKey != "" || len(cfg.TLSClientCAs) > 0
+
+	if pkcs12Specified && separateFilesSpecified {
+		return fmt.Errorf("cannot use both PKCS12 format (--tls-client-cert) and separate certificate files (--tls-client-cert-file, --tls-client-key, --tls-client-ca)")
+	}
+
+	if (cfg.TLSClientCert != "" && cfg.TLSClientKey == "") || (cfg.TLSClientCert == "" && cfg.TLSClientKey != "") {
+		return fmt.Errorf("both --tls-client-cert-file and --tls-client-key must be specified together")
+	}
+
+	if cfg.TLSClientCert != "" {
+		if _, err := os.Stat(cfg.TLSClientCert); os.IsNotExist(err) {
+			return fmt.Errorf("client certificate file does not exist: %s", cfg.TLSClientCert)
+		}
+	}
+
+	if cfg.TLSClientKey != "" {
+		if _, err := os.Stat(cfg.TLSClientKey); os.IsNotExist(err) {
+			return fmt.Errorf("client key file does not exist: %s", cfg.TLSClientKey)
+		}
+	}
+
+	for _, caFile := range cfg.TLSClientCAs {
+		if _, err := os.Stat(caFile); os.IsNotExist(err) {
+			return fmt.Errorf("CA certificate file does not exist: %s", caFile)
+		}
+	}
+
+	if cfg.TLSPrivateKey != "" {
+		if _, err := os.Stat(cfg.TLSPrivateKey); os.IsNotExist(err) {
+			return fmt.Errorf("PKCS12 certificate file does not exist: %s", cfg.TLSPrivateKey)
+		}
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// parseDurationEnvOrFlag parses s as a duration, using defaultVal on failure.
+func parseDurationEnvOrFlag(s string, defaultVal time.Duration, label string) time.Duration {
+	if s == "" {
+		return defaultVal
+	}
+	d, err := time.ParseDuration(s)
+	if err != nil || d <= 0 {
+		fmt.Printf("Invalid %s value: %s, using default %v\n", label, s, defaultVal)
+		return defaultVal
+	}
+	return d
+}
+
+// loadNewtConfig resolves configuration with priority cli > env > file >
+// default, then returns a populated newtpkg.Config. This function calls
+// flag.Parse internally and will exit the process if --version or
+// --show-config is passed.
+func loadNewtConfig() newtpkg.Config {
+	sources := make(map[string]string)
+
+	configPath := resolveConfigFilePath(os.Args[1:])
+	fileCfg, err := loadFileSettings(configPath)
+	if err != nil {
+		logger.Fatal("Failed to load config file: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	// ---- defaults ----
+	cfg := newtpkg.Config{
+		Version:  newtVersion,
+		Platform: newtPlatform,
+
+		DNS:                      "9.9.9.9",
+		LogLevel:                 "INFO",
+		InterfaceName:            "newt",
+		NativeMainInterfaceName:  "newt",
+		AuthDaemonPrincipalsFile: "/var/run/auth-daemon/principals",
+		AuthDaemonCACertPath:     "/etc/ssh/ca.pem",
+		AdminAddr:                "127.0.0.1:2112",
+	}
+
+	mtuStr := "1280"
+	portStr := ""
+	pingIntervalStr := "15s"
+	pingTimeoutStr := "7s"
+	udpProxyIdleTimeoutStr := "90s"
+	dockerEnforceStr := "false"
+
+	// ---- layer 1: config file ----
+	if fileCfg != nil {
+		applyStr(&cfg.Endpoint, fileCfg.Endpoint, "endpoint", sources, sourceFile)
+		applyStr(&cfg.ID, fileCfg.ID, "id", sources, sourceFile)
+		applyStr(&cfg.Secret, fileCfg.Secret, "secret", sources, sourceFile)
+		applyStr(&cfg.ProvisioningKey, fileCfg.ProvisioningKey, "provisioning-key", sources, sourceFile)
+		applyStr(&cfg.NewtName, fileCfg.Name, "name", sources, sourceFile)
+
+		applyStr(&cfg.DNS, fileCfg.DNS, "dns", sources, sourceFile)
+		applyStr(&cfg.LogLevel, fileCfg.LogLevel, "log-level", sources, sourceFile)
+		applyStr(&cfg.UpdownScript, fileCfg.UpdownScript, "updown", sources, sourceFile)
+		applyStr(&cfg.InterfaceName, fileCfg.InterfaceName, "interface", sources, sourceFile)
+		if fileCfg.MTU != nil {
+			mtuStr = strconv.Itoa(*fileCfg.MTU)
+			sources["mtu"] = string(sourceFile)
+		}
+		if fileCfg.Port != nil {
+			portStr = strconv.Itoa(*fileCfg.Port)
+			sources["port"] = string(sourceFile)
+		}
+
+		applyBool(&cfg.UseNativeInterface, fileCfg.UseNativeInterface, "native", sources, sourceFile)
+		applyBool(&cfg.UseNativeMainInterface, fileCfg.UseNativeMainInterface, "native-main", sources, sourceFile)
+		applyStr(&cfg.NativeMainInterfaceName, fileCfg.NativeMainInterfaceName, "interface-main", sources, sourceFile)
+		applyBool(&cfg.NoCloud, fileCfg.NoCloud, "no-cloud", sources, sourceFile)
+		applyStr(&cfg.PreferEndpoint, fileCfg.PreferEndpoint, "prefer-endpoint", sources, sourceFile)
+
+		applyStr(&pingIntervalStr, fileCfg.PingInterval, "ping-interval", sources, sourceFile)
+		applyStr(&pingTimeoutStr, fileCfg.PingTimeout, "ping-timeout", sources, sourceFile)
+		applyStr(&udpProxyIdleTimeoutStr, fileCfg.UDPProxyIdleTimeout, "udp-proxy-idle-timeout", sources, sourceFile)
+
+		applyBool(&cfg.DisableClients, fileCfg.DisableClients, "disable-clients", sources, sourceFile)
+		applyBool(&cfg.DisableSSH, fileCfg.DisableSSH, "disable-ssh", sources, sourceFile)
+		applyBool(&cfg.EnforceHealthcheckCert, fileCfg.EnforceHealthcheckCert, "enforce-hc-cert", sources, sourceFile)
+		applyStr(&cfg.HealthFile, fileCfg.HealthFile, "health-file", sources, sourceFile)
+		applyStr(&cfg.BlueprintFile, fileCfg.BlueprintFile, "blueprint-file", sources, sourceFile)
+		applyStr(&cfg.ProvisioningBlueprintFile, fileCfg.ProvisioningBlueprintFile, "provisioning-blueprint-file", sources, sourceFile)
+
+		applyStr(&cfg.DockerSocket, fileCfg.DockerSocket, "docker-socket", sources, sourceFile)
+		if fileCfg.DockerEnforceNetworkValidation != nil {
+			dockerEnforceStr = strconv.FormatBool(*fileCfg.DockerEnforceNetworkValidation)
+			sources["docker-enforce-network-validation"] = string(sourceFile)
+		}
+
+		applyStr(&cfg.AuthDaemonKey, fileCfg.AuthDaemonKey, "ad-pre-shared-key", sources, sourceFile)
+		applyStr(&cfg.AuthDaemonPrincipalsFile, fileCfg.AuthDaemonPrincipalsFile, "ad-principals-file", sources, sourceFile)
+		applyStr(&cfg.AuthDaemonCACertPath, fileCfg.AuthDaemonCACertPath, "ad-ca-cert-path", sources, sourceFile)
+		applyBool(&cfg.AuthDaemonGenerateRandomPassword, fileCfg.AuthDaemonGenerateRandomPassword, "ad-generate-random-password", sources, sourceFile)
+
+		applyStr(&cfg.TLSClientCert, fileCfg.TLSClientCert, "tls-client-cert-file", sources, sourceFile)
+		applyStr(&cfg.TLSClientKey, fileCfg.TLSClientKey, "tls-client-key", sources, sourceFile)
+		if len(fileCfg.TLSClientCAs) > 0 {
+			cfg.TLSClientCAs = append(cfg.TLSClientCAs, fileCfg.TLSClientCAs...)
+			sources["tls-client-ca"] = string(sourceFile)
+		}
+		applyStr(&cfg.TLSPrivateKey, fileCfg.TLSPrivateKey, "tls-client-cert", sources, sourceFile)
+
+		applyBool(&cfg.MetricsEnabled, fileCfg.MetricsEnabled, "metrics", sources, sourceFile)
+		applyBool(&cfg.OTLPEnabled, fileCfg.OTLPEnabled, "otlp", sources, sourceFile)
+		applyStr(&cfg.AdminAddr, fileCfg.AdminAddr, "metrics-admin-addr", sources, sourceFile)
+		applyStr(&cfg.Region, fileCfg.Region, "region", sources, sourceFile)
+		applyBool(&cfg.MetricsAsyncBytes, fileCfg.MetricsAsyncBytes, "metrics-async-bytes", sources, sourceFile)
+		applyBool(&cfg.PprofEnabled, fileCfg.PprofEnabled, "pprof", sources, sourceFile)
+	}
+
+	// ---- layer 2: environment variables ----
+	applyEnvStr(&cfg.Endpoint, "PANGOLIN_ENDPOINT", "endpoint", sources)
+	applyEnvStr(&cfg.ID, "NEWT_ID", "id", sources)
+	applyEnvStr(&cfg.Secret, "NEWT_SECRET", "secret", sources)
+	applyEnvStr(&cfg.ProvisioningKey, "NEWT_PROVISIONING_KEY", "provisioning-key", sources)
+	applyEnvStr(&cfg.NewtName, "NEWT_NAME", "name", sources)
+
+	applyEnvStr(&cfg.DNS, "DNS", "dns", sources)
+	applyEnvStr(&cfg.LogLevel, "LOG_LEVEL", "log-level", sources)
+	applyEnvStr(&cfg.UpdownScript, "UPDOWN_SCRIPT", "updown", sources)
+	applyEnvStr(&cfg.InterfaceName, "INTERFACE", "interface", sources)
+	applyEnvStr(&mtuStr, "MTU", "mtu", sources)
+	applyEnvStr(&portStr, "PORT", "port", sources)
+
+	applyEnvBool(&cfg.UseNativeInterface, "USE_NATIVE_INTERFACE", "native", sources)
+	applyEnvBool(&cfg.UseNativeMainInterface, "USE_NATIVE_MAIN_INTERFACE", "native-main", sources)
+	applyEnvStr(&cfg.NativeMainInterfaceName, "INTERFACE_MAIN", "interface-main", sources)
+	applyEnvBool(&cfg.NoCloud, "NO_CLOUD", "no-cloud", sources)
+
+	applyEnvStr(&pingIntervalStr, "PING_INTERVAL", "ping-interval", sources)
+	applyEnvStr(&pingTimeoutStr, "PING_TIMEOUT", "ping-timeout", sources)
+	applyEnvStr(&udpProxyIdleTimeoutStr, "NEWT_UDP_PROXY_IDLE_TIMEOUT", "udp-proxy-idle-timeout", sources)
+
+	applyEnvBool(&cfg.DisableClients, "DISABLE_CLIENTS", "disable-clients", sources)
+	applyEnvBool(&cfg.DisableSSH, "DISABLE_SSH", "disable-ssh", sources)
+	applyEnvBool(&cfg.EnforceHealthcheckCert, "ENFORCE_HC_CERT", "enforce-hc-cert", sources)
+	applyEnvStr(&cfg.HealthFile, "HEALTH_FILE", "health-file", sources)
+	applyEnvStr(&cfg.BlueprintFile, "BLUEPRINT_FILE", "blueprint-file", sources)
+	applyEnvStr(&cfg.ProvisioningBlueprintFile, "PROVISIONING_BLUEPRINT_FILE", "provisioning-blueprint-file", sources)
+
+	applyEnvStr(&cfg.DockerSocket, "DOCKER_SOCKET", "docker-socket", sources)
+	applyEnvStr(&dockerEnforceStr, "DOCKER_ENFORCE_NETWORK_VALIDATION", "docker-enforce-network-validation", sources)
+
+	applyEnvStr(&cfg.AuthDaemonKey, "AD_KEY", "ad-pre-shared-key", sources)
+	applyEnvStr(&cfg.AuthDaemonPrincipalsFile, "AD_PRINCIPALS_FILE", "ad-principals-file", sources)
+	applyEnvStr(&cfg.AuthDaemonCACertPath, "AD_CA_CERT_PATH", "ad-ca-cert-path", sources)
+	if v, err := strconv.ParseBool(os.Getenv("AD_GENERATE_RANDOM_PASSWORD")); err == nil {
+		cfg.AuthDaemonGenerateRandomPassword = v
+		sources["ad-generate-random-password"] = string(sourceEnv)
+	}
+
+	applyEnvStr(&cfg.TLSClientCert, "TLS_CLIENT_CERT", "tls-client-cert-file", sources)
+	applyEnvStr(&cfg.TLSClientKey, "TLS_CLIENT_KEY", "tls-client-key", sources)
+	if tlsClientCAsEnv := os.Getenv("TLS_CLIENT_CAS"); tlsClientCAsEnv != "" {
+		for _, ca := range strings.Split(tlsClientCAsEnv, ",") {
+			cfg.TLSClientCAs = append(cfg.TLSClientCAs, strings.TrimSpace(ca))
+		}
+		sources["tls-client-ca"] = string(sourceEnv)
+	}
+	applyEnvStr(&cfg.TLSPrivateKey, "TLS_CLIENT_CERT_PKCS12", "tls-client-cert", sources)
+
+	// Legacy PKCS12 backward-compat: fall back to the (already layered)
+	// separate-cert-file value for PKCS12 when the newer fields are unset.
+	if cfg.TLSPrivateKey == "" && cfg.TLSClientKey == "" && len(cfg.TLSClientCAs) == 0 && cfg.TLSClientCert != "" {
+		cfg.TLSPrivateKey = cfg.TLSClientCert
+		sources["tls-client-cert"] = sources["tls-client-cert-file"]
+	}
+
+	if metricsEnabledEnv := os.Getenv("NEWT_METRICS_PROMETHEUS_ENABLED"); metricsEnabledEnv != "" {
+		if v, err := strconv.ParseBool(metricsEnabledEnv); err == nil {
+			cfg.MetricsEnabled = v
+		} else {
+			cfg.MetricsEnabled = true
+		}
+		sources["metrics"] = string(sourceEnv)
+	}
+	applyEnvBool(&cfg.OTLPEnabled, "NEWT_METRICS_OTLP_ENABLED", "otlp", sources)
+	applyEnvStr(&cfg.AdminAddr, "NEWT_ADMIN_ADDR", "metrics-admin-addr", sources)
+	applyEnvStr(&cfg.Region, "NEWT_REGION", "region", sources)
+	applyEnvBool(&cfg.MetricsAsyncBytes, "NEWT_METRICS_ASYNC_BYTES", "metrics-async-bytes", sources)
+	applyEnvBool(&cfg.PprofEnabled, "NEWT_PPROF_ENABLED", "pprof", sources)
+
+	// ---- layer 3: CLI flags (always registered; default = file/env-resolved value) ----
+	origEndpoint, origID, origSecret := cfg.Endpoint, cfg.ID, cfg.Secret
+	origMTU, origDNS, origLogLevel := mtuStr, cfg.DNS, cfg.LogLevel
+	origUpdown, origInterface, origPort := cfg.UpdownScript, cfg.InterfaceName, portStr
+	origNative, origNativeMain, origInterfaceMain := cfg.UseNativeInterface, cfg.UseNativeMainInterface, cfg.NativeMainInterfaceName
+	origDisableClients, origDisableSSH, origEnforceHC := cfg.DisableClients, cfg.DisableSSH, cfg.EnforceHealthcheckCert
+	origDockerSocket, origPingInterval, origPingTimeout := cfg.DockerSocket, pingIntervalStr, pingTimeoutStr
+	origUDPIdle, origProvisioningKey, origName := udpProxyIdleTimeoutStr, cfg.ProvisioningKey, cfg.NewtName
+	origTLSCert, origTLSKey, origDockerEnforce := cfg.TLSClientCert, cfg.TLSClientKey, dockerEnforceStr
+	origHealthFile, origBlueprintFile, origProvBlueprintFile := cfg.HealthFile, cfg.BlueprintFile, cfg.ProvisioningBlueprintFile
+	origNoCloud, origTLSPrivateKey := cfg.NoCloud, cfg.TLSPrivateKey
+	origMetrics, origOTLP, origAdminAddr := cfg.MetricsEnabled, cfg.OTLPEnabled, cfg.AdminAddr
+	origMetricsAsync, origPprof, origRegion := cfg.MetricsAsyncBytes, cfg.PprofEnabled, cfg.Region
+	origADKey, origADPrincipals, origADCACert := cfg.AuthDaemonKey, cfg.AuthDaemonPrincipalsFile, cfg.AuthDaemonCACertPath
+	origADRandomPass := cfg.AuthDaemonGenerateRandomPassword
+
+	flag.StringVar(&cfg.Endpoint, "endpoint", cfg.Endpoint, "Endpoint of your pangolin server")
+	flag.StringVar(&cfg.ID, "id", cfg.ID, "Newt ID")
+	flag.StringVar(&cfg.Secret, "secret", cfg.Secret, "Newt secret")
+	flag.StringVar(&mtuStr, "mtu", mtuStr, "MTU to use")
+	flag.StringVar(&cfg.DNS, "dns", cfg.DNS, "DNS server to use")
+	flag.StringVar(&cfg.LogLevel, "log-level", cfg.LogLevel, "Log level (DEBUG, INFO, WARN, ERROR, FATAL)")
+	flag.StringVar(&cfg.UpdownScript, "updown", cfg.UpdownScript, "Path to updown script to be called when targets are added or removed")
+	flag.StringVar(&cfg.InterfaceName, "interface", cfg.InterfaceName, "Name of the WireGuard interface")
+	flag.StringVar(&portStr, "port", portStr, "Port for client WireGuard interface")
+	flag.BoolVar(&cfg.UseNativeInterface, "native", cfg.UseNativeInterface, "Use native WireGuard interface for client tunnels")
+	flag.BoolVar(&cfg.UseNativeMainInterface, "native-main", cfg.UseNativeMainInterface, "Use native WireGuard interface for the main tunnel (instead of netstack)")
+	// making this the same as above should prevent them from running together
+	flag.StringVar(&cfg.NativeMainInterfaceName, "interface-main", cfg.NativeMainInterfaceName, "Name of the native main tunnel WireGuard interface (used with --native-main)")
+	flag.BoolVar(&cfg.DisableClients, "disable-clients", cfg.DisableClients, "Disable clients on the WireGuard interface")
+	flag.BoolVar(&cfg.DisableSSH, "disable-ssh", cfg.DisableSSH, "Disable SSH auth daemon and native SSH mode (remote auth daemon still works)")
+	flag.BoolVar(&cfg.EnforceHealthcheckCert, "enforce-hc-cert", cfg.EnforceHealthcheckCert, "Enforce certificate validation for health checks (default: false, accepts any cert)")
+	flag.StringVar(&cfg.DockerSocket, "docker-socket", cfg.DockerSocket, "Path or address to Docker socket (typically unix:///var/run/docker.sock)")
+	flag.StringVar(&pingIntervalStr, "ping-interval", pingIntervalStr, "Interval for pinging the server (default 15s)")
+	flag.StringVar(&pingTimeoutStr, "ping-timeout", pingTimeoutStr, "Timeout for each ping (default 7s)")
+	flag.StringVar(&udpProxyIdleTimeoutStr, "udp-proxy-idle-timeout", udpProxyIdleTimeoutStr, "Idle timeout for UDP proxied client flows before cleanup")
+	flag.StringVar(&cfg.PreferEndpoint, "prefer-endpoint", cfg.PreferEndpoint, "Prefer this endpoint for the connection (if set, will override the endpoint from the server)")
+	flag.StringVar(&cfg.ProvisioningKey, "provisioning-key", cfg.ProvisioningKey, "One-time provisioning key used to obtain a newt ID and secret from the server")
+	flag.StringVar(&cfg.NewtName, "name", cfg.NewtName, "Name for the site created during provisioning (supports {{env.VAR}} interpolation)")
+	flag.StringVar(&cfg.ConfigFile, "config-file", configPath, "Path to config file (overrides CONFIG_FILE env var and default location)")
+	flag.StringVar(&cfg.TLSClientCert, "tls-client-cert-file", cfg.TLSClientCert, "Path to client certificate file (PEM/DER format)")
+	flag.StringVar(&cfg.TLSClientKey, "tls-client-key", cfg.TLSClientKey, "Path to client private key file (PEM/DER format)")
+	// Backward-compat dummy flag (auth daemon is always enabled now)
+	flag.Bool("auth-daemon", false, "Enable auth daemon mode (deprecated, always enabled)")
+
+	var tlsClientCAsFlag stringSlice
+	flag.Var(&tlsClientCAsFlag, "tls-client-ca", "Path to CA certificate file for validating remote certificates (can be specified multiple times)")
+
+	flag.StringVar(&cfg.TLSPrivateKey, "tls-client-cert", cfg.TLSPrivateKey, "Path to client certificate (PKCS12 format) - DEPRECATED: use --tls-client-cert-file and --tls-client-key instead")
+	flag.StringVar(&dockerEnforceStr, "docker-enforce-network-validation", dockerEnforceStr, "Enforce validation of container on newt network (true or false)")
+	flag.StringVar(&cfg.HealthFile, "health-file", cfg.HealthFile, "Path to health file (if unset, health file won't be written)")
+	flag.StringVar(&cfg.BlueprintFile, "blueprint-file", cfg.BlueprintFile, "Path to blueprint file (if unset, no blueprint will be applied)")
+	flag.StringVar(&cfg.ProvisioningBlueprintFile, "provisioning-blueprint-file", cfg.ProvisioningBlueprintFile, "Path to blueprint file applied once after a provisioning credential exchange (if unset, no provisioning blueprint will be applied)")
+	flag.BoolVar(&cfg.NoCloud, "no-cloud", cfg.NoCloud, "Disable cloud failover")
+	flag.BoolVar(&cfg.MetricsEnabled, "metrics", cfg.MetricsEnabled, "Enable Prometheus metrics exporter")
+	flag.BoolVar(&cfg.OTLPEnabled, "otlp", cfg.OTLPEnabled, "Enable OTLP exporters (metrics/traces) to OTEL_EXPORTER_OTLP_ENDPOINT")
+	flag.StringVar(&cfg.AdminAddr, "metrics-admin-addr", cfg.AdminAddr, "Admin/metrics bind address")
+	flag.BoolVar(&cfg.MetricsAsyncBytes, "metrics-async-bytes", cfg.MetricsAsyncBytes, "Enable async bytes counting (background flush; lower hot path overhead)")
+	flag.BoolVar(&cfg.PprofEnabled, "pprof", cfg.PprofEnabled, "Enable pprof debug endpoints on admin server")
+	flag.StringVar(&cfg.Region, "region", cfg.Region, "Optional region resource attribute (also NEWT_REGION)")
+	flag.StringVar(&cfg.AuthDaemonKey, "ad-pre-shared-key", cfg.AuthDaemonKey, "Pre-shared key for auth daemon authentication")
+	flag.StringVar(&cfg.AuthDaemonPrincipalsFile, "ad-principals-file", cfg.AuthDaemonPrincipalsFile, "Path to the principals file for auth daemon")
+	flag.StringVar(&cfg.AuthDaemonCACertPath, "ad-ca-cert-path", cfg.AuthDaemonCACertPath, "Path to the CA certificate file for auth daemon")
+	flag.BoolVar(&cfg.AuthDaemonGenerateRandomPassword, "ad-generate-random-password", cfg.AuthDaemonGenerateRandomPassword, "Generate a random password for authenticated users")
+
+	version := flag.Bool("version", false, "Print the version")
+	showConfig := flag.Bool("show-config", false, "Show configuration values and their sources, then exit")
+
+	flag.Parse()
+
+	// ---- post-parse processing ----
+
+	// Merge CLI CA files onto whatever file/env already contributed.
+	if len(tlsClientCAsFlag) > 0 {
+		cfg.TLSClientCAs = append(cfg.TLSClientCAs, tlsClientCAsFlag...)
+		sources["tls-client-ca"] = string(sourceCLI)
+	}
+
+	markCLI := func(key string, changed bool) {
+		if changed {
+			sources[key] = string(sourceCLI)
+		}
+	}
+	markCLI("endpoint", cfg.Endpoint != origEndpoint)
+	markCLI("id", cfg.ID != origID)
+	markCLI("secret", cfg.Secret != origSecret)
+	markCLI("mtu", mtuStr != origMTU)
+	markCLI("dns", cfg.DNS != origDNS)
+	markCLI("log-level", cfg.LogLevel != origLogLevel)
+	markCLI("updown", cfg.UpdownScript != origUpdown)
+	markCLI("interface", cfg.InterfaceName != origInterface)
+	markCLI("port", portStr != origPort)
+	markCLI("native", cfg.UseNativeInterface != origNative)
+	markCLI("native-main", cfg.UseNativeMainInterface != origNativeMain)
+	markCLI("interface-main", cfg.NativeMainInterfaceName != origInterfaceMain)
+	markCLI("disable-clients", cfg.DisableClients != origDisableClients)
+	markCLI("disable-ssh", cfg.DisableSSH != origDisableSSH)
+	markCLI("enforce-hc-cert", cfg.EnforceHealthcheckCert != origEnforceHC)
+	markCLI("docker-socket", cfg.DockerSocket != origDockerSocket)
+	markCLI("ping-interval", pingIntervalStr != origPingInterval)
+	markCLI("ping-timeout", pingTimeoutStr != origPingTimeout)
+	markCLI("udp-proxy-idle-timeout", udpProxyIdleTimeoutStr != origUDPIdle)
+	markCLI("provisioning-key", cfg.ProvisioningKey != origProvisioningKey)
+	markCLI("name", cfg.NewtName != origName)
+	markCLI("tls-client-cert-file", cfg.TLSClientCert != origTLSCert)
+	markCLI("tls-client-key", cfg.TLSClientKey != origTLSKey)
+	markCLI("tls-client-cert", cfg.TLSPrivateKey != origTLSPrivateKey)
+	markCLI("docker-enforce-network-validation", dockerEnforceStr != origDockerEnforce)
+	markCLI("health-file", cfg.HealthFile != origHealthFile)
+	markCLI("blueprint-file", cfg.BlueprintFile != origBlueprintFile)
+	markCLI("provisioning-blueprint-file", cfg.ProvisioningBlueprintFile != origProvBlueprintFile)
+	markCLI("no-cloud", cfg.NoCloud != origNoCloud)
+	markCLI("metrics", cfg.MetricsEnabled != origMetrics)
+	markCLI("otlp", cfg.OTLPEnabled != origOTLP)
+	markCLI("metrics-admin-addr", cfg.AdminAddr != origAdminAddr)
+	markCLI("metrics-async-bytes", cfg.MetricsAsyncBytes != origMetricsAsync)
+	markCLI("pprof", cfg.PprofEnabled != origPprof)
+	markCLI("region", cfg.Region != origRegion)
+	markCLI("ad-pre-shared-key", cfg.AuthDaemonKey != origADKey)
+	markCLI("ad-principals-file", cfg.AuthDaemonPrincipalsFile != origADPrincipals)
+	markCLI("ad-ca-cert-path", cfg.AuthDaemonCACertPath != origADCACert)
+	markCLI("ad-generate-random-password", cfg.AuthDaemonGenerateRandomPassword != origADRandomPass)
+	if cfg.ConfigFile != configPath {
+		sources["config-file"] = string(sourceCLI)
+	}
+
+	// Version check (exits process)
+	if *version {
+		fmt.Println("Newt version " + newtVersion)
+		os.Exit(0)
+	}
+
+	if *showConfig {
+		printShowConfig(cfg, sources, configPath, mtuStr, portStr, pingIntervalStr, pingTimeoutStr, udpProxyIdleTimeoutStr, dockerEnforceStr)
+		os.Exit(0)
+	}
+
+	logger.Info("Newt version %s", newtVersion)
+
+	// Parse port
+	if portStr != "" {
+		portInt, err := strconv.Atoi(portStr)
+		if err != nil {
+			logger.Warn("Failed to parse PORT, choosing a random port")
+		} else {
+			cfg.Port = uint16(portInt)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Parse MTU
+	if mtuStr == "" {
+		mtuStr = "1280"
+	}
+	mtuInt, err := strconv.Atoi(mtuStr)
+	if err != nil {
+		logger.Fatal("Failed to parse MTU: %v", err)
+	}
+	cfg.MTU = mtuInt
+
+	// Parse docker network validation flag
+	if v, err := strconv.ParseBool(dockerEnforceStr); err == nil {
+		cfg.DockerEnforceNetworkValidation = v
+	} else {
+		logger.Info("Docker enforce network validation cannot be parsed. Defaulting to 'false'")
+		cfg.DockerEnforceNetworkValidation = false
+	}
+
+	// Parse durations (after flag.Parse so CLI flags take effect)
+	cfg.PingInterval = parseDurationEnvOrFlag(pingIntervalStr, 15*time.Second, "PING_INTERVAL")
+	cfg.PingTimeout = parseDurationEnvOrFlag(pingTimeoutStr, 7*time.Second, "PING_TIMEOUT")
+	cfg.UDPProxyIdleTimeout = parseDurationEnvOrFlag(udpProxyIdleTimeoutStr, 90*time.Second, "NEWT_UDP_PROXY_IDLE_TIMEOUT")
+
+	return cfg
+}
+
+// printShowConfig prints the resolved configuration and the source of each value
+func printShowConfig(cfg newtpkg.Config, sources map[string]string, configPath, mtuStr, portStr, pingIntervalStr, pingTimeoutStr, udpProxyIdleTimeoutStr, dockerEnforceStr string) {
+	getSource := func(key string) string {
+		if s, ok := sources[key]; ok && s != "" {
+			return s
+		}
+		return string(sourceDefault)
+	}
+	mask := func(key, value string) string {
+		if key == "secret" && value != "" {
+			if len(value) > 8 {
+				return value[:4] + "****" + value[len(value)-4:]
+			}
+			return "****"
+		}
+		if value == "" {
+			return "(not set)"
+		}
+		return value
+	}
+
+	fmt.Print("\n=== Newt Configuration ===\n\n")
+	fmt.Printf("Config File: %s\n", configPath)
+	if _, err := os.Stat(configPath); err == nil {
+		fmt.Printf("Config File Status: exists\n")
+	} else {
+		fmt.Printf("Config File Status: not found\n")
+	}
+
+	fmt.Println("\n--- Configuration Values ---")
+	fmt.Print("(Format: Setting = Value [source])\n\n")
+
+	fmt.Println("Connection:")
+	fmt.Printf("  endpoint         = %s [%s]\n", mask("endpoint", cfg.Endpoint), getSource("endpoint"))
+	fmt.Printf("  id               = %s [%s]\n", mask("id", cfg.ID), getSource("id"))
+	fmt.Printf("  secret           = %s [%s]\n", mask("secret", cfg.Secret), getSource("secret"))
+	fmt.Printf("  provisioning-key = %s [%s]\n", mask("provisioning-key", cfg.ProvisioningKey), getSource("provisioning-key"))
+	fmt.Printf("  name             = %s [%s]\n", mask("name", cfg.NewtName), getSource("name"))
+	fmt.Printf("  prefer-endpoint  = %s [%s]\n", mask("prefer-endpoint", cfg.PreferEndpoint), getSource("prefer-endpoint"))
+
+	fmt.Println("\nNetwork:")
+	fmt.Printf("  mtu              = %s [%s]\n", mtuStr, getSource("mtu"))
+	fmt.Printf("  dns              = %s [%s]\n", cfg.DNS, getSource("dns"))
+	fmt.Printf("  interface        = %s [%s]\n", cfg.InterfaceName, getSource("interface"))
+	fmt.Printf("  port             = %s [%s]\n", mask("port", portStr), getSource("port"))
+	fmt.Printf("  native           = %v [%s]\n", cfg.UseNativeInterface, getSource("native"))
+	fmt.Printf("  native-main      = %v [%s]\n", cfg.UseNativeMainInterface, getSource("native-main"))
+	fmt.Printf("  interface-main   = %s [%s]\n", cfg.NativeMainInterfaceName, getSource("interface-main"))
+	fmt.Printf("  no-cloud         = %v [%s]\n", cfg.NoCloud, getSource("no-cloud"))
+
+	fmt.Println("\nLogging:")
+	fmt.Printf("  log-level        = %s [%s]\n", cfg.LogLevel, getSource("log-level"))
+
+	fmt.Println("\nTiming:")
+	fmt.Printf("  ping-interval           = %s [%s]\n", pingIntervalStr, getSource("ping-interval"))
+	fmt.Printf("  ping-timeout            = %s [%s]\n", pingTimeoutStr, getSource("ping-timeout"))
+	fmt.Printf("  udp-proxy-idle-timeout  = %s [%s]\n", udpProxyIdleTimeoutStr, getSource("udp-proxy-idle-timeout"))
+
+	fmt.Println("\nFeatures:")
+	fmt.Printf("  disable-clients             = %v [%s]\n", cfg.DisableClients, getSource("disable-clients"))
+	fmt.Printf("  disable-ssh                 = %v [%s]\n", cfg.DisableSSH, getSource("disable-ssh"))
+	fmt.Printf("  enforce-hc-cert             = %v [%s]\n", cfg.EnforceHealthcheckCert, getSource("enforce-hc-cert"))
+	fmt.Printf("  health-file                 = %s [%s]\n", mask("health-file", cfg.HealthFile), getSource("health-file"))
+	fmt.Printf("  blueprint-file              = %s [%s]\n", mask("blueprint-file", cfg.BlueprintFile), getSource("blueprint-file"))
+	fmt.Printf("  provisioning-blueprint-file = %s [%s]\n", mask("provisioning-blueprint-file", cfg.ProvisioningBlueprintFile), getSource("provisioning-blueprint-file"))
+	fmt.Printf("  updown                      = %s [%s]\n", mask("updown", cfg.UpdownScript), getSource("updown"))
+
+	fmt.Println("\nDocker:")
+	fmt.Printf("  docker-socket                     = %s [%s]\n", mask("docker-socket", cfg.DockerSocket), getSource("docker-socket"))
+	fmt.Printf("  docker-enforce-network-validation = %s [%s]\n", dockerEnforceStr, getSource("docker-enforce-network-validation"))
+
+	fmt.Println("\nAuth Daemon:")
+	fmt.Printf("  ad-pre-shared-key           = %s [%s]\n", mask("ad-pre-shared-key", cfg.AuthDaemonKey), getSource("ad-pre-shared-key"))
+	fmt.Printf("  ad-principals-file          = %s [%s]\n", cfg.AuthDaemonPrincipalsFile, getSource("ad-principals-file"))
+	fmt.Printf("  ad-ca-cert-path             = %s [%s]\n", cfg.AuthDaemonCACertPath, getSource("ad-ca-cert-path"))
+	fmt.Printf("  ad-generate-random-password = %v [%s]\n", cfg.AuthDaemonGenerateRandomPassword, getSource("ad-generate-random-password"))
+
+	fmt.Println("\nTLS:")
+	fmt.Printf("  tls-client-cert-file = %s [%s]\n", mask("tls-client-cert-file", cfg.TLSClientCert), getSource("tls-client-cert-file"))
+	fmt.Printf("  tls-client-key       = %s [%s]\n", mask("tls-client-key", cfg.TLSClientKey), getSource("tls-client-key"))
+	fmt.Printf("  tls-client-ca        = %v [%s]\n", cfg.TLSClientCAs, getSource("tls-client-ca"))
+	fmt.Printf("  tls-client-cert      = %s [%s] (deprecated PKCS12 path)\n", mask("tls-client-cert", cfg.TLSPrivateKey), getSource("tls-client-cert"))
+
+	fmt.Println("\nMetrics/Observability:")
+	fmt.Printf("  metrics             = %v [%s]\n", cfg.MetricsEnabled, getSource("metrics"))
+	fmt.Printf("  otlp                = %v [%s]\n", cfg.OTLPEnabled, getSource("otlp"))
+	fmt.Printf("  metrics-admin-addr  = %s [%s]\n", cfg.AdminAddr, getSource("metrics-admin-addr"))
+	fmt.Printf("  metrics-async-bytes = %v [%s]\n", cfg.MetricsAsyncBytes, getSource("metrics-async-bytes"))
+	fmt.Printf("  pprof               = %v [%s]\n", cfg.PprofEnabled, getSource("pprof"))
+	fmt.Printf("  region              = %s [%s]\n", cfg.Region, getSource("region"))
+
+	fmt.Println("\n--- Source Legend ---")
+	fmt.Println("  default     = Built-in default value")
+	fmt.Println("  file        = Loaded from config file")
+	fmt.Println("  environment = Set via environment variable")
+	fmt.Println("  cli         = Provided as command-line argument")
+	fmt.Println("\nPriority: cli > environment > file > default")
+	fmt.Println()
+}

