add test for magic packets

chore(deps): bump the github-actions-dependencies group across 1 directory with 9 updates

.dockerignore

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 .gitignore
 .dockerignore
-newt
+bin/
 *.json
 README.md
 Makefile

.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/1.bug_report.yml

@@ -14,12 +14,13 @@ body:
           label: Environment
           description: Please fill out the relevant details below for your environment.
           value: |
-              - OS Type & Version: (e.g., Ubuntu 22.04)
+              - OS Type & Version:
               - Pangolin Version:
+              - Edition (Community or Enterprise):
               - Gerbil Version:
               - Traefik Version:
               - Newt Version:
-              - Olm Version: (if applicable)
+              - Client Version:
       validations:
           required: true
 

.github/dependabot.