config_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,157 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"flag"
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+// resetFlags allows flag.Parse() to be called again in each test, since
+// loadNewtConfig registers flags on the global flag.CommandLine.
+func resetFlags(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Helper()
+	oldArgs := os.Args
+	oldCommandLine := flag.CommandLine
+	t.Cleanup(func() {
+		os.Args = oldArgs
+		flag.CommandLine = oldCommandLine
+	})
+	flag.CommandLine = flag.NewFlagSet(os.Args[0], flag.ExitOnError)
+}
+
+func clearNewtEnv(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Helper()
+	for _, k := range []string{
+		"PANGOLIN_ENDPOINT", "NEWT_ID", "NEWT_SECRET", "DNS", "LOG_LEVEL",
+		"MTU", "CONFIG_FILE", "NEWT_PROVISIONING_KEY", "NEWT_NAME",
+		"DISABLE_SSH", "DISABLE_CLIENTS",
+	} {
+		t.Setenv(k, "")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestLoadNewtConfig_Defaults(t *testing.T) {
+	resetFlags(t)
+	clearNewtEnv(t)
+	os.Args = []string{"newt", "--config-file", filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "missing.json")}
+
+	cfg := loadNewtConfig()
+
+	if cfg.DNS != "9.9.9.9" {
+		t.Errorf("expected default dns, got %q", cfg.DNS)
+	}
+	if cfg.MTU != 1280 {
+		t.Errorf("expected default mtu 1280, got %d", cfg.MTU)
+	}
+	if cfg.LogLevel != "INFO" {
+		t.Errorf("expected default log level INFO, got %q", cfg.LogLevel)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestLoadNewtConfig_FileOverridesDefault(t *testing.T) {
+	resetFlags(t)
+	clearNewtEnv(t)
+
+	configPath := filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "config.json")
+	if err := os.WriteFile(configPath, []byte(`{"dns":"1.1.1.1","mtu":1300,"disableSsh":true}`), 0o644); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to write config file: %v", err)
+	}
+	os.Args = []string{"newt", "--config-file", configPath}
+
+	cfg := loadNewtConfig()
+
+	if cfg.DNS != "1.1.1.1" {
+		t.Errorf("expected dns from file, got %q", cfg.DNS)
+	}
+	if cfg.MTU != 1300 {
+		t.Errorf("expected mtu from file, got %d", cfg.MTU)
+	}
+	if !cfg.DisableSSH {
+		t.Errorf("expected disableSsh from file to be true")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestLoadNewtConfig_EnvOverridesFile(t *testing.T) {
+	resetFlags(t)
+	clearNewtEnv(t)
+
+	configPath := filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "config.json")
+	if err := os.WriteFile(configPath, []byte(`{"dns":"1.1.1.1"}`), 0o644); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to write config file: %v", err)
+	}
+	t.Setenv("DNS", "8.8.4.4")
+	os.Args = []string{"newt", "--config-file", configPath}
+
+	cfg := loadNewtConfig()
+
+	if cfg.DNS != "8.8.4.4" {
+		t.Errorf("expected env to override file dns, got %q", cfg.DNS)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestLoadNewtConfig_CLIOverridesEnv(t *testing.T) {
+	resetFlags(t)
+	clearNewtEnv(t)
+
+	configPath := filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "config.json")
+	if err := os.WriteFile(configPath, []byte(`{"dns":"1.1.1.1"}`), 0o644); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to write config file: %v", err)
+	}
+	t.Setenv("DNS", "8.8.4.4")
+	os.Args = []string{"newt", "--config-file", configPath, "--dns", "4.2.2.2"}
+
+	cfg := loadNewtConfig()
+
+	if cfg.DNS != "4.2.2.2" {
+		t.Errorf("expected cli to override env dns, got %q", cfg.DNS)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestLoadNewtConfig_TLSClientCAMergesAcrossSources(t *testing.T) {
+	resetFlags(t)
+	clearNewtEnv(t)
+
+	tmpDir := t.TempDir()
+	caFromFile := filepath.Join(tmpDir, "file-ca.pem")
+	caFromEnv := filepath.Join(tmpDir, "env-ca.pem")
+	caFromCLI := filepath.Join(tmpDir, "cli-ca.pem")
+
+	configPath := filepath.Join(tmpDir, "config.json")
+	if err := os.WriteFile(configPath, []byte(`{"tlsClientCa":["`+caFromFile+`"]}`), 0o644); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to write config file: %v", err)
+	}
+	t.Setenv("TLS_CLIENT_CAS", caFromEnv)
+	os.Args = []string{"newt", "--config-file", configPath, "--tls-client-ca", caFromCLI}
+
+	cfg := loadNewtConfig()
+
+	want := map[string]bool{caFromFile: true, caFromEnv: true, caFromCLI: true}
+	if len(cfg.TLSClientCAs) != len(want) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected %d CA entries, got %v", len(want), cfg.TLSClientCAs)
+	}
+	for _, ca := range cfg.TLSClientCAs {
+		if !want[ca] {
+			t.Errorf("unexpected CA entry: %s", ca)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestResolveConfigFilePath_Precedence(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Setenv("CONFIG_FILE", "")
+	t.Setenv("HOME", t.TempDir())
+
+	// CLI flag wins over env.
+	t.Setenv("CONFIG_FILE", "/env/path/config.json")
+	if got := resolveConfigFilePath([]string{"--config-file", "/cli/path/config.json"}); got != "/cli/path/config.json" {
+		t.Errorf("expected cli path to win, got %q", got)
+	}
+	if got := resolveConfigFilePath([]string{"--config-file=/cli/eq/config.json"}); got != "/cli/eq/config.json" {
+		t.Errorf("expected cli = path to win, got %q", got)
+	}
+
+	// Env wins over default when no CLI flag given.
+	if got := resolveConfigFilePath([]string{}); got != "/env/path/config.json" {
+		t.Errorf("expected env path, got %q", got)
+	}
+}

flake.nix

@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@
             inherit version;
             src = pkgs.nix-gitignore.gitignoreSource [ ] ./.;
 
-            vendorHash = "sha256-X70emc3uPN2YpsbudtoeEZDHilaTvFMqfRaDmIgRVZE=";
+            vendorHash = "sha256-JhNBJhj5YX3Wurv7r/JDu6YtHizOMLk+NCob7ISx+3c=";
 
             nativeInstallCheckInputs = [ pkgs.versionCheckHook ];
 

go.mod

@@ -3,36 +3,37 @@ module github.com/fosrl/newt
 go 1.25.0
 
 require (
-	github.com/coder/websocket v1.8.14
+	github.com/coder/websocket v1.8.15
 	github.com/creack/pty v1.1.24
-	github.com/gaissmai/bart v0.26.1
+	github.com/fsnotify/fsnotify v1.9.0
+	github.com/gaissmai/bart v0.28.0
 	github.com/go-crypt/crypt v0.14.15
 	github.com/go-crypt/x v0.4.16
 	github.com/gorilla/websocket v1.5.3
-	github.com/moby/moby/api v1.54.2
-	github.com/moby/moby/client v0.4.1
+	github.com/moby/moby/api v1.55.0
+	github.com/moby/moby/client v0.5.0
 	github.com/prometheus/client_golang v1.23.2
 	github.com/vishvananda/netlink v1.3.1
-	go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/instrumentation/net/http/otelhttp v0.68.0
-	go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/instrumentation/runtime v0.68.0
-	go.opentelemetry.io/otel v1.43.0
-	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/otlpmetric/otlpmetricgrpc v1.43.0
-	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/otlptrace/otlptracegrpc v1.43.0
-	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/prometheus v0.65.0
-	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/metric v1.43.0
-	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk v1.43.0
-	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk/metric v1.43.0
-	golang.org/x/crypto v0.52.0
+	go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/instrumentation/net/http/otelhttp v0.69.0
+	go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/instrumentation/runtime v0.69.0
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel v1.44.0
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/otlpmetric/otlpmetricgrpc v1.44.0
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/otlptrace/otlptracegrpc v1.44.0
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/prometheus v0.66.0
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/metric v1.44.0
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk v1.44.0
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk/metric v1.44.0
+	golang.org/x/crypto v0.53.0
 	golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20251113190631-e25ba8c21ef6
-	golang.org/x/net v0.55.0
-	golang.org/x/sys v0.45.0
+	golang.org/x/net v0.56.0
+	golang.org/x/sys v0.46.0
 	golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard v0.0.0-20250521234502-f333402bd9cb
 	golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard/wgctrl v0.0.0-20241231184526-a9ab2273dd10
 	golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard/windows v1.0.1
-	google.golang.org/grpc v1.81.1
+	google.golang.org/grpc v1.82.0
 	gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1
 	gvisor.dev/gvisor v0.0.0-20250503011706-39ed1f5ac29c
-	software.sslmate.com/src/go-pkcs12 v0.7.1
+	software.sslmate.com/src/go-pkcs12 v0.7.3
 )
 
 require (
@@ -50,7 +51,7 @@ require (
 	github.com/go-logr/stdr v1.2.2 // indirect
 	github.com/google/btree v1.1.3 // indirect
 	github.com/google/uuid v1.6.0 // indirect
-	github.com/grpc-ecosystem/grpc-gateway/v2 v2.28.0 // indirect
+	github.com/grpc-ecosystem/grpc-gateway/v2 v2.29.0 // indirect
 	github.com/moby/docker-image-spec v1.3.1 // indirect
 	github.com/munnerz/goautoneg v0.0.0-20191010083416-a7dc8b61c822 // indirect
 	github.com/opencontainers/go-digest v1.0.0 // indirect
@@ -61,14 +62,14 @@ require (
 	github.com/prometheus/procfs v0.20.1 // indirect
 	github.com/vishvananda/netns v0.0.5 // indirect
 	go.opentelemetry.io/auto/sdk v1.2.1 // indirect
-	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/otlptrace v1.43.0 // indirect
-	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace v1.43.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/otlptrace v1.44.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace v1.44.0 // indirect
 	go.opentelemetry.io/proto/otlp v1.10.0 // indirect
 	go.yaml.in/yaml/v2 v2.4.4 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/text v0.37.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/text v0.38.0 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/time v0.12.0 // indirect
 	golang.zx2c4.com/wintun v0.0.0-20230126152724-0fa3db229ce2 // indirect
-	google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20260401024825-9d38bb4040a9 // indirect
-	google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20260401024825-9d38bb4040a9 // indirect
+	google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20260526163538-3dc84a4a5aaa // indirect
+	google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20260526163538-3dc84a4a5aaa // indirect
 	google.golang.org/protobuf v1.36.11 // indirect
 )

go.sum

@@ -6,8 +6,8 @@ github.com/cenkalti/backoff/v5 v5.0.3 h1:ZN+IMa753KfX5hd8vVaMixjnqRZ3y8CuJKRKj1x
 github.com/cenkalti/backoff/v5 v5.0.3/go.mod h1:rkhZdG3JZukswDf7f0cwqPNk4K0sa+F97BxZthm/crw=
 github.com/cespare/xxhash/v2 v2.3.0 h1:UL815xU9SqsFlibzuggzjXhog7bL6oX9BbNZnL2UFvs=
 github.com/cespare/xxhash/v2 v2.3.0/go.mod h1:VGX0DQ3Q6kWi7AoAeZDth3/j3BFtOZR5XLFGgcrjCOs=
-github.com/coder/websocket v1.8.14 h1:9L0p0iKiNOibykf283eHkKUHHrpG7f65OE3BhhO7v9g=
-github.com/coder/websocket v1.8.14/go.mod h1:NX3SzP+inril6yawo5CQXx8+fk145lPDC6pumgx0mVg=
+github.com/coder/websocket v1.8.15 h1:6B2JPeOGlpff2Uz6vOEH1Vzpi0iUz20A+lPVhPHtNUA=
+github.com/coder/websocket v1.8.15/go.mod h1:NX3SzP+inril6yawo5CQXx8+fk145lPDC6pumgx0mVg=
 github.com/containerd/errdefs v1.0.0 h1:tg5yIfIlQIrxYtu9ajqY42W3lpS19XqdxRQeEwYG8PI=
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@@ -24,8 +24,10 @@ github.com/docker/go-units v0.5.0 h1:69rxXcBk27SvSaaxTtLh/8llcHD8vYHT7WSdRZ/jvr4
 github.com/docker/go-units v0.5.0/go.mod h1:fgPhTUdO+D/Jk86RDLlptpiXQzgHJF7gydDDbaIK4Dk=
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 github.com/go-crypt/x v0.4.16 h1:WXdY28H/0MsXnH+gwerxuCcvBTJPkBG90u6oS4gIPZI=
@@ -45,8 +47,8 @@ github.com/google/uuid v1.6.0 h1:NIvaJDMOsjHA8n1jAhLSgzrAzy1Hgr+hNrb57e+94F0=
 github.com/google/uuid v1.6.0/go.mod h1:TIyPZe4MgqvfeYDBFedMoGGpEw/LqOeaOT+nhxU+yHo=
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 github.com/kr/pretty v0.3.1 h1:flRD4NNwYAUpkphVc1HcthR4KEIFJ65n8Mw5qdRn3LE=
@@ -57,10 +59,10 @@ github.com/kylelemons/godebug v1.1.0 h1:RPNrshWIDI6G2gRW9EHilWtl7Z6Sb1BR0xunSBf0
 github.com/kylelemons/godebug v1.1.0/go.mod h1:9/0rRGxNHcop5bhtWyNeEfOS8JIWk580+fNqagV/RAw=
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@@ -89,48 +91,50 @@ github.com/vishvananda/netns v0.0.5 h1:DfiHV+j8bA32MFM7bfEunvT8IAqQ/NzSJHtcmW5zd
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-go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/instrumentation/net/http/otelhttp v0.68.0 h1:CqXxU8VOmDefoh0+ztfGaymYbhdB/tT3zs79QaZTNGY=
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@@ -143,12 +147,12 @@ golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard/windows v1.0.1 h1:eOxiDVbywPC+ZQqvdCK7x+ZwWXKbYv50TtH
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-google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20260401024825-9d38bb4040a9 h1:VPWxll4HlMw1Vs/qXtN7BvhZqsS9cdAittCNvVENElA=
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-google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20260401024825-9d38bb4040a9 h1:m8qni9SQFH0tJc1X0vmnpw/0t+AImlSvp30sEupozUg=
-google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20260401024825-9d38bb4040a9/go.mod h1:4Hqkh8ycfw05ld/3BWL7rJOSfebL2Q+DVDeRgYgxUU8=
-google.golang.org/grpc v1.81.1 h1:VnnIIZ88UzOOKLukQi+ImGz8O1Wdp8nAGGnvOfEIWQQ=
-google.golang.org/grpc v1.81.1/go.mod h1:xGH9GfzOyMTGIOXBJmXt+BX/V0kcdQbdcuwQ/zNw42I=
+google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20260526163538-3dc84a4a5aaa h1:Kjn0N0tCrDgiAFW+lGO4JZ3ck44CehvJQMAwj9QF0G8=
+google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20260526163538-3dc84a4a5aaa/go.mod h1:q4lMZS6kskjT5HvCPrnnypcDPVJqT/f4nfxmkE7gryY=
+google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20260526163538-3dc84a4a5aaa h1:mZHHdPZl0dbGHCflZgAq/Q468DWVFcU2whhB2KAo8fk=
+google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20260526163538-3dc84a4a5aaa/go.mod h1:4Hqkh8ycfw05ld/3BWL7rJOSfebL2Q+DVDeRgYgxUU8=
+google.golang.org/grpc v1.82.0 h1:vguDnZUPjE26w09A63VoxZPnvPjB5Riyc0mkXPFmAIU=
+google.golang.org/grpc v1.82.0/go.mod h1:yzTZ1TB1Z3SG+LIYaI+WiE8D5+PZ3ArnrSp8zF3+/ZA=
 google.golang.org/protobuf v1.36.11 h1:fV6ZwhNocDyBLK0dj+fg8ektcVegBBuEolpbTQyBNVE=
 google.golang.org/protobuf v1.36.11/go.mod h1:HTf+CrKn2C3g5S8VImy6tdcUvCska2kB7j23XfzDpco=
 gopkg.in/check.v1 v0.0.0-20161208181325-20d25e280405/go.mod h1:Co6ibVJAznAaIkqp8huTwlJQCZ016jof/cbN4VW5Yz0=
@@ -162,5 +166,5 @@ gvisor.dev/gvisor v0.0.0-20250503011706-39ed1f5ac29c h1:m/r7OM+Y2Ty1sgBQ7Qb27VgI
 gvisor.dev/gvisor v0.0.0-20250503011706-39ed1f5ac29c/go.mod h1:3r5CMtNQMKIvBlrmM9xWUNamjKBYPOWyXOjmg5Kts3g=
 pgregory.net/rapid v1.2.0 h1:keKAYRcjm+e1F0oAuU5F5+YPAWcyxNNRK2wud503Gnk=
 pgregory.net/rapid v1.2.0/go.mod h1:PY5XlDGj0+V1FCq0o192FdRhpKHGTRIWBgqjDBTrq04=
-software.sslmate.com/src/go-pkcs12 v0.7.1 h1:bxkUPRsvTPNRBZa4M/aSX4PyMOEbq3V8I6hbkG4F4Q8=
-software.sslmate.com/src/go-pkcs12 v0.7.1/go.mod h1:Qiz0EyvDRJjjxGyUQa2cCNZn/wMyzrRJ/qcDXOQazLI=
+software.sslmate.com/src/go-pkcs12 v0.7.3 h1:JBQD3FDqYjTeyDAeZQklj2ar88ykBLtALloPJHyAauU=
+software.sslmate.com/src/go-pkcs12 v0.7.3/go.mod h1:Qiz0EyvDRJjjxGyUQa2cCNZn/wMyzrRJ/qcDXOQazLI=

healthcheck/healthcheck.go

@@ -212,6 +212,10 @@ func (m *Monitor) addTargetUnsafe(config Config) error {
 				return nil
 			}(),
 			Transport: &http.Transport{
+				// Disable keep-alives so each health check uses a fresh connection.
+				// Reusing idle connections causes spurious timeouts when the remote
+				// server closes the connection between long check intervals.
+				DisableKeepAlives: true,
 				TLSClientConfig: &tls.Config{
 					// Configure TLS settings based on certificate enforcement
 					InsecureSkipVerify: !m.enforceCert,
@@ -432,7 +436,9 @@ func (m *Monitor) performTCPCheck(target *Target) (bool, string) {
 	logger.Debug("Target %d: performing TCP health check to %s (timeout: %v)",
 		target.Config.ID, address, timeout)
 
-	conn, err := net.DialTimeout("tcp", address, timeout)
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(target.ctx, timeout)
+	defer cancel()
+	conn, err := (&net.Dialer{}).DialContext(ctx, "tcp", address)
 	if err != nil {
 		msg := fmt.Sprintf("TCP dial failed: %v", err)
 		logger.Warn("Target %d: %s", target.Config.ID, msg)
@@ -467,8 +473,9 @@ func (m *Monitor) performHTTPCheck(target *Target) (bool, string) {
 			target.Config.ID, m.enforceCert)
 	}
 
-	// Create request with timeout context
-	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), time.Duration(target.Config.Timeout)*time.Second)
+	// Create request with timeout context, derived from the target's context so
+	// that in-flight requests are cancelled immediately when the target is replaced.
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(target.ctx, time.Duration(target.Config.Timeout)*time.Second)
 	defer cancel()
 
 	req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, target.Config.Method, url, nil)

holepunch/holepunch.go

@@ -27,17 +27,17 @@ type ExitNode struct {
 
 // Manager handles UDP hole punching operations
 type Manager struct {
-	mu          sync.Mutex
-	running     bool
-	stopChan    chan struct{}
-	sharedBind  *bind.SharedBind
-	ID          string
-	token       string
-	publicKey   string
-	clientType  string
-	exitNodes   map[string]ExitNode // key is endpoint
-	updateChan  chan struct{}        // signals the goroutine to refresh exit nodes
-	publicDNS []string
+	mu         sync.Mutex
+	running    bool
+	stopChan   chan struct{}
+	sharedBind *bind.SharedBind
+	ID         string
+	token      string
+	publicKey  string
+	clientType string
+	exitNodes  map[string]ExitNode // key is endpoint
+	updateChan chan struct{}       // signals the goroutine to refresh exit nodes
+	publicDNS  []string
 
 	sendHolepunchInterval    time.Duration
 	sendHolepunchIntervalMin time.Duration
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ func NewManager(sharedBind *bind.SharedBind, ID string, clientType string, publi
 		ID:                       ID,
 		clientType:               clientType,
 		publicKey:                publicKey,
-		publicDNS:              publicDNS,
+		publicDNS:                publicDNS,
 		exitNodes:                make(map[string]ExitNode),
 		sendHolepunchInterval:    defaultSendHolepunchIntervalMin,
 		sendHolepunchIntervalMin: defaultSendHolepunchIntervalMin,
@@ -73,6 +73,14 @@ func (m *Manager) SetToken(token string) {
 	m.token = token
 }
 
+// SetPublicDNS replaces the list of DNS servers used to resolve exit-node
+// endpoints.  The servers must be in "host:port" format (e.g. "8.8.8.8:53").
+func (m *Manager) SetPublicDNS(servers []string) {
+	m.mu.Lock()
+	defer m.mu.Unlock()
+	m.publicDNS = servers
+}
+
 // IsRunning returns whether hole punching is currently active
 func (m *Manager) IsRunning() bool {
 	m.mu.Lock()

holepunch/tester.go

@@ -43,17 +43,17 @@ func DefaultTestOptions() TestConnectionOptions {
 
 // cachedAddr holds a cached resolved UDP address
 type cachedAddr struct {
-	addr      *net.UDPAddr
+	addr       *net.UDPAddr
 	resolvedAt time.Time
 }
 
 // HolepunchTester monitors holepunch connectivity using magic packets
 type HolepunchTester struct {
-	sharedBind  *bind.SharedBind
-	publicDNS []string
-	mu          sync.RWMutex
-	running     bool
-	stopChan    chan struct{}
+	sharedBind *bind.SharedBind
+	publicDNS  []string
+	mu         sync.RWMutex
+	running    bool
+	stopChan   chan struct{}
 
 	// Pending requests waiting for responses (key: echo data as string)
 	pendingRequests sync.Map // map[string]*pendingRequest
@@ -88,12 +88,24 @@ type pendingRequest struct {
 func NewHolepunchTester(sharedBind *bind.SharedBind, publicDNS []string) *HolepunchTester {
 	return &HolepunchTester{
 		sharedBind:   sharedBind,
-		publicDNS:  publicDNS,
+		publicDNS:    publicDNS,
 		addrCache:    make(map[string]*cachedAddr),
 		addrCacheTTL: 5 * time.Minute, // Cache addresses for 5 minutes
 	}
 }
 
+// SetPublicDNS replaces the list of DNS servers used to resolve peer endpoints.
+// The servers must be in "host:port" format (e.g. "8.8.8.8:53").
+func (t *HolepunchTester) SetPublicDNS(servers []string) {
+	t.mu.Lock()
+	defer t.mu.Unlock()
+	t.publicDNS = servers
+	// Invalidate the address cache so endpoints are re-resolved with the new DNS.
+	t.addrCacheMu.Lock()
+	t.addrCache = make(map[string]*cachedAddr)
+	t.addrCacheMu.Unlock()
+}
+
 // SetCallback sets the callback for connection status changes
 func (t *HolepunchTester) SetCallback(callback HolepunchStatusCallback) {
 	t.mu.Lock()

nativessh/auth.go

@@ -3,13 +3,13 @@ package nativessh
 import (
 	"bufio"
 	"fmt"
-	"log"
 	"net"
 	"os"
 	"os/user"
 	"path/filepath"
 	"strings"
 
+	"github.com/fosrl/newt/logger"
 	"golang.org/x/crypto/ssh"
 )
 
@@ -17,12 +17,12 @@ type staticConnMeta struct {
 	user string
 }
 
-func (m staticConnMeta) User() string              { return m.user }
-func (m staticConnMeta) SessionID() []byte         { return nil }
-func (m staticConnMeta) ClientVersion() []byte     { return nil }
-func (m staticConnMeta) ServerVersion() []byte     { return nil }
-func (m staticConnMeta) RemoteAddr() net.Addr      { return nil }
-func (m staticConnMeta) LocalAddr() net.Addr       { return nil }
+func (m staticConnMeta) User() string          { return m.user }
+func (m staticConnMeta) SessionID() []byte     { return nil }
+func (m staticConnMeta) ClientVersion() []byte { return nil }
+func (m staticConnMeta) ServerVersion() []byte { return nil }
+func (m staticConnMeta) RemoteAddr() net.Addr  { return nil }
+func (m staticConnMeta) LocalAddr() net.Addr   { return nil }
 
 // CheckAuthorizedKeys reports whether key matches any entry in the system
 // user's ~/.ssh/authorized_keys file.  Returns false (not an error) when the
@@ -80,9 +80,9 @@ func Authenticate(username, password, privateKeyPEM string) error {
 //  2. SSH certificate signed by the configured CA (when provided).
 //  3. Password via host PAM stack.
 func AuthenticateWithCertificate(store *CredentialStore, username, password, privateKeyPEM, certificate string) error {
-	log.Printf("nativessh: authenticating user %q (hasPassword=%v, hasPrivateKey=%v)", username, password != "", privateKeyPEM != "")
+	logger.Debug("nativessh: authenticating user %q (hasPassword=%v, hasPrivateKey=%v)", username, password != "", privateKeyPEM != "")
 	if !SystemUserExists(username) {
-		log.Printf("nativessh: user %q not found on system", username)
+		logger.Debug("nativessh: user %q not found on system", username)
 		return fmt.Errorf("user %q does not exist", username)
 	}
 
@@ -90,35 +90,35 @@ func AuthenticateWithCertificate(store *CredentialStore, username, password, pri
 	if privateKeyPEM != "" {
 		parsedSigner, err := ssh.ParsePrivateKey([]byte(privateKeyPEM))
 		if err != nil {
-			log.Printf("nativessh: failed to parse private key for %q: %v", username, err)
+			logger.Debug("nativessh: failed to parse private key for %q: %v", username, err)
 		} else if CheckAuthorizedKeys(username, parsedSigner.PublicKey()) {
-			log.Printf("nativessh: private key auth succeeded for %q", username)
+			logger.Debug("nativessh: private key auth succeeded for %q", username)
 			return nil
 		} else {
 			signer = parsedSigner
-			log.Printf("nativessh: private key not in authorized_keys for %q", username)
+			logger.Debug("nativessh: private key not in authorized_keys for %q", username)
 		}
 	}
 
 	if store != nil && certificate != "" {
 		if signer == nil {
-			log.Printf("nativessh: certificate provided for %q but no matching private key was provided", username)
+			logger.Debug("nativessh: certificate provided for %q but no matching private key was provided", username)
 		} else {
 			pub, _, _, _, err := ssh.ParseAuthorizedKey([]byte(certificate))
 			if err != nil {
-				log.Printf("nativessh: failed to parse certificate for %q: %v", username, err)
+				logger.Debug("nativessh: failed to parse certificate for %q: %v", username, err)
 			} else {
 				cert, ok := pub.(*ssh.Certificate)
 				if !ok {
-					log.Printf("nativessh: provided cert data for %q is not an SSH certificate", username)
+					logger.Debug("nativessh: provided cert data for %q is not an SSH certificate", username)
 				} else if ssh.FingerprintSHA256(cert.Key) != ssh.FingerprintSHA256(signer.PublicKey()) {
-					log.Printf("nativessh: certificate key mismatch for %q", username)
+					logger.Debug("nativessh: certificate key mismatch for %q", username)
 				} else {
 					caKey, userPrincipals := store.get(username)
 					if caKey == nil {
-						log.Printf("nativessh: CA key is not set for certificate auth user %q", username)
+						logger.Debug("nativessh: CA key is not set for certificate auth user %q", username)
 					} else if len(userPrincipals) == 0 {
-						log.Printf("nativessh: no allowed principals found for certificate auth user %q", username)
+						logger.Debug("nativessh: no allowed principals found for certificate auth user %q", username)
 					} else {
 						checker := &ssh.CertChecker{
 							IsUserAuthority: func(auth ssh.PublicKey) bool {
@@ -130,13 +130,13 @@ func AuthenticateWithCertificate(store *CredentialStore, username, password, pri
 						for principal := range userPrincipals {
 							_, authErr := checker.Authenticate(staticConnMeta{user: principal}, cert)
 							if authErr == nil {
-								log.Printf("nativessh: certificate auth succeeded for %q (principal=%q)", username, principal)
+								logger.Debug("nativessh: certificate auth succeeded for %q (principal=%q)", username, principal)
 								return nil
 							}
 							lastErr = authErr
 						}
 						if lastErr != nil {
-							log.Printf("nativessh: certificate auth failed for %q: %v", username, lastErr)
+							logger.Debug("nativessh: certificate auth failed for %q: %v", username, lastErr)
 						}
 					}
 				}
@@ -146,13 +146,13 @@ func AuthenticateWithCertificate(store *CredentialStore, username, password, pri
 
 	if password != "" {
 		if err := VerifySystemPassword(username, password); err != nil {
-			log.Printf("nativessh: password auth failed for %q: %v", username, err)
+			logger.Debug("nativessh: password auth failed for %q: %v", username, err)
 		} else {
-			log.Printf("nativessh: password auth succeeded for %q", username)
+			logger.Debug("nativessh: password auth succeeded for %q", username)
 			return nil
 		}
 	} else {
-		log.Printf("nativessh: no password provided for %q", username)
+		logger.Debug("nativessh: no password provided for %q", username)
 	}
 	return fmt.Errorf("authentication failed for user %q", username)
 }

nativessh/pam_linux.go

@@ -7,10 +7,10 @@ import (
 	"bytes"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
-	"log"
 	"os"
 	"strings"
 
+	"github.com/fosrl/newt/logger"
 	"github.com/go-crypt/crypt"
 	"github.com/go-crypt/x/yescrypt"
 )
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ import (
 func VerifySystemPassword(username, password string) error {
 	hash, err := readShadowHash(username)
 	if err != nil {
-		log.Printf("nativessh/pam: readShadowHash for %q failed: %v", username, err)
+		logger.Debug("nativessh/pam: readShadowHash for %q failed: %v", username, err)
 		return fmt.Errorf("shadow: %w", err)
 	}
 
@@ -33,17 +33,17 @@ func VerifySystemPassword(username, password string) error {
 			break
 		}
 	}
-	log.Printf("nativessh/pam: verifying password for %q using scheme %s", username, scheme)
+	logger.Debug("nativessh/pam: verifying password for %q using scheme %s", username, scheme)
 
 	// Yescrypt ($y$) is not in go-crypt/crypt's default decoder; handle it directly.
 	if strings.HasPrefix(hash, "$y$") {
 		computed, err := yescrypt.Hash([]byte(password), []byte(hash))
 		if err != nil {
-			log.Printf("nativessh/pam: yescrypt.Hash for %q failed: %v", username, err)
+			logger.Debug("nativessh/pam: yescrypt.Hash for %q failed: %v", username, err)
 			return fmt.Errorf("yescrypt: %w", err)
 		}
 		if !bytes.Equal(computed, []byte(hash)) {
-			log.Printf("nativessh/pam: yescrypt mismatch for %q", username)
+			logger.Debug("nativessh/pam: yescrypt mismatch for %q", username)
 			return errors.New("authentication failed")
 		}
 		return nil
@@ -56,17 +56,17 @@ func VerifySystemPassword(username, password string) error {
 
 	digest, err := decoder.Decode(hash)
 	if err != nil {
-		log.Printf("nativessh/pam: failed to decode hash for %q: %v", username, err)
+		logger.Debug("nativessh/pam: failed to decode hash for %q: %v", username, err)
 		return fmt.Errorf("unsupported password hash scheme %q: %w", scheme, err)
 	}
 
 	match, err := digest.MatchAdvanced(password)
 	if err != nil {
-		log.Printf("nativessh/pam: MatchAdvanced for %q failed: %v", username, err)
+		logger.Debug("nativessh/pam: MatchAdvanced for %q failed: %v", username, err)
 		return err
 	}
 	if !match {
-		log.Printf("nativessh/pam: password mismatch for %q", username)
+		logger.Debug("nativessh/pam: password mismatch for %q", username)
 		return errors.New("authentication failed")
 	}
 	return nil

nativessh/server.go

@@ -5,13 +5,19 @@ package nativessh
 import (
 	"crypto/ed25519"
 	"crypto/rand"
+	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
-	"log"
 	"net"
+	"os"
+	"os/exec"
+	"os/user"
+	"strconv"
 	"strings"
 	"sync"
+	"syscall"
 
+	"github.com/fosrl/newt/logger"
 	"golang.org/x/crypto/ssh"
 )
 
@@ -126,7 +132,7 @@ func (s *Server) Serve(ln net.Listener) error {
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	log.Printf("nativessh: server listening on %s", ln.Addr())
+	logger.Debug("nativessh: server listening on %s", ln.Addr())
 	for {
 		conn, err := ln.Accept()
 		if err != nil {
@@ -151,11 +157,11 @@ func (s *Server) handleConn(conn net.Conn, cfg *ssh.ServerConfig) {
 	defer conn.Close()
 	sshConn, chans, reqs, err := ssh.NewServerConn(conn, cfg)
 	if err != nil {
-		log.Printf("nativessh: handshake failed from %s: %v", conn.RemoteAddr(), err)
+		logger.Debug("nativessh: handshake failed from %s: %v", conn.RemoteAddr(), err)
 		return
 	}
 	defer sshConn.Close()
-	log.Printf("nativessh: connection from %s user=%s", conn.RemoteAddr(), sshConn.User())
+	logger.Debug("nativessh: connection from %s user=%s", conn.RemoteAddr(), sshConn.User())
 
 	go ssh.DiscardRequests(reqs)
 
@@ -166,7 +172,7 @@ func (s *Server) handleConn(conn net.Conn, cfg *ssh.ServerConfig) {
 		}
 		ch, requests, err := newChan.Accept()
 		if err != nil {
-			log.Printf("nativessh: channel accept error: %v", err)
+			logger.Debug("nativessh: channel accept error: %v", err)
 			return
 		}
 		go s.handleSession(ch, requests, sshConn.User())
@@ -190,7 +196,7 @@ func (s *Server) handleSession(ch ssh.Channel, requests <-chan *ssh.Request, use
 			if sess == nil {
 				sess, err = NewPTYSessionAs(username)
 				if err != nil {
-					log.Printf("nativessh: PTY start error: %v", err)
+					logger.Debug("nativessh: PTY start error: %v", err)
 					if req.WantReply {
 						_ = req.Reply(false, nil)
 					}
@@ -232,6 +238,16 @@ func (s *Server) handleSession(ch ssh.Channel, requests <-chan *ssh.Request, use
 				_, _ = io.Copy(sess, ch)
 			}()
 
+		case "exec":
+			if req.WantReply {
+				_ = req.Reply(true, nil)
+			}
+			cmd := parseExecPayload(req.Payload)
+			go s.runExecAs(ch, username, cmd)
+			// Drain remaining requests; the goroutine owns the channel now.
+			go ssh.DiscardRequests(requests)
+			return
+
 		case "window-change":
 			if sess != nil {
 				cols, rows := parseWindowChange(req.Payload)
@@ -253,6 +269,94 @@ func (s *Server) handleSession(ch ssh.Channel, requests <-chan *ssh.Request, use
 	}
 }
 
+// runExecAs runs command as username, wiring stdin/stdout/stderr directly to
+// the SSH channel (no PTY). This supports scp, rsync, and plain exec requests.
+func (s *Server) runExecAs(ch ssh.Channel, username, command string) {
+	defer ch.Close()
+
+	u, err := user.Lookup(username)
+	if err != nil {
+		logger.Debug("nativessh: exec user lookup %q: %v", username, err)
+		sendExitStatus(ch, 1)
+		return
+	}
+
+	uid, err := strconv.ParseUint(u.Uid, 10, 32)
+	if err != nil {
+		logger.Debug("nativessh: exec parse uid for %q: %v", username, err)
+		sendExitStatus(ch, 1)
+		return
+	}
+	gid, err := strconv.ParseUint(u.Gid, 10, 32)
+	if err != nil {
+		logger.Debug("nativessh: exec parse gid for %q: %v", username, err)
+		sendExitStatus(ch, 1)
+		return
+	}
+
+	groupIDs, _ := u.GroupIds()
+	var groups []uint32
+	for _, g := range groupIDs {
+		gval, err := strconv.ParseUint(g, 10, 32)
+		if err == nil {
+			groups = append(groups, uint32(gval))
+		}
+	}
+
+	homeDir := u.HomeDir
+	if _, err := os.Stat(homeDir); err != nil {
+		homeDir = "/"
+	}
+
+	cmd := exec.Command("/bin/sh", "-c", command)
+	cmd.Env = []string{
+		"HOME=" + u.HomeDir,
+		"USER=" + username,
+		"LOGNAME=" + username,
+		"PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin",
+	}
+	cmd.Dir = homeDir
+	cmd.SysProcAttr = &syscall.SysProcAttr{
+		Credential: &syscall.Credential{
+			Uid:    uint32(uid),
+			Gid:    uint32(gid),
+			Groups: groups,
+		},
+	}
+	cmd.Stdin = ch
+	cmd.Stdout = ch
+	cmd.Stderr = ch.Stderr()
+
+	exitCode := 0
+	if err := cmd.Run(); err != nil {
+		var exitErr *exec.ExitError
+		if errors.As(err, &exitErr) {
+			exitCode = exitErr.ExitCode()
+		} else {
+			exitCode = 1
+		}
+		logger.Debug("nativessh: exec %q as %q exited: %v", command, username, err)
+	}
+
+	sendExitStatus(ch, exitCode)
+	_ = ch.CloseWrite()
+}
+
+// sendExitStatus sends an SSH exit-status request on ch.
+func sendExitStatus(ch ssh.Channel, code int) {
+	payload := ssh.Marshal(struct{ Status uint32 }{uint32(code)})
+	_, _ = ch.SendRequest("exit-status", false, payload)
+}
+
+// parseExecPayload decodes the command string from an SSH exec request payload.
+func parseExecPayload(payload []byte) string {
+	var msg struct{ Command string }
+	if err := ssh.Unmarshal(payload, &msg); err != nil {
+		return ""
+	}
+	return msg.Command
+}
+
 // makePublicKeyCallback returns a PublicKeyCallback that tries, in order:
 //  1. Host authorized_keys  – matches any key in the OS user's
 //     ~/.ssh/authorized_keys file.
@@ -264,7 +368,7 @@ func makePublicKeyCallback(store *CredentialStore) func(ssh.ConnMetadata, ssh.Pu
 	return func(meta ssh.ConnMetadata, key ssh.PublicKey) (*ssh.Permissions, error) {
 		// 1. Host authorized_keys.
 		if CheckAuthorizedKeys(meta.User(), key) {
-			log.Printf("nativessh: authorized_keys auth for user %q", meta.User())
+			logger.Debug("nativessh: authorized_keys auth for user %q", meta.User())
 			return &ssh.Permissions{}, nil
 		}
 
@@ -286,14 +390,14 @@ func makePublicKeyCallback(store *CredentialStore) func(ssh.ConnMetadata, ssh.Pu
 				for principal := range userPrincipals {
 					perms, err := checker.Authenticate(connMetaWithUser{ConnMetadata: meta, user: principal}, key)
 					if err == nil {
-						log.Printf("nativessh: CA cert auth for user %q principal=%q", meta.User(), principal)
+						logger.Debug("nativessh: CA cert auth for user %q principal=%q", meta.User(), principal)
 						return perms, nil
 					}
 					lastErr = err
 				}
 
 				if lastErr != nil {
-					log.Printf("nativessh: CA cert rejected for user %q: %v", meta.User(), lastErr)
+					logger.Debug("nativessh: CA cert rejected for user %q: %v", meta.User(), lastErr)
 				}
 			}
 		}
@@ -309,10 +413,10 @@ func makePasswordCallback() func(ssh.ConnMetadata, []byte) (*ssh.Permissions, er
 	return func(meta ssh.ConnMetadata, password []byte) (*ssh.Permissions, error) {
 		if err := VerifySystemPassword(meta.User(), string(password)); err != nil {
 			// Return a generic message to the client; log the real reason.
-			log.Printf("nativessh: password auth failed for user %q: %v", meta.User(), err)
+			logger.Debug("nativessh: password auth failed for user %q: %v", meta.User(), err)
 			return nil, fmt.Errorf("permission denied")
 		}
-		log.Printf("nativessh: password auth for user %q", meta.User())
+		logger.Debug("nativessh: password auth for user %q", meta.User())
 		return &ssh.Permissions{}, nil
 	}
 }
@@ -324,7 +428,7 @@ func generateHostKey() (ssh.Signer, error) {
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("generate host key: %w", err)
 	}
-	log.Printf("nativessh: generated ephemeral Ed25519 host key")
+	logger.Debug("nativessh: generated ephemeral Ed25519 host key")
 	return ssh.NewSignerFromKey(priv)
 }
 

netstack2/handlers.go

@@ -166,6 +166,13 @@ func (h *TCPHandler) handleTCPConn(netstackConn *gonet.TCPConn, id stack.Transpo
 
 	defer netstackConn.Close()
 
+	// Release this connection's NAT state once it fully closes, so a rule
+	// change (e.g. RewriteTo) takes effect for the next connection on this
+	// tuple instead of being masked by a stale cached resolution forever.
+	if h.proxyHandler != nil {
+		defer h.proxyHandler.releaseConnectionState(srcIP, srcPort, dstIP, dstPort, uint8(tcp.ProtocolNumber))
+	}
+
 	logger.Info("TCP Forwarder: Handling connection %s:%d -> %s:%d", srcIP, srcPort, dstIP, dstPort)
 
 	// Check if there's a destination rewrite for this connection (e.g., localhost targets)
@@ -315,6 +322,13 @@ func (h *UDPHandler) handleUDPConn(netstackConn *gonet.UDPConn, id stack.Transpo
 	dstIP := id.LocalAddress.String()
 	dstPort := id.LocalPort
 
+	// Release this session's NAT state once it fully closes (session end or
+	// idle timeout), so a rule change takes effect for the next session on
+	// this tuple instead of being masked by a stale cached resolution.
+	if h.proxyHandler != nil {
+		defer h.proxyHandler.releaseConnectionState(srcIP, srcPort, dstIP, dstPort, uint8(udp.ProtocolNumber))
+	}
+
 	logger.Info("UDP Forwarder: Handling connection %s:%d -> %s:%d", srcIP, srcPort, dstIP, dstPort)
 
 	// Drop connection if blocking is enabled

netstack2/proxy.go

@@ -272,6 +272,18 @@ func (p *ProxyHandler) RemoveSubnetRule(sourcePrefix, destPrefix netip.Prefix) {
 	p.subnetLookup.RemoveSubnet(sourcePrefix, destPrefix)
 }
 
+// ReplaceAllSubnetRules atomically replaces the full set of subnet rules.
+// Intended for full-state syncs where the desired rule set is authoritative,
+// so any stale rule is guaranteed to be cleared even if its key
+// (SourcePrefix, DestPrefix) matches a still-desired rule but its contents
+// (e.g. RewriteTo) have changed.
+func (p *ProxyHandler) ReplaceAllSubnetRules(rules []SubnetRule) {
+	if p == nil || !p.enabled {
+		return
+	}
+	p.subnetLookup.ReplaceAll(rules)
+}
+
 // GetAllRules returns all subnet rules from the proxy handler
 func (p *ProxyHandler) GetAllRules() []SubnetRule {
 	if p == nil || !p.enabled {
@@ -335,6 +347,51 @@ func (p *ProxyHandler) SetHTTPRequestLogSender(fn SendFunc) {
 	p.httpRequestLogger.SetSendFunc(fn)
 }
 
+// releaseConnectionState removes the per-connection NAT state for a single
+// (srcIP, srcPort, dstIP, dstPort, proto) tuple. Callers must only invoke
+// this once that exact connection has fully closed (both directions torn
+// down), since a new connection can never be accepted on the same 5-tuple
+// before then.
+//
+// This intentionally does NOT touch destRewriteTable/resourceTable: those
+// are keyed without srcPort (destKey), so they are shared across every
+// concurrent connection from the same source to the same destination
+// service. They don't need connection-scoped cleanup - each new connection's
+// first packet already refreshes them via HandleIncomingPacket - and
+// deleting them here on a single connection's close could break other
+// connections still in flight to the same destination.
+func (p *ProxyHandler) releaseConnectionState(srcIP string, srcPort uint16, dstIP string, dstPort uint16, proto uint8) {
+	if p == nil || !p.enabled {
+		return
+	}
+
+	key := connKey{
+		srcIP:   srcIP,
+		srcPort: srcPort,
+		dstIP:   dstIP,
+		dstPort: dstPort,
+		proto:   proto,
+	}
+
+	p.natMu.Lock()
+	defer p.natMu.Unlock()
+
+	entry, ok := p.natTable[key]
+	if !ok {
+		return
+	}
+	delete(p.natTable, key)
+
+	reverseKey := reverseConnKey{
+		rewrittenTo:     entry.rewrittenTo.String(),
+		originalSrcIP:   srcIP,
+		originalSrcPort: srcPort,
+		originalDstPort: dstPort,
+		proto:           proto,
+	}
+	delete(p.reverseNatTable, reverseKey)
+}
+
 // LookupDestinationRewrite looks up the rewritten destination for a connection
 // This is used by TCP/UDP handlers to find the actual target address
 func (p *ProxyHandler) LookupDestinationRewrite(srcIP, dstIP string, dstPort uint16, proto uint8) (netip.Addr, bool) {

netstack2/subnet_lookup.go

@@ -52,6 +52,13 @@ func (sl *SubnetLookup) AddSubnet(rule SubnetRule) {
 	sl.mu.Lock()
 	defer sl.mu.Unlock()
 
+	sl.addSubnetLocked(rule)
+}
+
+// addSubnetLocked is the lock-free body of AddSubnet, factored out so
+// ReplaceAll can insert many rules under a single lock acquisition.
+// Callers must hold sl.mu for writing.
+func (sl *SubnetLookup) addSubnetLocked(rule SubnetRule) {
 	rulePtr := &rule
 
 	// Canonicalize source prefix to handle host bits correctly
@@ -89,6 +96,21 @@ func (sl *SubnetLookup) AddSubnet(rule SubnetRule) {
 	destTriePtr.rules = newRules
 }
 
+// ReplaceAll atomically replaces the entire rule set with the given rules.
+// This guarantees no stale rule can survive a sync, even when a rule's key
+// (SourcePrefix, DestPrefix) is unchanged but other fields (e.g. RewriteTo)
+// differ - a case that an add/remove diff keyed only on prefixes would miss.
+func (sl *SubnetLookup) ReplaceAll(rules []SubnetRule) {
+	sl.mu.Lock()
+	defer sl.mu.Unlock()
+
+	sl.sourceTrie = &bart.Table[*destTrie]{}
+
+	for _, rule := range rules {
+		sl.addSubnetLocked(rule)
+	}
+}
+
 // RemoveSubnet removes a subnet rule from the lookup table
 func (sl *SubnetLookup) RemoveSubnet(sourcePrefix, destPrefix netip.Prefix) {
 	sl.mu.Lock()

netstack2/tun.go

@@ -364,6 +364,15 @@ func (net *Net) RemoveProxySubnetRule(sourcePrefix, destPrefix netip.Prefix) {
 	}
 }
 
+// ReplaceProxySubnetRules atomically replaces the full set of subnet rules
+// on the proxy handler with the given rules.
+func (net *Net) ReplaceProxySubnetRules(rules []SubnetRule) {
+	tun := (*netTun)(net)
+	if tun.proxyHandler != nil {
+		tun.proxyHandler.ReplaceAllSubnetRules(rules)
+	}
+}
+
 // GetProxySubnetRules returns all subnet rules from the proxy handler
 func (net *Net) GetProxySubnetRules() []SubnetRule {
 	tun := (*netTun)(net)

newt.REMOVED.git-id

@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-34062da7bd1b98e4a7953d2f8b43860d2222add0

newt/authdaemon.go

@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+package newt
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
+	"runtime"
+
+	"github.com/fosrl/newt/authdaemon"
+	"github.com/fosrl/newt/logger"
+)
+
+const (
+	defaultPrincipalsPath = "/var/run/auth-daemon/principals"
+	defaultCACertPath     = "/etc/ssh/ca.pem"
+)
+
+func (n *Newt) startAuthDaemon(ctx context.Context) error {
+	if runtime.GOOS != "linux" {
+		return fmt.Errorf("auth-daemon is only supported on Linux, not %s", runtime.GOOS)
+	}
+	if os.Geteuid() != 0 {
+		return fmt.Errorf("auth-daemon must be run as root (use sudo)")
+	}
+
+	principalsFile := n.config.AuthDaemonPrincipalsFile
+	if principalsFile == "" {
+		principalsFile = defaultPrincipalsPath
+	}
+	caCertPath := n.config.AuthDaemonCACertPath
+	if caCertPath == "" {
+		caCertPath = defaultCACertPath
+	}
+
+	cfg := authdaemon.Config{
+		DisableHTTPS:           true,
+		PresharedKey:           "this-key-is-not-used",
+		PrincipalsFilePath:     principalsFile,
+		CACertPath:             caCertPath,
+		Force:                  true,
+		GenerateRandomPassword: n.config.AuthDaemonGenerateRandomPassword,
+	}
+
+	srv, err := authdaemon.NewServer(cfg)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("create auth daemon server: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	n.authDaemonServer = srv
+
+	go func() {
+		logger.Debug("Auth daemon starting (native mode, no HTTP server)")
+		if err := srv.Run(ctx); err != nil {
+			logger.Error("Auth daemon error: %v", err)
+		}
+		logger.Info("Auth daemon stopped")
+	}()
+
+	return nil
+}

newt/blueprint.go

@@ -0,0 +1,127 @@
+package newt
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"os"
+	"regexp"
+	"strings"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/fosrl/newt/logger"
+	"github.com/fosrl/newt/websocket"
+	"github.com/fsnotify/fsnotify"
+	"gopkg.in/yaml.v3"
+)
+
+// interpolateBlueprint replaces {{env.VAR}} tokens with their environment variable values.
+func interpolateBlueprint(data []byte) []byte {
+	re := regexp.MustCompile(`\{\{([^}]+)\}\}`)
+	return re.ReplaceAllFunc(data, func(match []byte) []byte {
+		inner := strings.TrimSpace(string(match[2 : len(match)-2]))
+
+		if strings.HasPrefix(inner, "env.") {
+			varName := strings.TrimPrefix(inner, "env.")
+			return []byte(os.Getenv(varName))
+		}
+
+		return match
+	})
+}
+
+func sendBlueprint(client *websocket.Client, file string) error {
+	if file == "" {
+		return nil
+	}
+	blueprintData, err := os.ReadFile(file)
+	if err != nil {
+		logger.Error("Failed to read blueprint file: %v", err)
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	blueprintData = interpolateBlueprint(blueprintData)
+
+	var yamlObj interface{}
+	if err := yaml.Unmarshal(blueprintData, &yamlObj); err != nil {
+		logger.Error("Failed to parse blueprint YAML: %v", err)
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	jsonBytes, err := json.Marshal(yamlObj)
+	if err != nil {
+		logger.Error("Failed to convert blueprint to JSON: %v", err)
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	blueprintJsonData := string(jsonBytes)
+	logger.Debug("Converted blueprint to JSON: %s", blueprintJsonData)
+
+	if blueprintJsonData == "" {
+		logger.Error("No valid blueprint JSON data to send to server")
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	logger.Info("Sending blueprint to server for application")
+
+	return client.SendMessage("newt/blueprint/apply", map[string]interface{}{
+		"blueprint": blueprintJsonData,
+	})
+}
+
+func watchBlueprintFile(ctx context.Context, filePath string, send func() error) {
+	watcher, err := fsnotify.NewWatcher()
+	if err != nil {
+		logger.Error("blueprint watcher: failed to create: %v", err)
+		return
+	}
+	defer watcher.Close()
+
+	if err := watcher.Add(filePath); err != nil {
+		logger.Error("blueprint watcher: failed to watch %s: %v", filePath, err)
+		return
+	}
+
+	logger.Info("Watching blueprint file for changes: %s", filePath)
+
+	var debounce *time.Timer
+	scheduleSend := func() {
+		if debounce != nil {
+			debounce.Stop()
+		}
+		debounce = time.AfterFunc(500*time.Millisecond, func() {
+			logger.Info("Blueprint file changed, resending...")
+			if err := send(); err != nil {
+				logger.Error("blueprint watcher: resend failed: %v", err)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+
+	for {
+		select {
+		case <-ctx.Done():
+			if debounce != nil {
+				debounce.Stop()
+			}
+			return
+		case event, ok := <-watcher.Events:
+			if !ok {
+				return
+			}
+			switch {
+			case event.Has(fsnotify.Write) || event.Has(fsnotify.Create):
+				if event.Has(fsnotify.Create) {
+					_ = watcher.Add(filePath)
+				}
+				scheduleSend()
+			case event.Has(fsnotify.Remove) || event.Has(fsnotify.Rename):
+				_ = watcher.Add(filePath)
+				scheduleSend()
+			}
+		case err, ok := <-watcher.Errors:
+			if !ok {
+				return
+			}
+			logger.Error("blueprint watcher: %v", err)
+		}
+	}
+}

newt/clients.go

@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+package newt
+
+import (
+	"strings"
+
+	wgnetstack "github.com/fosrl/newt/clients"
+	"github.com/fosrl/newt/clients/permissions"
+	"github.com/fosrl/newt/logger"
+	"golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard/tun/netstack"
+)
+
+func checkNativeMainPermissions() error {
+	return permissions.CheckNativeInterfacePermissions()
+}
+
+func (n *Newt) setupClients() {
+	host := n.config.Endpoint
+	if strings.HasPrefix(host, "http://") {
+		host = strings.TrimPrefix(host, "http://")
+	} else if strings.HasPrefix(host, "https://") {
+		host = strings.TrimPrefix(host, "https://")
+	}
+	host = strings.TrimSuffix(host, "/")
+
+	logger.Debug("Setting up clients with netstack2...")
+
+	if n.config.UseNativeInterface {
+		logger.Debug("Checking permissions for native interface")
+		if err := permissions.CheckNativeInterfacePermissions(); err != nil {
+			logger.Fatal("Insufficient permissions to create native TUN interface: %v", err)
+			return
+		}
+	}
+
+	var err error
+	n.wgService, err = wgnetstack.NewWireGuardService(
+		n.config.InterfaceName,
+		n.config.Port,
+		n.config.MTU,
+		host,
+		n.config.ID,
+		n.client,
+		n.config.DNS,
+		n.config.UseNativeInterface,
+	)
+	if err != nil {
+		logger.Fatal("Failed to create WireGuard service: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	n.wgService.SetCredentialStore(n.sshCredStore)
+
+	n.client.OnTokenUpdate(func(token string) {
+		n.wgService.SetToken(token)
+	})
+
+	n.ready = true
+}
+
+func (n *Newt) setDownstreamTNetstack(tnet *netstack.Net) {
+	if n.wgService != nil {
+		n.wgService.SetOthertnet(tnet)
+	}
+}
+
+func (n *Newt) closeClients() {
+	logger.Info("Closing clients...")
+	if n.wgService != nil {
+		n.wgService.Close()
+		n.wgService = nil
+	}
+}
+
+func (n *Newt) setClientsBlocked(v bool) {
+	if n.wgService != nil {
+		n.wgService.SetBlocked(v)
+	}
+}
+
+func (n *Newt) clientsHandleNewtConnection(publicKey string, endpoint string, relayPort uint16) {
+	if !n.ready {
+		return
+	}
+
+	parts := strings.Split(endpoint, ":")
+	if len(parts) < 2 {
+		logger.Error("Invalid endpoint format: %s", endpoint)
+		return
+	}
+	endpoint = strings.Join(parts[:len(parts)-1], ":")
+
+	if n.wgService != nil {
+		n.wgService.StartHolepunch(publicKey, endpoint, relayPort)
+	}
+}
+
+func (n *Newt) clientsOnConnect() {
+	if !n.ready {
+		return
+	}
+	if n.wgService != nil {
+		n.wgService.LoadRemoteConfig()
+	}
+}
+
+func (n *Newt) clientsStartDirectRelay(tunnelIP string) {
+	if !n.ready {
+		return
+	}
+	if n.wgService != nil {
+		if err := n.wgService.StartDirectUDPRelay(tunnelIP); err != nil {
+			logger.Error("Failed to start direct UDP relay: %v", err)
+		}
+	}
+}

newt/config.go

@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+package newt
+
+import "time"
+
+// Config holds all runtime configuration for a Newt instance.
+type Config struct {
+	// Build info
+	Version  string
+	Platform string
+
+	// Logging
+	LogLevel string
+
+	// Connection
+	Endpoint        string
+	ID              string
+	Secret          string
+	ProvisioningKey string
+	NewtName        string
+	ConfigFile      string
+
+	// Network
+	MTU                     int
+	DNS                     string
+	InterfaceName           string
+	Port                    uint16
+	UseNativeInterface      bool
+	UseNativeMainInterface  bool
+	NativeMainInterfaceName string
+	NoCloud                 bool
+	PreferEndpoint          string
+
+	// Timing
+	PingInterval        time.Duration
+	PingTimeout         time.Duration
+	UDPProxyIdleTimeout time.Duration
+
+	// Features
+	DisableClients            bool
+	DisableSSH                bool
+	EnforceHealthcheckCert    bool
+	HealthFile                string
+	BlueprintFile             string
+	ProvisioningBlueprintFile string
+	UpdownScript              string
+
+	// Docker
+	DockerSocket                   string
+	DockerEnforceNetworkValidation bool
+
+	// Auth daemon
+	AuthDaemonKey                    string
+	AuthDaemonPrincipalsFile         string
+	AuthDaemonCACertPath             string
+	AuthDaemonGenerateRandomPassword bool
+
+	// TLS (mTLS)
+	TLSClientCert string
+	TLSClientKey  string
+	TLSClientCAs  []string
+	TLSPrivateKey string
+
+	// Metrics/observability
+	MetricsEnabled    bool
+	OTLPEnabled       bool
+	AdminAddr         string
+	Region            string
+	MetricsAsyncBytes bool
+	PprofEnabled      bool
+
+	// Callbacks
+	OnRestart func() error
+}

newt/connect.go

@@ -0,0 +1,351 @@
+package newt
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"fmt"
+	"net"
+	"net/netip"
+	"runtime"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/fosrl/newt/browsergateway"
+	newtDevice "github.com/fosrl/newt/device"
+	"github.com/fosrl/newt/internal/telemetry"
+	"github.com/fosrl/newt/logger"
+	"github.com/fosrl/newt/network"
+	"github.com/fosrl/newt/proxy"
+	"github.com/fosrl/newt/util"
+	"github.com/fosrl/newt/websocket"
+	"golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard/conn"
+	"golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard/device"
+	wtun "golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard/tun"
+	"golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard/tun/netstack"
+)
+
+func (n *Newt) handleConnect(ctx context.Context, msg websocket.WSMessage) {
+	logger.Debug("Received registration message")
+	regResult := "success"
+	defer func() {
+		telemetry.IncSiteRegistration(ctx, regResult)
+	}()
+
+	var chainData struct {
+		ChainId string `json:"chainId"`
+	}
+	if jsonBytes, err := json.Marshal(msg.Data); err == nil {
+		_ = json.Unmarshal(jsonBytes, &chainData)
+	}
+	if chainData.ChainId != "" {
+		if chainData.ChainId != n.pendingRegisterChainId {
+			logger.Debug("Discarding duplicate/stale newt/wg/connect (chainId=%s, expected=%s)", chainData.ChainId, n.pendingRegisterChainId)
+			return
+		}
+		n.pendingRegisterChainId = ""
+	}
+
+	if n.stopFunc != nil {
+		n.stopFunc()
+		n.stopFunc = nil
+	}
+
+	if n.connected {
+		n.closeWgTunnel()
+		n.connected = false
+	}
+
+	logger.Debug("Received registration message data: %+v", msg.Data)
+
+	jsonData, err := json.Marshal(msg.Data)
+	if err != nil {
+		logger.Info(fmtErrMarshaling, err)
+		regResult = "failure"
+		return
+	}
+
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(jsonData, &n.wgData); err != nil {
+		logger.Info("Error unmarshaling target data: %v", err)
+		regResult = "failure"
+		return
+	}
+
+	logger.Debug(fmtReceivedMsg, msg)
+
+	if n.config.UseNativeMainInterface {
+		mainIfName := n.config.NativeMainInterfaceName
+		if runtime.GOOS == "darwin" {
+			mainIfName, err = network.FindUnusedUTUN()
+			if err != nil {
+				logger.Error("Failed to find unused utun for main tunnel: %v", err)
+				regResult = "failure"
+				return
+			}
+		}
+		n.tun, err = wtun.CreateTUN(mainIfName, n.config.MTU)
+		if err != nil {
+			logger.Error("Failed to create native main TUN device: %v", err)
+			regResult = "failure"
+			return
+		}
+		if realName, nameErr := n.tun.Name(); nameErr == nil {
+			mainIfName = realName
+		}
+		n.tnet = nil
+		n.config.NativeMainInterfaceName = mainIfName
+	} else {
+		n.tun, n.tnet, err = netstack.CreateNetTUN(
+			[]netip.Addr{netip.MustParseAddr(n.wgData.TunnelIP)},
+			[]netip.Addr{netip.MustParseAddr(n.config.DNS)},
+			n.config.MTU)
+		if err != nil {
+			logger.Error("Failed to create TUN device: %v", err)
+			regResult = "failure"
+		}
+	}
+
+	n.setDownstreamTNetstack(n.tnet)
+
+	n.dev = device.NewDevice(n.tun, conn.NewDefaultBind(), device.NewLogger(
+		util.MapToWireGuardLogLevel(n.loggerLevel),
+		"gerbil-wireguard: ",
+	))
+
+	host, _, err := net.SplitHostPort(n.wgData.Endpoint)
+	if err != nil {
+		logger.Error("Failed to split endpoint: %v", err)
+		regResult = "failure"
+		return
+	}
+
+	logger.Info("Connecting to endpoint: %s", host)
+
+	resolvedEndpoint, err := util.ResolveDomain(n.wgData.Endpoint)
+	if err != nil {
+		logger.Error("Failed to resolve endpoint: %v", err)
+		regResult = "failure"
+		return
+	}
+
+	relayPort := n.wgData.RelayPort
+	if relayPort == 0 {
+		relayPort = 21820
+	}
+
+	n.clientsHandleNewtConnection(n.wgData.PublicKey, resolvedEndpoint, relayPort)
+
+	wgConfig := fmt.Sprintf(`private_key=%s
+public_key=%s
+allowed_ip=%s/32
+endpoint=%s
+persistent_keepalive_interval=5`, util.FixKey(n.privateKey.String()), util.FixKey(n.wgData.PublicKey), n.wgData.ServerIP, resolvedEndpoint)
+
+	if err = n.dev.IpcSet(wgConfig); err != nil {
+		logger.Error("Failed to configure WireGuard device: %v", err)
+		regResult = "failure"
+	}
+
+	if err = n.dev.Up(); err != nil {
+		logger.Error("Failed to bring up WireGuard device: %v", err)
+		regResult = "failure"
+	}
+
+	if n.config.UseNativeMainInterface {
+		if cfgErr := network.ConfigureInterface(n.config.NativeMainInterfaceName, n.wgData.TunnelIP+"/32", n.config.MTU); cfgErr != nil {
+			logger.Error("Failed to configure native main tunnel interface: %v", cfgErr)
+		}
+		if routeErr := network.AddRoutes([]string{n.wgData.ServerIP + "/32"}, n.config.NativeMainInterfaceName); routeErr != nil {
+			logger.Warn("Failed to add route for main tunnel server IP: %v", routeErr)
+		}
+		if fileUAPI, uapiErr := newtDevice.UapiOpen(n.config.NativeMainInterfaceName); uapiErr != nil {
+			logger.Warn("Main tunnel UAPI open error: %v", uapiErr)
+		} else if uapiListener, uapiListenErr := newtDevice.UapiListen(n.config.NativeMainInterfaceName, fileUAPI); uapiListenErr != nil {
+			logger.Warn("Main tunnel UAPI listen error: %v", uapiListenErr)
+		} else {
+			go func() {
+				for {
+					c, aErr := uapiListener.Accept()
+					if aErr != nil {
+						return
+					}
+					go n.dev.IpcHandle(c)
+				}
+			}()
+			logger.Debug("Main tunnel UAPI listener started on %s", n.config.NativeMainInterfaceName)
+		}
+	}
+
+	n.activeRemoteSubnets = nil
+	if len(n.wgData.RemoteExitNodeSubnets) > 0 {
+		for _, subnet := range n.wgData.RemoteExitNodeSubnets {
+			subnetCfg := fmt.Sprintf("public_key=%s\nallowed_ip=%s", util.FixKey(n.wgData.PublicKey), subnet)
+			if err := n.dev.IpcSet(subnetCfg); err != nil {
+				logger.Warn("Failed to add AllowedIP %s to main tunnel: %v", subnet, err)
+			}
+		}
+		if n.config.UseNativeMainInterface {
+			if routeErr := network.AddRoutes(n.wgData.RemoteExitNodeSubnets, n.config.NativeMainInterfaceName); routeErr != nil {
+				logger.Warn("Failed to add routes for remote exit node subnets: %v", routeErr)
+			}
+		}
+		n.activeRemoteSubnets = append([]string{}, n.wgData.RemoteExitNodeSubnets...)
+		logger.Debug("Added %d remote exit node subnets", len(n.wgData.RemoteExitNodeSubnets))
+	}
+
+	logger.Debug("WireGuard device created. Lets ping the server now...")
+
+	if n.pingWithRetryStopChan != nil {
+		close(n.pingWithRetryStopChan)
+		n.pingWithRetryStopChan = nil
+	}
+
+	var pinger pingFunc
+	if n.config.UseNativeMainInterface {
+		pinger = pingNative
+	} else {
+		pinger = func(dst string, timeout time.Duration) (time.Duration, error) {
+			return ping(n.tnet, dst, timeout)
+		}
+	}
+
+	logger.Debug("Testing initial connection with reliable ping...")
+	lat, err := reliablePing(pinger, n.wgData.ServerIP, n.config.PingTimeout, 5)
+	if err == nil && n.wgData.PublicKey != "" {
+		telemetry.ObserveTunnelLatency(ctx, n.wgData.PublicKey, "wireguard", lat.Seconds())
+	}
+	if err != nil {
+		logger.Warn("Initial reliable ping failed, but continuing: %v", err)
+		regResult = "failure"
+	} else {
+		logger.Debug("Initial connection test successful")
+	}
+
+	n.pingWithRetryStopChan, _ = n.pingWithRetry(pinger, n.wgData.ServerIP, n.config.PingTimeout)
+
+	if !n.connected {
+		logger.Debug("Starting ping check")
+		n.pingStopChan = n.startPingCheck(pinger, n.wgData.ServerIP, n.wgData.PublicKey)
+	}
+
+	if n.config.UseNativeMainInterface {
+		n.pm = proxy.NewProxyManagerNative(n.wgData.TunnelIP)
+	} else {
+		n.pm = proxy.NewProxyManager(n.tnet)
+	}
+	n.pm.SetAsyncBytes(n.config.MetricsAsyncBytes)
+	n.pm.SetUDPIdleTimeout(n.config.UDPProxyIdleTimeout)
+	n.pm.SetTunnelID(n.wgData.PublicKey)
+	n.pm.SetBlocked(n.connectionBlocked.Load())
+	n.currentPM.Store(n.pm)
+
+	n.connected = true
+
+	if len(n.wgData.Targets.TCP) > 0 {
+		n.updateTargets(n.pm, "add", n.wgData.TunnelIP, "tcp", TargetData{Targets: n.wgData.Targets.TCP})
+	}
+	if len(n.wgData.Targets.UDP) > 0 {
+		n.updateTargets(n.pm, "add", n.wgData.TunnelIP, "udp", TargetData{Targets: n.wgData.Targets.UDP})
+	}
+
+	if !n.config.UseNativeMainInterface {
+		n.clientsStartDirectRelay(n.wgData.TunnelIP)
+	}
+
+	if err := n.healthMonitor.AddTargets(n.wgData.HealthCheckTargets); err != nil {
+		logger.Error("Failed to bulk add health check targets: %v", err)
+	} else {
+		logger.Debug("Successfully added %d health check targets", len(n.wgData.HealthCheckTargets))
+	}
+
+	if err = n.pm.Start(); err != nil {
+		logger.Error("Failed to start proxy manager: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if len(n.wgData.BrowserGatewayTargets) > 0 {
+		// The netstack is fresh on (re)connect, so any previously running
+		// gateway listener is bound to a now-defunct interface - tear it down.
+		if n.browserGatewayStop != nil {
+			n.browserGatewayStop()
+			n.browserGatewayStop = nil
+			n.browserGateway = nil
+		}
+
+		if err := n.startBrowserGateway(); err != nil {
+			logger.Error("Failed to start browser gateway listener: %v", err)
+		} else {
+			n.browserGateway.SetTargets(toBrowserGatewayTargets(n.wgData.BrowserGatewayTargets))
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// startBrowserGateway creates the browser gateway and its listener if one
+// isn't already running. Callers that need to rebind to a fresh netstack
+// (e.g. on reconnect) must stop and clear any existing gateway first.
+func (n *Newt) startBrowserGateway() error {
+	if n.browserGateway != nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	if n.tnet == nil && !n.config.UseNativeMainInterface {
+		return fmt.Errorf("netstack not ready")
+	}
+
+	gateway := browsergateway.New(browsergateway.Config{SSHCredentials: n.sshCredStore})
+
+	var ln net.Listener
+	var err error
+	if n.config.UseNativeMainInterface {
+		ln, err = net.Listen("tcp", fmt.Sprintf("%s:%d", n.wgData.TunnelIP, browsergateway.ListenPort))
+	} else {
+		ln, err = n.tnet.ListenTCP(&net.TCPAddr{Port: browsergateway.ListenPort})
+	}
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	n.browserGateway = gateway
+	n.browserGatewayStop = func() { _ = ln.Close() }
+	go func() {
+		logger.Debug("Browser gateway started on port %d", browsergateway.ListenPort)
+		if startErr := gateway.Start(ln); startErr != nil {
+			logger.Error("Browser gateway stopped with error: %v", startErr)
+		}
+	}()
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// syncBrowserGatewayTargets reconciles the browser gateway's allowed
+// destinations with the desired state received from a sync message.
+// It lazily starts the gateway if targets are present and it isn't running
+// yet, and clears the allow-list (without tearing down the listener) when
+// no targets are desired.
+func (n *Newt) syncBrowserGatewayTargets(targets []BrowserGatewayTarget) {
+	bgTargets := toBrowserGatewayTargets(targets)
+
+	if len(bgTargets) == 0 {
+		if n.browserGateway != nil {
+			n.browserGateway.SetTargets(nil)
+		}
+		return
+	}
+
+	if err := n.startBrowserGateway(); err != nil {
+		logger.Error("Failed to start browser gateway: %v", err)
+		return
+	}
+
+	n.browserGateway.SetTargets(bgTargets)
+}
+
+func toBrowserGatewayTargets(targets []BrowserGatewayTarget) []browsergateway.Target {
+	bgTargets := make([]browsergateway.Target, 0, len(targets))
+	for _, t := range targets {
+		bgTargets = append(bgTargets, browsergateway.Target{
+			ID:              t.ID,
+			Type:            t.Type,
+			Destination:     t.Destination,
+			DestinationPort: t.DestinationPort,
+			AuthToken:       t.AuthToken,
+		})
+	}
+	return bgTargets
+}

newt/data.go

@@ -0,0 +1,161 @@
+package newt
+
+import (
+	"encoding/json"
+	"fmt"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/fosrl/newt/logger"
+	"github.com/fosrl/newt/websocket"
+)
+
+func (n *Newt) handleSync(msg websocket.WSMessage) {
+	logger.Info("Received sync message")
+
+	// if there is no wgData or pm, we can't sync targets
+	if n.wgData.TunnelIP == "" || n.pm == nil {
+		logger.Info(msgNoTunnelOrProxy)
+		return
+	}
+
+	var syncData SyncData
+	jsonData, err := json.Marshal(msg.Data)
+	if err != nil {
+		logger.Error("Error marshaling sync data: %v", err)
+		return
+	}
+
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(jsonData, &syncData); err != nil {
+		logger.Error("Error unmarshaling sync data: %v", err)
+		return
+	}
+
+	logger.Debug("Sync data received: TCP targets=%d, UDP targets=%d, health check targets=%d",
+		len(syncData.Targets.TCP), len(syncData.Targets.UDP), len(syncData.HealthCheckTargets))
+
+	// Build sets of desired targets (port -> target string)
+	desiredTCP := make(map[int]string)
+	for _, t := range syncData.Targets.TCP {
+		parts := strings.Split(t, ":")
+		if len(parts) != 3 {
+			logger.Warn("Invalid TCP target format: %s", t)
+			continue
+		}
+		port := 0
+		if _, err := fmt.Sscanf(parts[0], "%d", &port); err != nil {
+			logger.Warn("Invalid port in TCP target: %s", parts[0])
+			continue
+		}
+		desiredTCP[port] = parts[1] + ":" + parts[2]
+	}
+
+	desiredUDP := make(map[int]string)
+	for _, t := range syncData.Targets.UDP {
+		parts := strings.Split(t, ":")
+		if len(parts) != 3 {
+			logger.Warn("Invalid UDP target format: %s", t)
+			continue
+		}
+		port := 0
+		if _, err := fmt.Sscanf(parts[0], "%d", &port); err != nil {
+			logger.Warn("Invalid port in UDP target: %s", parts[0])
+			continue
+		}
+		desiredUDP[port] = parts[1] + ":" + parts[2]
+	}
+
+	// Get current targets from proxy manager
+	currentTCP, currentUDP := n.pm.GetTargets()
+
+	// Sync TCP targets
+	// Remove TCP targets not in desired set
+	if tcpForIP, ok := currentTCP[n.wgData.TunnelIP]; ok {
+		for port := range tcpForIP {
+			if _, exists := desiredTCP[port]; !exists {
+				logger.Info("Sync: removing TCP target on port %d", port)
+				targetStr := fmt.Sprintf("%d:%s", port, tcpForIP[port])
+				n.updateTargets(n.pm, "remove", n.wgData.TunnelIP, "tcp", TargetData{Targets: []string{targetStr}})
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Add TCP targets that are missing
+	for port, target := range desiredTCP {
+		needsAdd := true
+		if tcpForIP, ok := currentTCP[n.wgData.TunnelIP]; ok {
+			if currentTarget, exists := tcpForIP[port]; exists {
+				// Check if target address changed
+				if currentTarget == target {
+					needsAdd = false
+				} else {
+					// Target changed, remove old one first
+					logger.Info("Sync: updating TCP target on port %d", port)
+					targetStr := fmt.Sprintf("%d:%s", port, currentTarget)
+					n.updateTargets(n.pm, "remove", n.wgData.TunnelIP, "tcp", TargetData{Targets: []string{targetStr}})
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		if needsAdd {
+			logger.Info("Sync: adding TCP target on port %d -> %s", port, target)
+			targetStr := fmt.Sprintf("%d:%s", port, target)
+			n.updateTargets(n.pm, "add", n.wgData.TunnelIP, "tcp", TargetData{Targets: []string{targetStr}})
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Sync UDP targets
+	// Remove UDP targets not in desired set
+	if udpForIP, ok := currentUDP[n.wgData.TunnelIP]; ok {
+		for port := range udpForIP {
+			if _, exists := desiredUDP[port]; !exists {
+				logger.Info("Sync: removing UDP target on port %d", port)
+				targetStr := fmt.Sprintf("%d:%s", port, udpForIP[port])
+				n.updateTargets(n.pm, "remove", n.wgData.TunnelIP, "udp", TargetData{Targets: []string{targetStr}})
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Add UDP targets that are missing
+	for port, target := range desiredUDP {
+		needsAdd := true
+		if udpForIP, ok := currentUDP[n.wgData.TunnelIP]; ok {
+			if currentTarget, exists := udpForIP[port]; exists {
+				// Check if target address changed
+				if currentTarget == target {
+					needsAdd = false
+				} else {
+					// Target changed, remove old one first
+					logger.Info("Sync: updating UDP target on port %d", port)
+					targetStr := fmt.Sprintf("%d:%s", port, currentTarget)
+					n.updateTargets(n.pm, "remove", n.wgData.TunnelIP, "udp", TargetData{Targets: []string{targetStr}})
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		if needsAdd {
+			logger.Info("Sync: adding UDP target on port %d -> %s", port, target)
+			targetStr := fmt.Sprintf("%d:%s", port, target)
+			n.updateTargets(n.pm, "add", n.wgData.TunnelIP, "udp", TargetData{Targets: []string{targetStr}})
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Sync remote exit node subnets
+	if n.dev != nil {
+		n.updateRemoteExitNodeSubnets(syncData.RemoteExitNodeSubnets)
+	}
+
+	// Sync clients WireGuard peers and targets, if clients are set up
+	if n.wgService != nil {
+		n.wgService.Sync(syncData.Peers, syncData.ClientTargets)
+	}
+
+	// Sync browser gateway targets
+	n.syncBrowserGatewayTargets(syncData.BrowserGatewayTargets)
+
+	// Sync health check targets
+	if err := n.healthMonitor.SyncTargets(syncData.HealthCheckTargets); err != nil {
+		logger.Error("Failed to sync health check targets: %v", err)
+	} else {
+		logger.Info("Successfully synced health check targets")
+	}
+
+	logger.Info("Sync complete")
+}

newt/newt.go

@@ -0,0 +1,291 @@
+package newt
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"crypto/rand"
+	"encoding/hex"
+	"fmt"
+	"sync/atomic"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/fosrl/newt/authdaemon"
+	"github.com/fosrl/newt/browsergateway"
+	wgclients "github.com/fosrl/newt/clients"
+	"github.com/fosrl/newt/docker"
+	"github.com/fosrl/newt/healthcheck"
+	"github.com/fosrl/newt/logger"
+	"github.com/fosrl/newt/nativessh"
+	"github.com/fosrl/newt/proxy"
+	"github.com/fosrl/newt/util"
+	"github.com/fosrl/newt/websocket"
+	"golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard/device"
+	wtun "golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard/tun"
+	"golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard/tun/netstack"
+	"golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard/wgctrl/wgtypes"
+)
+
+// Newt holds all runtime state for a newt tunnel instance.
+type Newt struct {
+	config      Config
+	client      *websocket.Client
+	privateKey  wgtypes.Key
+	publicKey   wgtypes.Key
+	loggerLevel logger.LogLevel
+	tlsOpt      websocket.ClientOption
+
+	// WireGuard tunnel state
+	tun  wtun.Device
+	tnet *netstack.Net
+	dev  *device.Device
+
+	// Proxy / networking
+	pm                  *proxy.ProxyManager
+	currentPM           atomic.Pointer[proxy.ProxyManager]
+	connectionBlocked   atomic.Bool
+	activeRemoteSubnets []string
+
+	// Ping state
+	pingStopChan          chan struct{}
+	pingWithRetryStopChan chan struct{}
+
+	// Connection / messaging state
+	connected              bool
+	stopFunc               func()
+	pendingRegisterChainId string
+	pendingPingChainId     string
+
+	// Browser gateway
+	browserGateway     *browsergateway.Gateway
+	browserGatewayStop func()
+
+	// Health monitoring
+	healthMonitor *healthcheck.Monitor
+
+	// Downstream WireGuard client management
+	wgService    *wgclients.WireGuardService
+	ready        bool
+	sshCredStore *nativessh.CredentialStore
+
+	// Auth daemon (Linux only)
+	authDaemonServer *authdaemon.Server
+
+	// Docker monitoring
+	dockerEventMonitor *docker.EventMonitor
+
+	// Current tunnel data
+	wgData WgData
+}
+
+// Init creates and initialises a Newt instance. It sets up the websocket
+// client, generates WireGuard keys, and starts the auth daemon if enabled.
+// Callers should invoke Start after any additional setup (telemetry, etc.).
+func Init(ctx context.Context, cfg Config) (*Newt, error) {
+	n := &Newt{config: cfg}
+
+	n.loggerLevel = util.ParseLogLevel(cfg.LogLevel)
+
+	if !cfg.DisableSSH {
+		if err := n.startAuthDaemon(ctx); err != nil {
+			logger.Warn("Did not start on site auth daemon: %v", err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	logger.GetLogger().SetLevel(n.loggerLevel)
+
+	if cfg.TLSPrivateKey != "" {
+		logger.Warn("Using deprecated PKCS12 format for mTLS. Consider migrating to separate certificate files using --tls-client-cert-file, --tls-client-key, and --tls-client-ca")
+	}
+
+	privateKey, err := wgtypes.GeneratePrivateKey()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("generate private key: %w", err)
+	}
+	n.privateKey = privateKey
+
+	if cfg.TLSClientCert != "" && cfg.TLSClientKey != "" {
+		n.tlsOpt = websocket.WithTLSConfig(websocket.TLSConfig{
+			ClientCertFile: cfg.TLSClientCert,
+			ClientKeyFile:  cfg.TLSClientKey,
+			CAFiles:        cfg.TLSClientCAs,
+		})
+		logger.Debug("Using separate certificate files for mTLS")
+		logger.Debug("Client cert: %s", cfg.TLSClientCert)
+		logger.Debug("Client key: %s", cfg.TLSClientKey)
+		logger.Debug("CA files: %v", cfg.TLSClientCAs)
+	} else if cfg.TLSPrivateKey != "" {
+		n.tlsOpt = websocket.WithTLSConfig(websocket.TLSConfig{
+			PKCS12File: cfg.TLSPrivateKey,
+		})
+		logger.Debug("Using PKCS12 file for mTLS: %s", cfg.TLSPrivateKey)
+	}
+
+	client, err := websocket.NewClient(
+		"newt",
+		cfg.ID,
+		cfg.Secret,
+		cfg.Endpoint,
+		30*time.Second,
+		n.tlsOpt,
+		websocket.WithConfigFile(cfg.ConfigFile),
+	)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("create websocket client: %w", err)
+	}
+	n.client = client
+
+	client.GetConfig().ProvisioningKey = cfg.ProvisioningKey
+	client.GetConfig().Name = cfg.NewtName
+
+	// Resolve provisioning synchronously so ID/Secret are final before
+	// setupClients() bakes them into the WireGuard service / hole-punch
+	// manager. Connect() only provisions lazily in the background, which
+	// would otherwise race setupClients() on first run.
+	if err := client.EnsureProvisioned(); err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("provision newt credentials: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// Update config from resolved client values (provisioning / config file).
+	n.config.Endpoint = client.GetConfig().Endpoint
+	n.config.ID = client.GetConfig().ID
+	n.config.Secret = client.GetConfig().Secret
+
+	if !cfg.DisableSSH {
+		n.sshCredStore = nativessh.NewCredentialStore()
+	}
+
+	return n, nil
+}
+
+// GetConfig returns the (potentially resolved) configuration.
+func (n *Newt) GetConfig() Config {
+	return n.config
+}
+
+// GetTLSClientOpt returns the websocket TLS option, so callers can reuse the
+// same TLS configuration for other HTTP clients (e.g. self-update).
+func (n *Newt) GetTLSClientOpt() websocket.ClientOption {
+	return n.tlsOpt
+}
+
+// Start sets up all WebSocket handlers, connects to the server, and blocks
+// until ctx is cancelled.
+func (n *Newt) Start(ctx context.Context) {
+	if !n.config.DisableClients {
+		n.setupClients()
+	}
+
+	n.connectionBlocked.Store(n.client.GetConfig().Blocked)
+	if n.connectionBlocked.Load() {
+		logger.Info("Connection blocking is enabled (from config)")
+		n.setClientsBlocked(true)
+	}
+
+	n.healthMonitor = healthcheck.NewMonitor(func(targets map[int]*healthcheck.Target) {
+		logger.Debug("Health check status update for %d targets", len(targets))
+
+		healthStatuses := make(map[int]interface{})
+		for id, target := range targets {
+			healthStatuses[id] = map[string]interface{}{
+				"status":     target.Status.String(),
+				"lastCheck":  target.LastCheck.Format(time.RFC3339),
+				"checkCount": target.CheckCount,
+				"lastError":  target.LastError,
+				"config":     target.Config,
+			}
+		}
+
+		logger.Debug("Health check status: %+v", healthStatuses)
+
+		if err := n.client.SendMessage("newt/healthcheck/status", map[string]interface{}{
+			"targets": healthStatuses,
+		}); err != nil {
+			logger.Error("Failed to send health check status update: %v", err)
+		}
+	}, n.config.EnforceHealthcheckCert)
+
+	n.registerHandlers(ctx)
+
+	if err := n.client.Connect(); err != nil {
+		logger.Fatal("Failed to connect to server: %v", err)
+	}
+	defer n.client.Close()
+
+	if n.config.DockerSocket != "" {
+		logger.Debug("Initializing Docker event monitoring")
+		var err error
+		n.dockerEventMonitor, err = docker.NewEventMonitor(
+			n.config.DockerSocket,
+			n.config.DockerEnforceNetworkValidation,
+			func(containers []docker.Container) {
+				logger.Debug("Docker event detected, sending updated container list (%d containers)", len(containers))
+				if err := n.client.SendMessage("newt/socket/containers", map[string]interface{}{
+					"containers": containers,
+				}); err != nil {
+					logger.Error("Failed to send updated container list after Docker event: %v", err)
+				} else {
+					logger.Debug("Updated container list sent successfully")
+				}
+			})
+		if err != nil {
+			logger.Error("Failed to create Docker event monitor: %v", err)
+		} else {
+			if err := n.dockerEventMonitor.Start(); err != nil {
+				logger.Error("Failed to start Docker event monitoring: %v", err)
+			} else {
+				logger.Debug("Docker event monitoring started successfully")
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	if n.config.BlueprintFile != "" {
+		go watchBlueprintFile(ctx, n.config.BlueprintFile, func() error {
+			return sendBlueprint(n.client, n.config.BlueprintFile)
+		})
+	}
+
+	<-ctx.Done()
+
+	n.closeClients()
+
+	if n.dockerEventMonitor != nil {
+		n.dockerEventMonitor.Stop()
+	}
+
+	if n.healthMonitor != nil {
+		n.healthMonitor.Stop()
+	}
+
+	if n.dev != nil {
+		n.dev.Close()
+	}
+
+	if n.pm != nil {
+		n.pm.Stop()
+	}
+
+	n.client.SendMessage("newt/disconnecting", map[string]any{})
+
+	if n.client != nil {
+		n.client.Close()
+	}
+	logger.Info("Exiting...")
+}
+
+// Close performs an emergency shutdown: closes the tunnel, clients, health
+// monitor, and websocket connection. Typically used before re-exec.
+func (n *Newt) Close() {
+	n.closeWgTunnel()
+	n.closeClients()
+	if n.healthMonitor != nil {
+		n.healthMonitor.Stop()
+	}
+	if n.client != nil {
+		n.client.Close()
+	}
+}
+
+func generateChainId() string {
+	b := make([]byte, 8)
+	_, _ = rand.Read(b)
+	return hex.EncodeToString(b)
+}

newt/newt_test.go

@@ -1,10 +1,151 @@
-package main
+package newt
 
 import (
+	"context"
 	"net"
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"sync/atomic"
 	"testing"
+	"time"
 )
 
+func TestWatchBlueprintFile_WriteTriggersSend(t *testing.T) {
+	f, err := os.CreateTemp(t.TempDir(), "blueprint-*.yaml")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	f.Close()
+
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
+	defer cancel()
+
+	var calls atomic.Int32
+	go watchBlueprintFile(ctx, f.Name(), func() error {
+		calls.Add(1)
+		return nil
+	})
+
+	time.Sleep(50 * time.Millisecond)
+
+	if err := os.WriteFile(f.Name(), []byte("content"), 0644); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	time.Sleep(700 * time.Millisecond)
+
+	if calls.Load() != 1 {
+		t.Errorf("expected 1 send call, got %d", calls.Load())
+	}
+}
+
+func TestWatchBlueprintFile_DebounceCoalescesEvents(t *testing.T) {
+	f, err := os.CreateTemp(t.TempDir(), "blueprint-*.yaml")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	f.Close()
+
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
+	defer cancel()
+
+	var calls atomic.Int32
+	go watchBlueprintFile(ctx, f.Name(), func() error {
+		calls.Add(1)
+		return nil
+	})
+
+	time.Sleep(50 * time.Millisecond)
+
+	for i := 0; i < 5; i++ {
+		if err := os.WriteFile(f.Name(), []byte("change"), 0644); err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		time.Sleep(50 * time.Millisecond)
+	}
+
+	time.Sleep(700 * time.Millisecond)
+
+	if calls.Load() != 1 {
+		t.Errorf("expected 1 send call after debounce, got %d", calls.Load())
+	}
+}
+
+func TestWatchBlueprintFile_ContextCancellationStops(t *testing.T) {
+	f, err := os.CreateTemp(t.TempDir(), "blueprint-*.yaml")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	f.Close()
+
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
+
+	done := make(chan struct{})
+	go func() {
+		watchBlueprintFile(ctx, f.Name(), func() error { return nil })
+		close(done)
+	}()
+
+	time.Sleep(50 * time.Millisecond)
+	cancel()
+
+	select {
+	case <-done:
+	case <-time.After(2 * time.Second):
+		t.Error("watchBlueprintFile did not exit after context cancellation")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestWatchBlueprintFile_AtomicWriteTriggersSend(t *testing.T) {
+	dir := t.TempDir()
+	target := filepath.Join(dir, "blueprint.yaml")
+	if err := os.WriteFile(target, []byte("initial"), 0644); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
+	defer cancel()
+
+	var calls atomic.Int32
+	go watchBlueprintFile(ctx, target, func() error {
+		calls.Add(1)
+		return nil
+	})
+
+	time.Sleep(50 * time.Millisecond)
+
+	tmp := filepath.Join(dir, "blueprint.yaml.tmp")
+	if err := os.WriteFile(tmp, []byte("updated"), 0644); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if err := os.Rename(tmp, target); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	time.Sleep(700 * time.Millisecond)
+
+	if calls.Load() < 1 {
+		t.Errorf("expected at least 1 send call after atomic write, got %d", calls.Load())
+	}
+}
+
+func TestWatchBlueprintFile_MissingFileReturnsGracefully(t *testing.T) {
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
+	defer cancel()
+
+	done := make(chan struct{})
+	go func() {
+		watchBlueprintFile(ctx, "/nonexistent/path/blueprint.yaml", func() error { return nil })
+		close(done)
+	}()
+
+	select {
+	case <-done:
+	case <-time.After(2 * time.Second):
+		t.Error("watchBlueprintFile did not return for missing file")
+	}
+}
+
 func TestParseTargetString(t *testing.T) {
 	tests := []struct {
 		name           string
@@ -13,7 +154,6 @@ func TestParseTargetString(t *testing.T) {
 		wantTargetAddr string
 		wantErr        bool
 	}{
-		// IPv4 test cases
 		{
 			name:           "valid IPv4 basic",
 			input:          "3001:192.168.1.1:80",
@@ -35,8 +175,6 @@ func TestParseTargetString(t *testing.T) {
 			wantTargetAddr: "10.0.0.1:443",
 			wantErr:        false,
 		},
-
-		// IPv6 test cases
 		{
 			name:           "valid IPv6 loopback",
 			input:          "3001:[::1]:8080",
@@ -72,8 +210,6 @@ func TestParseTargetString(t *testing.T) {
 			wantTargetAddr: "[::ffff:192.168.1.1]:6000",
 			wantErr:        false,
 		},
-
-		// Hostname test cases
 		{
 			name:           "valid hostname",
 			input:          "8080:example.com:80",
@@ -95,8 +231,6 @@ func TestParseTargetString(t *testing.T) {
 			wantTargetAddr: "localhost:3000",
 			wantErr:        false,
 		},
-
-		// Error cases
 		{
 			name:    "invalid - no colons",
 			input:   "invalid",
@@ -169,7 +303,7 @@ func TestParseTargetString(t *testing.T) {
 			}
 
 			if tt.wantErr {
-				return // Don't check other values if we expected an error
+				return
 			}
 
 			if listenPort != tt.wantListenPort {
@@ -183,7 +317,6 @@ func TestParseTargetString(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
-// TestParseTargetStringNetDialCompatibility verifies that the output is compatible with net.Dial
 func TestParseTargetStringNetDialCompatibility(t *testing.T) {
 	tests := []struct {
 		name  string
@@ -201,8 +334,6 @@ func TestParseTargetStringNetDialCompatibility(t *testing.T) {
 				t.Fatalf("parseTargetString(%q) unexpected error: %v", tt.input, err)
 			}
 
-			// Verify the format is valid for net.Dial by checking it can be split back
-			// This doesn't actually dial, just validates the format
 			_, _, err = net.SplitHostPort(targetAddr)
 			if err != nil {
 				t.Errorf("parseTargetString(%q) produced invalid net.Dial format %q: %v", tt.input, targetAddr, err)
@@ -213,18 +344,7 @@ func TestParseTargetStringNetDialCompatibility(t *testing.T) {
 
 // TestShouldFireRecovery is the regression guard for the broken trigger gate
 // that prevented data-plane recovery from ever firing under default settings
-// (fosrl/newt#284, #310, pangolin#1004). The pre-fix condition was
-//
-//	consecutiveFailures >= failureThreshold && currentInterval < maxInterval
-//
-// which became permanently false once pingInterval's default was bumped from
-// 3s to 15s in commit 8161fa6 — currentInterval starts at pingInterval=15s,
-// maxInterval stayed at 6s, so 15<6 is false and the recovery branch never
-// executed.
-//
-// The fix is to drop currentInterval from the trigger condition entirely;
-// backoff is a separate concern computed in the caller. The cases below
-// exercise the documented contract.
+// (fosrl/newt#284, #310, pangolin#1004).
 func TestShouldFireRecovery(t *testing.T) {
 	const threshold = 4
 	cases := []struct {

newt/ping.go

@@ -0,0 +1,339 @@
+package newt
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"math/rand"
+	"os"
+	"os/exec"
+	"runtime"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/fosrl/newt/internal/telemetry"
+	"github.com/fosrl/newt/logger"
+	"golang.org/x/net/icmp"
+	"golang.org/x/net/ipv4"
+	"golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard/tun/netstack"
+)
+
+type pingFunc func(dst string, timeout time.Duration) (time.Duration, error)
+
+const msgHealthFileWriteFailed = "Failed to write health file: %v"
+
+func pingNative(dst string, timeout time.Duration) (time.Duration, error) {
+	timeoutSecs := int(timeout.Seconds())
+	if timeoutSecs < 1 {
+		timeoutSecs = 1
+	}
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), timeout+time.Second)
+	defer cancel()
+
+	var cmd *exec.Cmd
+	switch runtime.GOOS {
+	case "windows":
+		cmd = exec.CommandContext(ctx, "ping", "-n", "1", "-w", fmt.Sprintf("%d", int(timeout.Milliseconds())), dst)
+	case "darwin":
+		cmd = exec.CommandContext(ctx, "ping", "-c", "1", "-W", fmt.Sprintf("%d", int(timeout.Milliseconds())), dst)
+	default:
+		cmd = exec.CommandContext(ctx, "ping", "-c", "1", "-W", fmt.Sprintf("%d", timeoutSecs), dst)
+	}
+
+	start := time.Now()
+	if err := cmd.Run(); err != nil {
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("native ping to %s failed: %w", dst, err)
+	}
+	return time.Since(start), nil
+}
+
+func ping(tnet *netstack.Net, dst string, timeout time.Duration) (time.Duration, error) {
+	socket, err := tnet.Dial("ping4", dst)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("failed to create ICMP socket: %w", err)
+	}
+	defer socket.Close()
+
+	if tcpConn, ok := socket.(interface{ SetReadBuffer(int) error }); ok {
+		tcpConn.SetReadBuffer(64 * 1024)
+	}
+	if tcpConn, ok := socket.(interface{ SetWriteBuffer(int) error }); ok {
+		tcpConn.SetWriteBuffer(64 * 1024)
+	}
+
+	requestPing := icmp.Echo{
+		Seq:  rand.Intn(1 << 16),
+		Data: []byte("newtping"),
+	}
+
+	icmpBytes, err := (&icmp.Message{Type: ipv4.ICMPTypeEcho, Code: 0, Body: &requestPing}).Marshal(nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("failed to marshal ICMP message: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	if err := socket.SetReadDeadline(time.Now().Add(timeout)); err != nil {
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("failed to set read deadline: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	start := time.Now()
+	_, err = socket.Write(icmpBytes)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("failed to write ICMP packet: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	readBuffer := make([]byte, 1500)
+	n, err := socket.Read(readBuffer)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("failed to read ICMP packet: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	replyPacket, err := icmp.ParseMessage(1, readBuffer[:n])
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("failed to parse ICMP packet: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	replyPing, ok := replyPacket.Body.(*icmp.Echo)
+	if !ok {
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("invalid reply type: got %T, want *icmp.Echo", replyPacket.Body)
+	}
+
+	if !bytes.Equal(replyPing.Data, requestPing.Data) || replyPing.Seq != requestPing.Seq {
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("invalid ping reply: got seq=%d data=%q, want seq=%d data=%q",
+			replyPing.Seq, replyPing.Data, requestPing.Seq, requestPing.Data)
+	}
+
+	return time.Since(start), nil
+}
+
+func reliablePing(fn pingFunc, dst string, baseTimeout time.Duration, maxAttempts int) (time.Duration, error) {
+	var lastErr error
+	var totalLatency time.Duration
+	successCount := 0
+
+	for attempt := 1; attempt <= maxAttempts; attempt++ {
+		timeout := baseTimeout + time.Duration(attempt-1)*500*time.Millisecond
+		jitter := time.Duration(rand.Intn(100)) * time.Millisecond
+		timeout += jitter
+
+		latency, err := fn(dst, timeout)
+		if err != nil {
+			lastErr = err
+			logger.Debug("Ping attempt %d/%d failed: %v", attempt, maxAttempts, err)
+
+			if attempt < maxAttempts {
+				backoff := time.Duration(attempt) * 50 * time.Millisecond
+				time.Sleep(backoff)
+			}
+			continue
+		}
+
+		totalLatency += latency
+		successCount++
+		return totalLatency / time.Duration(successCount), nil
+	}
+
+	return 0, fmt.Errorf("all %d ping attempts failed, last error: %v", maxAttempts, lastErr)
+}
+
+// shouldFireRecovery decides whether the data-plane recovery flow should run on
+// this tick. See startPingCheck for the rationale behind separating recovery
+// from the backoff ramp.
+func shouldFireRecovery(consecutiveFailures, failureThreshold int, connectionLost bool) bool {
+	return consecutiveFailures >= failureThreshold && !connectionLost
+}
+
+func (n *Newt) pingWithRetry(fn pingFunc, dst string, timeout time.Duration) (stopChan chan struct{}, err error) {
+	if n.config.HealthFile != "" {
+		err = os.Remove(n.config.HealthFile)
+		if err != nil {
+			logger.Error("Failed to remove health file: %v", err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	const (
+		initialRetryDelay = 2 * time.Second
+		maxRetryDelay     = 60 * time.Second
+	)
+
+	stopChan = make(chan struct{})
+	attempt := 1
+	retryDelay := initialRetryDelay
+
+	logger.Debug("Ping attempt %d", attempt)
+	if latency, err := fn(dst, timeout); err == nil {
+		logger.Debug("Ping latency: %v", latency)
+		logger.Info("Tunnel connection to server established successfully!")
+		if n.config.HealthFile != "" {
+			if err := os.WriteFile(n.config.HealthFile, []byte("ok"), 0644); err != nil {
+				logger.Warn(msgHealthFileWriteFailed, err)
+			}
+		}
+		return stopChan, nil
+	} else {
+		logger.Warn("Ping attempt %d failed: %v", attempt, err)
+	}
+
+	go func() {
+		attempt = 2
+
+		for {
+			select {
+			case <-stopChan:
+				return
+			default:
+				logger.Debug("Ping attempt %d", attempt)
+
+				if latency, err := fn(dst, timeout); err != nil {
+					logger.Warn("Ping attempt %d failed: %v", attempt, err)
+
+					if attempt%5 == 0 && retryDelay < maxRetryDelay {
+						retryDelay = time.Duration(float64(retryDelay) * 1.5)
+						if retryDelay > maxRetryDelay {
+							retryDelay = maxRetryDelay
+						}
+						logger.Info("Increasing ping retry delay to %v", retryDelay)
+					}
+
+					time.Sleep(retryDelay)
+					attempt++
+				} else {
+					logger.Debug("Ping succeeded after %d attempts", attempt)
+					logger.Debug("Ping latency: %v", latency)
+					logger.Info("Tunnel connection to server established successfully!")
+					if n.config.HealthFile != "" {
+						if err := os.WriteFile(n.config.HealthFile, []byte("ok"), 0644); err != nil {
+							logger.Warn(msgHealthFileWriteFailed, err)
+						}
+					}
+					return
+				}
+			case <-n.pingStopChan:
+				return
+			}
+		}
+	}()
+
+	return stopChan, fmt.Errorf("initial ping attempts failed, continuing in background")
+}
+
+func (n *Newt) startPingCheck(fn pingFunc, serverIP, tunnelID string) chan struct{} {
+	maxInterval := 6 * time.Second
+	currentInterval := n.config.PingInterval
+	consecutiveFailures := 0
+	connectionLost := false
+
+	recentLatencies := make([]time.Duration, 0, 10)
+
+	pingStopChan := make(chan struct{})
+
+	go func() {
+		ticker := time.NewTicker(currentInterval)
+		defer ticker.Stop()
+		for {
+			select {
+			case <-ticker.C:
+				adaptiveTimeout := n.config.PingTimeout
+				if len(recentLatencies) > 0 {
+					var sum time.Duration
+					for _, lat := range recentLatencies {
+						sum += lat
+					}
+					avgLatency := sum / time.Duration(len(recentLatencies))
+					adaptiveTimeout = avgLatency * 3
+					if adaptiveTimeout < n.config.PingTimeout {
+						adaptiveTimeout = n.config.PingTimeout
+					}
+					if adaptiveTimeout > 15*time.Second {
+						adaptiveTimeout = 15 * time.Second
+					}
+				}
+
+				maxAttempts := 2
+				if consecutiveFailures > 4 {
+					maxAttempts = 4
+				}
+
+				latency, err := reliablePing(fn, serverIP, adaptiveTimeout, maxAttempts)
+				if err != nil {
+					consecutiveFailures++
+
+					recentLatencies = append(recentLatencies, adaptiveTimeout)
+					if len(recentLatencies) > 10 {
+						recentLatencies = recentLatencies[1:]
+					}
+
+					if consecutiveFailures < 2 {
+						logger.Debug("Periodic ping failed (%d consecutive failures): %v", consecutiveFailures, err)
+					} else {
+						logger.Warn("Periodic ping failed (%d consecutive failures): %v", consecutiveFailures, err)
+					}
+
+					failureThreshold := 4
+					if shouldFireRecovery(consecutiveFailures, failureThreshold, connectionLost) {
+						connectionLost = true
+						logger.Warn("Connection to server lost after %d failures. Continuous reconnection attempts will be made.", consecutiveFailures)
+						if tunnelID != "" {
+							telemetry.IncReconnect(context.Background(), tunnelID, "client", telemetry.ReasonTimeout)
+						}
+						pingChainId := generateChainId()
+						n.pendingPingChainId = pingChainId
+						n.stopFunc = n.client.SendMessageInterval("newt/ping/request", map[string]interface{}{
+							"chainId": pingChainId,
+						}, 3*time.Second)
+						bcChainId := generateChainId()
+						n.pendingRegisterChainId = bcChainId
+						if err := n.client.SendMessage("newt/wg/register", map[string]interface{}{
+							"publicKey":           n.publicKey.String(),
+							"backwardsCompatible": true,
+							"chainId":             bcChainId,
+						}); err != nil {
+							logger.Error("Failed to send registration message: %v", err)
+						}
+						if n.config.HealthFile != "" {
+							if err := os.Remove(n.config.HealthFile); err != nil {
+								logger.Error("Failed to remove health file: %v", err)
+							}
+						}
+					}
+					if consecutiveFailures >= failureThreshold && currentInterval < maxInterval {
+						currentInterval = time.Duration(float64(currentInterval) * 1.3)
+						if currentInterval > maxInterval {
+							currentInterval = maxInterval
+						}
+					}
+				} else {
+					recentLatencies = append(recentLatencies, latency)
+					if tunnelID != "" {
+						telemetry.ObserveTunnelLatency(context.Background(), tunnelID, "wireguard", latency.Seconds())
+					}
+					if len(recentLatencies) > 10 {
+						recentLatencies = recentLatencies[1:]
+					}
+
+					if connectionLost {
+						connectionLost = false
+						logger.Info("Connection to server restored after %d failures!", consecutiveFailures)
+						if n.config.HealthFile != "" {
+							if err := os.WriteFile(n.config.HealthFile, []byte("ok"), 0644); err != nil {
+								logger.Warn("Failed to write health file: %v", err)
+							}
+						}
+					}
+					if currentInterval > n.config.PingInterval {
+						currentInterval = time.Duration(float64(currentInterval) * 0.9)
+						if currentInterval < n.config.PingInterval {
+							currentInterval = n.config.PingInterval
+						}
+						ticker.Reset(currentInterval)
+						logger.Debug("Decreased ping check interval to %v after successful ping", currentInterval)
+					}
+					consecutiveFailures = 0
+				}
+			case <-pingStopChan:
+				logger.Info("Stopping ping check")
+				return
+			}
+		}
+	}()
+
+	return pingStopChan
+}

newt/targets.go

@@ -0,0 +1,150 @@
+package newt
+
+import (
+	"encoding/json"
+	"fmt"
+	"net"
+	"os/exec"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/fosrl/newt/logger"
+	"github.com/fosrl/newt/proxy"
+)
+
+func parseTargetData(data interface{}) (TargetData, error) {
+	var targetData TargetData
+	jsonData, err := json.Marshal(data)
+	if err != nil {
+		logger.Info("Error marshaling data: %v", err)
+		return targetData, err
+	}
+
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(jsonData, &targetData); err != nil {
+		logger.Info("Error unmarshaling target data: %v", err)
+		return targetData, err
+	}
+	return targetData, nil
+}
+
+// parseTargetString parses "listenPort:host:targetPort", handling IPv6 brackets.
+func parseTargetString(target string) (int, string, error) {
+	firstColon := strings.Index(target, ":")
+	if firstColon == -1 {
+		return 0, "", fmt.Errorf("invalid target format, no colon found: %s", target)
+	}
+
+	listenPortStr := target[:firstColon]
+	var listenPort int
+	_, err := fmt.Sscanf(listenPortStr, "%d", &listenPort)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, "", fmt.Errorf("invalid listen port: %s", listenPortStr)
+	}
+	if listenPort <= 0 || listenPort > 65535 {
+		return 0, "", fmt.Errorf("listen port out of range: %d", listenPort)
+	}
+
+	remainder := target[firstColon+1:]
+	host, targetPort, err := net.SplitHostPort(remainder)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, "", fmt.Errorf("invalid host:port format '%s': %w", remainder, err)
+	}
+
+	if host == "" {
+		return 0, "", fmt.Errorf("empty host in target: %s", target)
+	}
+	if targetPort == "" {
+		return 0, "", fmt.Errorf("empty target port in target: %s", target)
+	}
+
+	return listenPort, net.JoinHostPort(host, targetPort), nil
+}
+
+func (n *Newt) updateTargets(pm *proxy.ProxyManager, action string, tunnelIP string, proto string, targetData TargetData) error {
+	for _, t := range targetData.Targets {
+		port, target, err := parseTargetString(t)
+		if err != nil {
+			logger.Info("Invalid target format: %s (%v)", t, err)
+			continue
+		}
+
+		switch action {
+		case "add":
+			processedTarget := target
+			if n.config.UpdownScript != "" {
+				newTarget, err := n.executeUpdownScript(action, proto, target)
+				if err != nil {
+					logger.Warn("Updown script error: %v", err)
+				} else if newTarget != "" {
+					processedTarget = newTarget
+				}
+			}
+
+			err := pm.RemoveTarget(proto, tunnelIP, port)
+			if err != nil {
+				if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "target not found") {
+					logger.Error("Failed to remove existing target: %v", err)
+				}
+			}
+
+			pm.AddTarget(proto, tunnelIP, port, processedTarget)
+
+		case "remove":
+			logger.Info("Removing target with port %d", port)
+
+			if n.config.UpdownScript != "" {
+				_, err := n.executeUpdownScript(action, proto, target)
+				if err != nil {
+					logger.Warn("Updown script error: %v", err)
+				}
+			}
+
+			err = pm.RemoveTarget(proto, tunnelIP, port)
+			if err != nil {
+				logger.Error("Failed to remove target: %v", err)
+				return err
+			}
+		default:
+			logger.Info("Unknown action: %s", action)
+		}
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (n *Newt) executeUpdownScript(action, proto, target string) (string, error) {
+	if n.config.UpdownScript == "" {
+		return target, nil
+	}
+
+	parts := strings.Fields(n.config.UpdownScript)
+	if len(parts) == 0 {
+		return target, fmt.Errorf("invalid updown script command")
+	}
+
+	var cmd *exec.Cmd
+	if len(parts) == 1 {
+		logger.Info("Executing updown script: %s %s %s %s", n.config.UpdownScript, action, proto, target)
+		cmd = exec.Command(parts[0], action, proto, target)
+	} else {
+		args := append(parts[1:], action, proto, target)
+		logger.Info("Executing updown script: %s %s %s %s %s", parts[0], strings.Join(parts[1:], " "), action, proto, target)
+		cmd = exec.Command(parts[0], args...)
+	}
+
+	output, err := cmd.Output()
+	if err != nil {
+		if exitErr, ok := err.(*exec.ExitError); ok {
+			return "", fmt.Errorf("updown script execution failed (exit code %d): %s",
+				exitErr.ExitCode(), string(exitErr.Stderr))
+		}
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("updown script execution failed: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	newTarget := strings.TrimSpace(string(output))
+	if newTarget != "" {
+		logger.Info("Updown script returned new target: %s", newTarget)
+		return newTarget, nil
+	}
+
+	return target, nil
+}

newt/tunnel.go

@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+package newt
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+
+	"github.com/fosrl/newt/logger"
+	"github.com/fosrl/newt/network"
+	"github.com/fosrl/newt/util"
+)
+
+// updateRemoteExitNodeSubnets replaces the set of active remote exit node
+// subnets with the given list, updating WireGuard AllowedIPs and native
+// routes to match.
+func (n *Newt) updateRemoteExitNodeSubnets(subnets []string) {
+	if n.config.UseNativeMainInterface && len(n.activeRemoteSubnets) > 0 {
+		toRemove := make([]string, 0)
+		newSet := make(map[string]bool, len(subnets))
+		for _, s := range subnets {
+			newSet[s] = true
+		}
+		for _, s := range n.activeRemoteSubnets {
+			if !newSet[s] {
+				toRemove = append(toRemove, s)
+			}
+		}
+		if len(toRemove) > 0 {
+			if err := network.RemoveRoutes(toRemove); err != nil {
+				logger.Warn("Failed to remove old subnet routes: %v", err)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	if n.dev != nil && n.wgData.PublicKey != "" {
+		lines := fmt.Sprintf("public_key=%s\nreplace_allowed_ips=true\nallowed_ip=%s/32",
+			util.FixKey(n.wgData.PublicKey), n.wgData.ServerIP)
+		for _, s := range subnets {
+			lines += "\nallowed_ip=" + s
+		}
+		if err := n.dev.IpcSet(lines); err != nil {
+			logger.Warn("Failed to update WireGuard AllowedIPs: %v", err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	if n.config.UseNativeMainInterface && len(subnets) > 0 {
+		existing := make(map[string]bool, len(n.activeRemoteSubnets))
+		for _, s := range n.activeRemoteSubnets {
+			existing[s] = true
+		}
+		toAdd := make([]string, 0)
+		for _, s := range subnets {
+			if !existing[s] {
+				toAdd = append(toAdd, s)
+			}
+		}
+		if len(toAdd) > 0 {
+			if err := network.AddRoutes(toAdd, n.config.NativeMainInterfaceName); err != nil {
+				logger.Warn("Failed to add new subnet routes: %v", err)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	n.activeRemoteSubnets = append([]string{}, subnets...)
+	logger.Info("Updated remote exit node subnets: %d total", len(subnets))
+}
+
+func (n *Newt) closeWgTunnel() {
+	if n.pingStopChan != nil {
+		close(n.pingStopChan)
+		n.pingStopChan = nil
+	}
+
+	if n.browserGatewayStop != nil {
+		n.browserGatewayStop()
+		n.browserGatewayStop = nil
+		n.browserGateway = nil
+	}
+
+	if n.pm != nil {
+		n.pm.Stop()
+		n.currentPM.Store(nil)
+		n.pm = nil
+	}
+
+	if n.config.UseNativeMainInterface {
+		toRemove := make([]string, 0, len(n.activeRemoteSubnets)+1)
+		if n.wgData.ServerIP != "" {
+			toRemove = append(toRemove, n.wgData.ServerIP+"/32")
+		}
+		toRemove = append(toRemove, n.activeRemoteSubnets...)
+		if len(toRemove) > 0 {
+			if err := network.RemoveRoutes(toRemove); err != nil {
+				logger.Warn("Failed to remove native main tunnel routes: %v", err)
+			}
+		}
+		n.activeRemoteSubnets = nil
+	}
+
+	if n.dev != nil {
+		n.dev.Close()
+		n.dev = nil
+	}
+
+	if n.tnet != nil {
+		n.tnet = nil
+	}
+	if n.tun != nil {
+		n.tun = nil
+	}
+}

newt/types.go

@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+package newt
+
+import (
+	wgclients "github.com/fosrl/newt/clients"
+	"github.com/fosrl/newt/healthcheck"
+)
+
+type BrowserGatewayTarget struct {
+	ID              int    `json:"id"`
+	Type            string `json:"type"`
+	Destination     string `json:"destination"`
+	DestinationPort int    `json:"destinationPort"`
+	AuthToken       string `json:"authToken"`
+}
+
+type WgData struct {
+	Endpoint              string                 `json:"endpoint"`
+	RelayPort             uint16                 `json:"relayPort"`
+	PublicKey             string                 `json:"publicKey"`
+	ServerIP              string                 `json:"serverIP"`
+	TunnelIP              string                 `json:"tunnelIP"`
+	Targets               TargetsByType          `json:"targets"`
+	HealthCheckTargets    []healthcheck.Config   `json:"healthCheckTargets"`
+	BrowserGatewayTargets []BrowserGatewayTarget `json:"browserGatewayTargets"`
+	RemoteExitNodeSubnets []string               `json:"remoteExitNodeSubnets"`
+	ChainId               string                 `json:"chainId"`
+}
+
+type TargetsByType struct {
+	UDP []string `json:"udp"`
+	TCP []string `json:"tcp"`
+}
+
+type TargetData struct {
+	Targets []string `json:"targets"`
+}
+
+type ExitNodeData struct {
+	ExitNodes []ExitNode `json:"exitNodes"`
+	ChainId   string     `json:"chainId"`
+}
+
+type ExitNode struct {
+	ID                     int     `json:"exitNodeId"`
+	Name                   string  `json:"exitNodeName"`
+	Endpoint               string  `json:"endpoint"`
+	Weight                 float64 `json:"weight"`
+	WasPreviouslyConnected bool    `json:"wasPreviouslyConnected"`
+}
+
+type ExitNodePingResult struct {
+	ExitNodeID             int     `json:"exitNodeId"`
+	LatencyMs              int64   `json:"latencyMs"`
+	Weight                 float64 `json:"weight"`
+	Error                  string  `json:"error,omitempty"`
+	Name                   string  `json:"exitNodeName"`
+	Endpoint               string  `json:"endpoint"`
+	WasPreviouslyConnected bool    `json:"wasPreviouslyConnected"`
+}
+
+type BlueprintResult struct {
+	Success bool   `json:"success"`
+	Message string `json:"message,omitempty"`
+}
+
+// Define the sync data structure
+type SyncData struct {
+	Targets               TargetsByType          `json:"proxyTargets"`
+	HealthCheckTargets    []healthcheck.Config   `json:"healthCheckTargets"`
+	RemoteExitNodeSubnets []string               `json:"remoteExitNodeSubnets"`
+	Peers                 []wgclients.Peer       `json:"peers"`
+	ClientTargets         []wgclients.Target     `json:"clientTargets"`
+	BrowserGatewayTargets []BrowserGatewayTarget `json:"browserGatewayTargets"`
+}

proxy/manager.go

@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@ import (
 	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/attribute"
 	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/metric"
 	"golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard/tun/netstack"
-	"gvisor.dev/gvisor/pkg/tcpip/adapters/gonet"
 )
 
 const (
@@ -54,15 +53,60 @@ type Target struct {
 	Port    int
 }
 
+// managedListener wraps a net.Listener so an intentional Close() can be
+// detected reliably by the accept loop. gVisor's netstack (unlike the
+// stdlib) does not return net.ErrClosed from Accept() after Close() - it
+// returns a generic "endpoint is in invalid state" error - so relying on
+// errors.Is(err, net.ErrClosed) leaves the accept loop spinning forever.
+type managedListener struct {
+	net.Listener
+	closed chan struct{}
+}
+
+func newManagedListener(l net.Listener) *managedListener {
+	return &managedListener{Listener: l, closed: make(chan struct{})}
+}
+
+func (m *managedListener) Close() error {
+	err := m.Listener.Close()
+	select {
+	case <-m.closed:
+	default:
+		close(m.closed)
+	}
+	return err
+}
+
+// managedPacketConn is the net.PacketConn equivalent of managedListener.
+type managedPacketConn struct {
+	net.PacketConn
+	closed chan struct{}
+}
+
+func newManagedPacketConn(c net.PacketConn) *managedPacketConn {
+	return &managedPacketConn{PacketConn: c, closed: make(chan struct{})}
+}
+
+func (m *managedPacketConn) Close() error {
+	err := m.PacketConn.Close()
+	select {
+	case <-m.closed:
+	default:
+		close(m.closed)
+	}
+	return err
+}
+
 // ProxyManager handles the creation and management of proxy connections
 type ProxyManager struct {
-	tnet       *netstack.Net
-	tcpTargets map[string]map[int]string // map[listenIP]map[port]targetAddress
-	udpTargets map[string]map[int]string
-	listeners  []*gonet.TCPListener
-	udpConns   []*gonet.UDPConn
-	running    bool
-	mutex      sync.RWMutex
+	tnet           *netstack.Net
+	tcpTargets     map[string]map[int]string // map[listenIP]map[port]targetAddress
+	udpTargets     map[string]map[int]string
+	listeners      []net.Listener
+	udpConns       []net.PacketConn
+	running        bool
+	mutex          sync.RWMutex
+	nativeListenIP string // when non-empty, use native OS listeners instead of netstack
 
 	// telemetry (multi-tunnel)
 	currentTunnelID string
@@ -149,14 +193,28 @@ func classifyProxyError(err error) string {
 	}
 }
 
-// NewProxyManager creates a new proxy manager instance
+// NewProxyManager creates a new proxy manager instance backed by a netstack.
 func NewProxyManager(tnet *netstack.Net) *ProxyManager {
 	return &ProxyManager{
 		tnet:           tnet,
 		tcpTargets:     make(map[string]map[int]string),
 		udpTargets:     make(map[string]map[int]string),
-		listeners:      make([]*gonet.TCPListener, 0),
-		udpConns:       make([]*gonet.UDPConn, 0),
+		listeners:      make([]net.Listener, 0),
+		udpConns:       make([]net.PacketConn, 0),
+		tunnels:        make(map[string]*tunnelEntry),
+		udpIdleTimeout: defaultUDPIdleTimeout,
+	}
+}
+
+// NewProxyManagerNative creates a proxy manager that binds listeners directly
+// to the host network stack on the given IP address.
+func NewProxyManagerNative(listenIP string) *ProxyManager {
+	return &ProxyManager{
+		nativeListenIP: listenIP,
+		tcpTargets:     make(map[string]map[int]string),
+		udpTargets:     make(map[string]map[int]string),
+		listeners:      make([]net.Listener, 0),
+		udpConns:       make([]net.PacketConn, 0),
 		tunnels:        make(map[string]*tunnelEntry),
 		udpIdleTimeout: defaultUDPIdleTimeout,
 	}
@@ -229,13 +287,14 @@ func (pm *ProxyManager) ClearTunnelID() {
 	pm.currentTunnelID = ""
 }
 
-// init function without tnet
+// NewProxyManagerWithoutTNet creates a proxy manager with no backing network.
+// Call SetTNet before starting.
 func NewProxyManagerWithoutTNet() *ProxyManager {
 	return &ProxyManager{
 		tcpTargets:     make(map[string]map[int]string),
 		udpTargets:     make(map[string]map[int]string),
-		listeners:      make([]*gonet.TCPListener, 0),
-		udpConns:       make([]*gonet.UDPConn, 0),
+		listeners:      make([]net.Listener, 0),
+		udpConns:       make([]net.PacketConn, 0),
 		udpIdleTimeout: defaultUDPIdleTimeout,
 	}
 }
@@ -496,23 +555,46 @@ func (pm *ProxyManager) Stop() error {
 func (pm *ProxyManager) startTarget(proto, listenIP string, port int, targetAddr string) error {
 	switch proto {
 	case "tcp":
-		listener, err := pm.tnet.ListenTCP(&net.TCPAddr{Port: port})
-		if err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("failed to create TCP listener: %v", err)
+		var listener net.Listener
+		if pm.tnet != nil {
+			l, err := pm.tnet.ListenTCP(&net.TCPAddr{Port: port})
+			if err != nil {
+				return fmt.Errorf("failed to create TCP listener: %v", err)
+			}
+			listener = l
+		} else if pm.nativeListenIP != "" {
+			l, err := net.ListenTCP("tcp", &net.TCPAddr{IP: net.ParseIP(pm.nativeListenIP), Port: port})
+			if err != nil {
+				return fmt.Errorf("failed to create native TCP listener on %s:%d: %v", pm.nativeListenIP, port, err)
+			}
+			listener = l
+		} else {
+			return fmt.Errorf("proxy manager has no tnet or native IP configured")
 		}
-
-		pm.listeners = append(pm.listeners, listener)
-		go pm.handleTCPProxy(listener, targetAddr)
+		ml := newManagedListener(listener)
+		pm.listeners = append(pm.listeners, ml)
+		go pm.handleTCPProxy(ml, targetAddr)
 
 	case "udp":
-		addr := &net.UDPAddr{Port: port}
-		conn, err := pm.tnet.ListenUDP(addr)
-		if err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("failed to create UDP listener: %v", err)
+		var conn net.PacketConn
+		if pm.tnet != nil {
+			c, err := pm.tnet.ListenUDP(&net.UDPAddr{Port: port})
+			if err != nil {
+				return fmt.Errorf("failed to create UDP listener: %v", err)
+			}
+			conn = c
+		} else if pm.nativeListenIP != "" {
+			c, err := net.ListenUDP("udp", &net.UDPAddr{IP: net.ParseIP(pm.nativeListenIP), Port: port})
+			if err != nil {
+				return fmt.Errorf("failed to create native UDP listener on %s:%d: %v", pm.nativeListenIP, port, err)
+			}
+			conn = c
+		} else {
+			return fmt.Errorf("proxy manager has no tnet or native IP configured")
 		}
-
-		pm.udpConns = append(pm.udpConns, conn)
-		go pm.handleUDPProxy(conn, targetAddr)
+		mc := newManagedPacketConn(conn)
+		pm.udpConns = append(pm.udpConns, mc)
+		go pm.handleUDPProxy(mc, targetAddr)
 
 	default:
 		return fmt.Errorf(errUnsupportedProtoFmt, proto)
@@ -532,11 +614,17 @@ func (pm *ProxyManager) getEntry(id string) *tunnelEntry {
 	return e
 }
 
-func (pm *ProxyManager) handleTCPProxy(listener net.Listener, targetAddr string) {
+func (pm *ProxyManager) handleTCPProxy(listener *managedListener, targetAddr string) {
 	for {
 		conn, err := listener.Accept()
 		if err != nil {
 			telemetry.IncProxyAccept(context.Background(), pm.currentTunnelID, "tcp", "failure", classifyProxyError(err))
+			select {
+			case <-listener.closed:
+				logger.Info("TCP listener closed, stopping proxy handler for %v", listener.Addr())
+				return
+			default:
+			}
 			if !pm.running {
 				return
 			}
@@ -611,7 +699,7 @@ func (pm *ProxyManager) handleTCPProxy(listener net.Listener, targetAddr string)
 	}
 }
 
-func (pm *ProxyManager) handleUDPProxy(conn *gonet.UDPConn, targetAddr string) {
+func (pm *ProxyManager) handleUDPProxy(conn *managedPacketConn, targetAddr string) {
 	bufPtr := getUDPBuffer()
 	defer putUDPBuffer(bufPtr)
 	buffer := *bufPtr
@@ -621,33 +709,41 @@ func (pm *ProxyManager) handleUDPProxy(conn *gonet.UDPConn, targetAddr string) {
 	for {
 		n, remoteAddr, err := conn.ReadFrom(buffer)
 		if err != nil {
-			if !pm.running {
-				// Clean up all connections when stopping
+			closeAllClients := func() {
 				clientsMutex.Lock()
 				for _, targetConn := range clientConns {
 					targetConn.Close()
 				}
 				clientConns = nil
 				clientsMutex.Unlock()
+			}
+
+			// Check for intentional closure first: netstack does not
+			// surface net.ErrClosed/io.EOF from ReadFrom() after Close(),
+			// so this channel is the only reliable signal.
+			select {
+			case <-conn.closed:
+				logger.Info("UDP connection closed, stopping proxy handler")
+				closeAllClients()
+				return
+			default:
+			}
+
+			if !pm.running {
+				closeAllClients()
 				return
 			}
 
 			// Check for connection closed conditions
 			if errors.Is(err, io.EOF) || errors.Is(err, net.ErrClosed) {
 				logger.Info("UDP connection closed, stopping proxy handler")
-
-				// Clean up existing client connections
-				clientsMutex.Lock()
-				for _, targetConn := range clientConns {
-					targetConn.Close()
-				}
-				clientConns = nil
-				clientsMutex.Unlock()
-
+				closeAllClients()
 				return
 			}
 
 			logger.Error("Error reading UDP packet: %v", err)
+			// Avoid a tight busy-loop if this error persists.
+			time.Sleep(100 * time.Millisecond)
 			continue
 		}
 

proxy/manager_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+package proxy
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"net/netip"
+	"os"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/fosrl/newt/internal/telemetry"
+	"github.com/fosrl/newt/logger"
+	"golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard/tun/netstack"
+)
+
+// TestRemoveTargetStopsAcceptLoop verifies that removing a TCP target on a
+// netstack-backed ProxyManager causes the accept loop goroutine to actually
+// stop retrying, instead of spinning forever logging
+// "Error accepting TCP connection: ... endpoint is in invalid state".
+func TestRemoveTargetStopsAcceptLoop(t *testing.T) {
+	if _, err := telemetry.Init(context.Background(), telemetry.Config{ServiceName: "test"}); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("telemetry.Init: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	logFile, err := os.CreateTemp(t.TempDir(), "newt-proxy-test-*.log")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("CreateTemp: %v", err)
+	}
+	defer logFile.Close()
+	logger.SetOutput(logFile)
+	defer logger.SetOutput(os.Stdout)
+
+	_, tnet, err := netstack.CreateNetTUN(
+		[]netip.Addr{netip.MustParseAddr("100.64.0.1")},
+		[]netip.Addr{},
+		1420,
+	)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("CreateNetTUN: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	pm := NewProxyManager(tnet)
+	const listenIP = "100.64.0.1"
+	const port = 53405
+
+	if err := pm.AddTarget("tcp", listenIP, port, "127.0.0.1:9999"); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("AddTarget: %v", err)
+	}
+	if err := pm.Start(); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Start: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if err := pm.RemoveTarget("tcp", listenIP, port); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("RemoveTarget: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	// If the bug is present, the accept loop spins every 100ms logging an
+	// error forever. Sample the log twice, 400ms apart; a healthy accept
+	// loop logs the error/close message once (or zero times) and then goes
+	// silent, while the buggy loop keeps appending.
+	time.Sleep(200 * time.Millisecond)
+	countAt1 := countAcceptErrors(t, logFile.Name())
+
+	time.Sleep(400 * time.Millisecond)
+	countAt2 := countAcceptErrors(t, logFile.Name())
+
+	t.Logf("accept-error-ish log lines: at 200ms=%d, at 600ms=%d", countAt1, countAt2)
+
+	if countAt2 > countAt1 {
+		t.Fatalf("accept loop kept logging after RemoveTarget (200ms=%d, 600ms=%d) -- it is spinning forever on the closed netstack listener instead of exiting", countAt1, countAt2)
+	}
+}
+
+func countAcceptErrors(t *testing.T, path string) int {
+	t.Helper()
+	data, err := os.ReadFile(path)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("ReadFile: %v", err)
+	}
+	count := 0
+	for _, line := range strings.Split(string(data), "\n") {
+		if strings.Contains(line, "Error accepting TCP connection") {
+			count++
+		}
+	}
+	return count
+}

reexec_windows.go

@@ -8,11 +8,21 @@ import (
 	"os/exec"
 )
 
-// reexec spawns a new copy of the current process with the same arguments and
-// environment, then exits the current process. On Windows, execve is not
-// available, so we start a child process and exit. On success it never returns
-// (os.Exit terminates the current process). On failure it returns an error.
+// reexec restarts newt. On Windows, execve is not available, so outside of
+// service mode we start a child process and exit (on success this never
+// returns since os.Exit terminates the current process).
+//
+// When running as a Windows service, spawning a detached child would orphan
+// it from the Service Control Manager (the SCM only tracks processes it
+// started itself), and os.Exit would end the process without ever reporting
+// a clean status transition, making the service look like it crashed. So in
+// that case we instead delegate to requestServiceRestart, which asks the SCM
+// itself to relaunch the service.
 func reexec() error {
+	if isWindowsService() {
+		return requestServiceRestart()
+	}
+
 	exe, err := os.Executable()
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to get executable path: %w", err)

service_windows.go

@@ -7,11 +7,11 @@ import (
 	"encoding/json"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
-	"log"
 	"os"
 	"os/signal"
 	"path/filepath"
 	"strings"
+	"sync/atomic"
 	"syscall"
 	"time"
 
@@ -86,10 +86,44 @@ type newtService struct {
 	args []string
 }
 
+// activeService points at the newtService currently running under the SCM,
+// so that requestServiceRestart (called from deep inside the app via
+// cfg.OnRestart) can signal it without threading a reference through the
+// newt package. restartRequested tells Execute's completion path whether the
+// tunnel shut down because of a real Stop/Shutdown control request (report
+// success) or because the app asked to be restarted (report a non-zero exit
+// code so the SCM's configured recovery action relaunches the service as a
+// fresh, SCM-tracked process).
+var (
+	activeService    *newtService
+	restartRequested atomic.Bool
+)
+
+// requestServiceRestart asks the Windows Service Control Manager to relaunch
+// the service. Unlike reexec on other platforms, a Windows service cannot
+// replace its own process image or spawn a detached child that the SCM would
+// recognize - the SCM only respawns processes it started itself. So instead
+// we gracefully stop the current run (same as a real Stop control request)
+// and report a failure exit code on the way out, which - combined with the
+// recovery actions configured in configureRecoveryActions - causes the SCM
+// to start a brand new, properly tracked instance of the service.
+func requestServiceRestart() error {
+	if activeService == nil || activeService.stop == nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("newt service is not running")
+	}
+	restartRequested.Store(true)
+	activeService.elog.Info(1, "Restart requested; stopping tunnel and asking the service control manager to relaunch")
+	activeService.stop()
+	return nil
+}
+
 func (s *newtService) Execute(args []string, r <-chan svc.ChangeRequest, changes chan<- svc.Status) (bool, uint32) {
 	const cmdsAccepted = svc.AcceptStop | svc.AcceptShutdown
 	changes <- svc.Status{State: svc.StartPending}
 
+	activeService = s
+	restartRequested.Store(false)
+
 	s.elog.Info(1, fmt.Sprintf("Service Execute called with args: %v", args))
 
 	// Load saved service arguments
@@ -170,8 +204,12 @@ func (s *newtService) Execute(args []string, r <-chan svc.ChangeRequest, changes
 				s.elog.Error(1, fmt.Sprintf("Unexpected control request #%d", c))
 			}
 		case <-newtDone:
-			s.elog.Info(1, "Main newt logic completed, stopping service")
 			changes <- svc.Status{State: svc.StopPending}
+			if restartRequested.Load() {
+				s.elog.Info(1, "Main newt logic stopped for restart, reporting failure exit code so the SCM relaunches the service")
+				return false, 1
+			}
+			s.elog.Info(1, "Main newt logic completed, stopping service")
 			return false, 0
 		}
 	}
@@ -208,6 +246,52 @@ func (s *newtService) runNewt() {
 	}
 }
 
+// configureRecoveryActions tells the Service Control Manager to relaunch the
+// service automatically when it stops with a non-zero exit code. This is
+// what makes requestServiceRestart's approach (report failure, let the SCM
+// respawn us) actually result in a restart.
+func configureRecoveryActions(s *mgr.Service) error {
+	actions := []mgr.RecoveryAction{
+		{Type: mgr.ServiceRestart, Delay: 5 * time.Second},
+		{Type: mgr.ServiceRestart, Delay: 5 * time.Second},
+		{Type: mgr.ServiceRestart, Delay: 30 * time.Second},
+	}
+	if err := s.SetRecoveryActions(actions, 24*60*60); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to set recovery actions: %v", err)
+	}
+	// By default the SCM only runs recovery actions when a service crashes.
+	// A restart-via-OnRestart is a controlled stop that merely reports a
+	// non-zero exit code, so this flag must be enabled for it to count.
+	if err := s.SetRecoveryActionsOnNonCrashFailures(true); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to enable recovery actions on non-crash failures: %v", err)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// ensureRecoveryActionsConfigured is a best-effort check run at service
+// startup so that services installed by older versions of newt (before
+// recovery actions existed) get them configured on their next start, without
+// requiring a reinstall.
+func ensureRecoveryActionsConfigured(name string, elog debug.Log) {
+	m, err := mgr.Connect()
+	if err != nil {
+		elog.Warning(1, fmt.Sprintf("Could not connect to service manager to verify recovery actions: %v", err))
+		return
+	}
+	defer m.Disconnect()
+
+	s, err := m.OpenService(name)
+	if err != nil {
+		elog.Warning(1, fmt.Sprintf("Could not open service to verify recovery actions: %v", err))
+		return
+	}
+	defer s.Close()
+
+	if err := configureRecoveryActions(s); err != nil {
+		elog.Warning(1, fmt.Sprintf("Could not configure recovery actions: %v", err))
+	}
+}
+
 func runService(name string, isDebug bool, args []string) {
 	var err error
 	var elog debug.Log
@@ -225,6 +309,7 @@ func runService(name string, isDebug bool, args []string) {
 	defer elog.Close()
 
 	elog.Info(1, fmt.Sprintf("Starting %s service", name))
+	ensureRecoveryActionsConfigured(name, elog)
 	run := svc.Run
 	if isDebug {
 		run = debug.Run
@@ -284,6 +369,13 @@ func installService() error {
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to install event log: %v", err)
 	}
 
+	if err := configureRecoveryActions(s); err != nil {
+		// Non-fatal: the service is installed and usable, it just won't
+		// auto-relaunch on an app-initiated restart until this is retried
+		// (ensureRecoveryActionsConfigured does so on every service start).
+		fmt.Printf("Warning: failed to configure service recovery actions: %v\n", err)
+	}
+
 	return nil
 }
 
@@ -649,7 +741,7 @@ func setupWindowsEventLog() {
 	// Set the custom logger output
 	logger.GetLogger().SetOutput(file)
 
-	log.Printf("Newt service logging initialized - log file: %s", logFile)
+	logger.Debug("Newt service logging initialized - log file: %s", logFile)
 }
 
 // handleServiceCommand checks for service management commands and returns true if handled

updates/selfupdate.go

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import (
 	"crypto/tls"
 	"encoding/hex"
 	"encoding/json"
+	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
 	"net/http"
@@ -50,6 +51,10 @@ type versionResponse struct {
 	Message string `json:"message"`
 }
 
+// ErrAutoUpdateUnsupportedInOfficialContainer indicates auto-update is not
+// available when running inside official Fossorial container images.
+var ErrAutoUpdateUnsupportedInOfficialContainer = errors.New("auto-update unsupported in official Fossorial container images")
+
 // isOfficialContainer returns true when the process is running inside an
 // official Fossorial-built container image.  The image sets
 // NEWT_SYSTEM_SUBSTRATE="CONTAINER" at build time; users running newt in their own
@@ -113,7 +118,7 @@ func CheckAndSelfUpdate(cfg SelfUpdateConfig) error {
 
 	if isOfficialContainer() {
 		logger.Debug("checkAndSelfUpdate: running inside official container, skipping auto-update")
-		return fmt.Errorf("auto-update is not supported in official Fossorial container images; pull a new image tag instead")
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w; pull a new image tag instead", ErrAutoUpdateUnsupportedInOfficialContainer)
 	}
 
 	if cfg.CurrentVersion == "version_replaceme" {

updates/updates.go

@@ -9,11 +9,19 @@ import (
 	"time"
 )
 
-// GitHubRelease represents the GitHub API response for a release
-type GitHubRelease struct {
-	TagName string `json:"tag_name"`
-	Name    string `json:"name"`
-	HTMLURL string `json:"html_url"`
+// VersionsAPIEntry represents one component's version payload.
+type VersionsAPIEntry struct {
+	LatestVersion string `json:"latestVersion"`
+	ReleaseNotes  string `json:"releaseNotes"`
+}
+
+// VersionsAPIResponse represents the versions API response.
+type VersionsAPIResponse struct {
+	Data    map[string]VersionsAPIEntry `json:"data"`
+	Success bool                        `json:"success"`
+	Error   bool                        `json:"error"`
+	Message string                      `json:"message"`
+	Status  int                         `json:"status"`
 }
 
 // Version represents a semantic version
@@ -75,14 +83,15 @@ func (v Version) String() string {
 	return fmt.Sprintf("%d.%d.%d", v.Major, v.Minor, v.Patch)
 }
 
-// CheckForUpdate checks GitHub for a newer version and prints an update banner if found
+// CheckForUpdate checks the Fossorial versions API for a newer version and prints an update banner if found.
 func CheckForUpdate(owner, repo, currentVersion string) error {
 	if currentVersion == "version_replaceme" {
 		return nil
 	}
+	_ = owner
 
-	// GitHub API URL for latest release
-	url := fmt.Sprintf("https://api.github.com/repos/%s/%s/releases/latest", owner, repo)
+	// Versions API URL
+	url := "https://api.fossorial.io/api/v1/versions"
 
 	// Create HTTP client with timeout
 	client := &http.Client{
@@ -97,13 +106,18 @@ func CheckForUpdate(owner, repo, currentVersion string) error {
 	defer resp.Body.Close()
 
 	if resp.StatusCode != http.StatusOK {
-		return fmt.Errorf("GitHub API returned status: %d", resp.StatusCode)
+		return fmt.Errorf("versions API returned status: %d", resp.StatusCode)
 	}
 
-	// Parse the JSON response
-	var release GitHubRelease
-	if err := json.NewDecoder(resp.Body).Decode(&release); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to parse release info: %w", err)
+	// Parse the JSON response.
+	var versionsResp VersionsAPIResponse
+	if err := json.NewDecoder(resp.Body).Decode(&versionsResp); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to parse versions response: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	componentVersion, ok := versionsResp.Data[repo]
+	if !ok {
+		return fmt.Errorf("component %q not found in versions API response", repo)
 	}
 
 	// Parse current and latest versions
@@ -112,14 +126,18 @@ func CheckForUpdate(owner, repo, currentVersion string) error {
 		return fmt.Errorf("invalid current version: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	latestVer, err := parseVersion(release.TagName)
+	latestVer, err := parseVersion(componentVersion.LatestVersion)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("invalid latest version: %w", err)
 	}
 
 	// Check if update is available
 	if currentVer.isNewer(latestVer) {
-		printUpdateBanner(currentVer.String(), latestVer.String(), "curl -fsSL https://static.pangolin.net/get-newt.sh | bash")
+		releaseNotes := componentVersion.ReleaseNotes
+		if releaseNotes == "" {
+			releaseNotes = "curl -fsSL https://static.pangolin.net/get-newt.sh | bash"
+		}
+		printUpdateBanner(currentVer.String(), latestVer.String(), releaseNotes)
 	}
 
 	return nil

websocket/client.go

@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ import (
 	"os"
 	"strings"
 	"sync"
+	"sync/atomic"
 	"time"
 
 	"software.sslmate.com/src/go-pkcs12"
@@ -38,6 +39,7 @@ type Client struct {
 	isConnected       bool
 	reconnectMux      sync.RWMutex
 	pingInterval      time.Duration
+	pongWait          time.Duration // read deadline window; if no pong/message arrives within it, the connection is considered dead
 	onConnect         func() error
 	onTokenUpdate     func(token string)
 	writeMux          sync.Mutex
@@ -50,10 +52,11 @@ type Client struct {
 	serverVersion     string
 	configVersion     int64 // Latest config version received from server
 	configVersionMux  sync.RWMutex
-	processingMessage bool           // Flag to track if a message is currently being processed
-	processingMux     sync.RWMutex   // Protects processingMessage
-	processingWg      sync.WaitGroup // WaitGroup to wait for message processing to complete
-	justProvisioned   bool           // Set to true when provisionIfNeeded exchanges a key for permanent credentials
+	processingMessage   bool           // Flag to track if a message is currently being processed
+	processingMux       sync.RWMutex   // Protects processingMessage
+	processingWg        sync.WaitGroup // WaitGroup to wait for message processing to complete
+	justProvisioned     bool           // Set to true when provisionIfNeeded exchanges a key for permanent credentials
+	consecutiveFailures atomic.Int32   // Counts consecutive connection failures for log suppression
 }
 
 type ClientOption func(*Client)
@@ -141,6 +144,14 @@ func NewClient(clientType string, ID, secret string, endpoint string, pingInterv
 		Endpoint: endpoint,
 	}
 
+	// Read deadline window: must exceed pingInterval so a healthy connection
+	// (which gets a pong/message at least every pingInterval) is never torn
+	// down, but a dead/half-open one is detected within ~2 ping cycles.
+	pongWait := pingInterval * 2
+	if pongWait < 20*time.Second {
+		pongWait = 20 * time.Second
+	}
+
 	client := &Client{
 		config:            config,
 		baseURL:           endpoint, // default value
@@ -149,6 +160,7 @@ func NewClient(clientType string, ID, secret string, endpoint string, pingInterv
 		reconnectInterval: 3 * time.Second,
 		isConnected:       false,
 		pingInterval:      pingInterval,
+		pongWait:          pongWait,
 		clientType:        clientType,
 	}
 
@@ -409,7 +421,7 @@ func (c *Client) getToken() (string, error) {
 	logger.Debug("Token response body: %s", string(body))
 
 	if resp.StatusCode != http.StatusOK {
-		logger.Error("Failed to get token with status code: %d", resp.StatusCode)
+		logger.Debug("Failed to get token with status code: %d", resp.StatusCode)
 		telemetry.IncConnAttempt(ctx, "auth", "failure")
 		etype := "io_error"
 		if resp.StatusCode == http.StatusUnauthorized || resp.StatusCode == http.StatusForbidden {
@@ -492,6 +504,12 @@ func classifyWSDisconnect(err error) (result, reason string) {
 	}
 }
 
+// consecutiveFailureThreshold is the number of consecutive failures before
+// connection errors are promoted from Debug to Error. This suppresses the noisy
+// transient errors that occur during routine server updates while still surfacing
+// genuine connectivity problems.
+const consecutiveFailureThreshold = 3
+
 func (c *Client) connectWithRetry() {
 	for {
 		select {
@@ -500,10 +518,16 @@ func (c *Client) connectWithRetry() {
 		default:
 			err := c.establishConnection()
 			if err != nil {
-				logger.Error("Failed to connect: %v. Retrying in %v...", err, c.reconnectInterval)
+				n := c.consecutiveFailures.Add(1)
+				if n >= consecutiveFailureThreshold {
+					logger.Error("Failed to connect: %v. Retrying in %v...", err, c.reconnectInterval)
+				} else {
+					logger.Debug("Failed to connect (attempt %d): %v. Retrying in %v...", n, err, c.reconnectInterval)
+				}
 				time.Sleep(c.reconnectInterval)
 				continue
 			}
+			c.consecutiveFailures.Store(0)
 			return
 		}
 	}
@@ -607,16 +631,28 @@ func (c *Client) establishConnection() error {
 	telemetry.SetWSConnectionState(true)
 	c.setMetricsContext(ctx)
 	sessionStart := time.Now()
-	// Wire up pong handler for metrics
+
+	// Per-connection lifecycle channel. The read pump closes it when this
+	// connection ends so the matching ping monitor stops (avoids leaking a
+	// ping-monitor goroutine on every reconnect).
+	connClosed := make(chan struct{})
+
+	// Arm a read deadline and refresh it whenever a pong arrives. Combined with
+	// the protocol-level pings sent by the ping monitor, this detects a dead or
+	// half-open connection (e.g. a cloud load balancer keeping the socket open
+	// after the backend API server died/restarted) instead of blocking on
+	// ReadMessage forever — which previously required restarting newt by hand.
+	_ = c.conn.SetReadDeadline(time.Now().Add(c.pongWait))
 	c.conn.SetPongHandler(func(appData string) error {
+		_ = c.conn.SetReadDeadline(time.Now().Add(c.pongWait))
 		telemetry.IncWSMessage(c.metricsContext(), "in", "pong")
 		return nil
 	})
 
 	// Start the ping monitor
-	go c.pingMonitor()
+	go c.pingMonitor(connClosed)
 	// Start the read pump with disconnect detection
-	go c.readPumpWithDisconnectDetection(sessionStart)
+	go c.readPumpWithDisconnectDetection(sessionStart, connClosed)
 
 	if c.onConnect != nil {
 		err := c.saveConfig()
@@ -727,11 +763,16 @@ func (c *Client) sendPing() {
 	err := c.conn.WriteJSON(pingMsg)
 	if err == nil {
 		telemetry.IncWSMessage(c.metricsContext(), "out", "ping")
+		// Protocol-level ping: a standards-compliant server replies with a PONG,
+		// which refreshes the read deadline. This is what lets us notice a
+		// half-open connection where writes still succeed (buffered) but the
+		// peer is gone.
+		_ = c.conn.WriteControl(websocket.PingMessage, nil, time.Now().Add(10*time.Second))
 	}
 	c.writeMux.Unlock()
 
 	if err != nil {
-		// Check if we're shutting down before logging error and reconnecting
+		// Check if we're shutting down before logging error
 		select {
 		case <-c.done:
 			// Expected during shutdown
@@ -740,13 +781,19 @@ func (c *Client) sendPing() {
 			logger.Error("Ping failed: %v", err)
 			telemetry.IncWSKeepaliveFailure(c.metricsContext(), "ping_write")
 			telemetry.IncWSReconnect(c.metricsContext(), "ping_write")
-			c.reconnect()
+			// Close the connection and let the read pump trigger a single
+			// reconnect (avoids racing two reconnects from here and the pump).
+			c.writeMux.Lock()
+			if c.conn != nil {
+				_ = c.conn.Close()
+			}
+			c.writeMux.Unlock()
 			return
 		}
 	}
 }
 
-func (c *Client) pingMonitor() {
+func (c *Client) pingMonitor(connClosed <-chan struct{}) {
 	// Send an immediate ping as soon as we connect
 	c.sendPing()
 
@@ -757,6 +804,10 @@ func (c *Client) pingMonitor() {
 		select {
 		case <-c.done:
 			return
+		case <-connClosed:
+			// This connection ended; stop pinging it. A new monitor is started
+			// for the next connection by establishConnection.
+			return
 		case <-ticker.C:
 			c.sendPing()
 		}
@@ -764,12 +815,14 @@ func (c *Client) pingMonitor() {
 }
 
 // readPumpWithDisconnectDetection reads messages and triggers reconnect on error
-func (c *Client) readPumpWithDisconnectDetection(started time.Time) {
+func (c *Client) readPumpWithDisconnectDetection(started time.Time, connClosed chan struct{}) {
 	ctx := c.metricsContext()
 	disconnectReason := "shutdown"
 	disconnectResult := "success"
 
 	defer func() {
+		// Signal the ping monitor for this connection to stop.
+		close(connClosed)
 		if c.conn != nil {
 			c.conn.Close()
 		}
@@ -797,6 +850,10 @@ func (c *Client) readPumpWithDisconnectDetection(started time.Time) {
 		default:
 			msgType, p, err := c.conn.ReadMessage()
 			if err == nil {
+				// Any inbound traffic means the peer is alive — extend the
+				// read deadline (also covers servers that answer the app-level
+				// "newt/ping" with a message rather than a protocol pong).
+				_ = c.conn.SetReadDeadline(time.Now().Add(c.pongWait))
 				if msgType == websocket.BinaryMessage {
 					telemetry.IncWSMessage(c.metricsContext(), "in", "binary")
 				} else {

websocket/config.go

@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@ import (
 	"encoding/json"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
-	"log"
 	"net/http"
 	"net/url"
 	"os"
@@ -20,6 +19,10 @@ import (
 	"github.com/fosrl/newt/logger"
 )
 
+// getConfigPath returns the resolved config/credentials file path. Path
+// resolution (CLI flag / env var / OS default) is now owned by the calling
+// binary's root config loader; this is a fallback used only when a caller
+// (e.g. a test) doesn't supply an explicit path via WithConfigFile.
 func getConfigPath(clientType string, overridePath string) string {
 	if overridePath != "" {
 		return overridePath
@@ -38,7 +41,7 @@ func getConfigPath(clientType string, overridePath string) string {
 		}
 
 		if err := os.MkdirAll(configDir, 0755); err != nil {
-			log.Printf("Failed to create config directory: %v", err)
+			logger.Debug("Failed to create config directory: %v", err)
 		}
 
 		return filepath.Join(configDir, "config.json")
@@ -47,21 +50,14 @@ func getConfigPath(clientType string, overridePath string) string {
 	return configFile
 }
 
+// loadConfig no longer merges credentials in from the file: the caller
+// resolves ID/Secret/Endpoint/TlsClientCert/ProvisioningKey/Name (from its
+// own settings file, env, and CLI flags) before constructing the Client. This
+// only figures out whether the file needs to be (re)written so that the
+// caller-provided values get cached to disk on first successful connect.
 func (c *Client) loadConfig() error {
-	originalConfig := *c.config // Store original config to detect changes
 	configPath := getConfigPath(c.clientType, c.configFilePath)
 
-	if c.config.ID != "" && c.config.Secret != "" && c.config.Endpoint != "" {
-		logger.Debug("Config already provided, skipping loading from file")
-		// Check if config file exists, if not, we should save it
-		if _, err := os.Stat(configPath); os.IsNotExist(err) {
-			logger.Info("Config file does not exist at %s, will create it", configPath)
-			c.configNeedsSave = true
-		}
-		return nil
-	}
-
-	logger.Info("Loading config from: %s", configPath)
 	data, err := os.ReadFile(configPath)
 	if err != nil {
 		if os.IsNotExist(err) {
@@ -74,57 +70,16 @@ func (c *Client) loadConfig() error {
 	if len(bytes.TrimSpace(data)) == 0 {
 		logger.Info("Config file at %s is empty, will initialize it with provided values", configPath)
 		c.configNeedsSave = true
-		return nil
 	}
 
-	var config Config
-	if err := json.Unmarshal(data, &config); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	// Track what was loaded from file vs provided by CLI
-	fileHadID := c.config.ID == ""
-	fileHadSecret := c.config.Secret == ""
-	fileHadCert := c.config.TlsClientCert == ""
-	fileHadEndpoint := c.config.Endpoint == ""
-
-	if c.config.ID == "" {
-		c.config.ID = config.ID
-	}
-	if c.config.Secret == "" {
-		c.config.Secret = config.Secret
-	}
-	if c.config.TlsClientCert == "" {
-		c.config.TlsClientCert = config.TlsClientCert
-	}
-	if c.config.Endpoint == "" {
-		c.config.Endpoint = config.Endpoint
-		c.baseURL = config.Endpoint
-	}
-	// Always load the provisioning key from the file if not already set
-	if c.config.ProvisioningKey == "" {
-		c.config.ProvisioningKey = config.ProvisioningKey
-	}
-	// Always load the name from the file if not already set
-	if c.config.Name == "" {
-		c.config.Name = config.Name
-	}
-
-	// Check if CLI args provided values that override file values
-	if (!fileHadID && originalConfig.ID != "") ||
-		(!fileHadSecret && originalConfig.Secret != "") ||
-		(!fileHadCert && originalConfig.TlsClientCert != "") ||
-		(!fileHadEndpoint && originalConfig.Endpoint != "") {
-		logger.Info("CLI arguments provided, config will be updated")
-		c.configNeedsSave = true
-	}
-
-	logger.Debug("Loaded config from %s", configPath)
-	logger.Debug("Config: %+v", c.config)
-
 	return nil
 }
 
+// saveConfig persists the credential fields (id, secret, endpoint,
+// tlsClientCert, provisioningKey, name) into the config file. It's a
+// read-modify-write against the raw JSON so that any other settings a user
+// has placed in the same file (mtu, dns, etc.) are preserved rather than
+// clobbered.
 func (c *Client) saveConfig() error {
 	if !c.configNeedsSave {
 		logger.Debug("Config has not changed, skipping save")
@@ -132,7 +87,31 @@ func (c *Client) saveConfig() error {
 	}
 
 	configPath := getConfigPath(c.clientType, c.configFilePath)
-	data, err := json.MarshalIndent(c.config, "", "  ")
+
+	existing := map[string]interface{}{}
+	if data, err := os.ReadFile(configPath); err == nil && len(bytes.TrimSpace(data)) > 0 {
+		if err := json.Unmarshal(data, &existing); err != nil {
+			logger.Warn("Existing config file at %s is not valid JSON, other settings in it will be lost: %v", configPath, err)
+			existing = map[string]interface{}{}
+		}
+	}
+
+	existing["id"] = c.config.ID
+	existing["secret"] = c.config.Secret
+	existing["endpoint"] = c.config.Endpoint
+
+	setOrDelete := func(key, value string) {
+		if value != "" {
+			existing[key] = value
+		} else {
+			delete(existing, key)
+		}
+	}
+	setOrDelete("tlsClientCert", c.config.TlsClientCert)
+	setOrDelete("provisioningKey", c.config.ProvisioningKey)
+	setOrDelete("name", c.config.Name)
+
+	data, err := json.MarshalIndent(existing, "", "  ")
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -160,6 +139,15 @@ func interpolateString(s string) string {
 	})
 }
 
+// EnsureProvisioned exchanges a provisioning key for permanent credentials
+// synchronously, if one is configured and credentials aren't already present.
+// Callers that need the resolved ID/Secret before Connect() runs (which only
+// provisions lazily, in the background, on first connection attempt) should
+// call this first.
+func (c *Client) EnsureProvisioned() error {
+	return c.provisionIfNeeded()
+}
+
 // provisionIfNeeded checks whether a provisioning key is present and, if so,
 // exchanges it for a newt ID and secret by calling the registration endpoint.
 // On success the config is updated in-place and flagged for saving so that
@@ -279,4 +267,4 @@ func (c *Client) provisionIfNeeded() error {
 	}
 
 	return nil
-}
+}

websocket/config_test.go

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 package websocket
 
 import (
+	"encoding/json"
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
 	"testing"
@@ -33,3 +34,63 @@ func TestLoadConfig_EmptyFileMarksConfigForSave(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestSaveConfig_PreservesUnrelatedSettings(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Setenv("CONFIG_FILE", "")
+
+	tmpDir := t.TempDir()
+	configPath := filepath.Join(tmpDir, "config.json")
+	initial := `{
+  "mtu": 1300,
+  "dns": "1.1.1.1",
+  "provisioningKey": "spk-test"
+}`
+	if err := os.WriteFile(configPath, []byte(initial), 0o644); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to create config file: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	client := &Client{
+		config: &Config{
+			ID:       "newt-id",
+			Secret:   "newt-secret",
+			Endpoint: "https://example.com",
+			// ProvisioningKey cleared, simulating a completed provisioning exchange.
+		},
+		clientType:      "newt",
+		configFilePath:  configPath,
+		configNeedsSave: true,
+	}
+
+	if err := client.saveConfig(); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("saveConfig returned error: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	data, err := os.ReadFile(configPath)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to read saved config: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	var saved map[string]interface{}
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(data, &saved); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("saved config is not valid JSON: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if saved["mtu"] != float64(1300) {
+		t.Errorf("expected mtu to be preserved, got %v", saved["mtu"])
+	}
+	if saved["dns"] != "1.1.1.1" {
+		t.Errorf("expected dns to be preserved, got %v", saved["dns"])
+	}
+	if saved["id"] != "newt-id" {
+		t.Errorf("expected id to be updated, got %v", saved["id"])
+	}
+	if saved["secret"] != "newt-secret" {
+		t.Errorf("expected secret to be updated, got %v", saved["secret"])
+	}
+	if _, ok := saved["provisioningKey"]; ok {
+		t.Errorf("expected provisioningKey to be cleared after provisioning, got %v", saved["provisioningKey"])
+	}
+	if client.configNeedsSave {
+		t.Error("expected configNeedsSave to be reset after a successful save")
+	}
+}
+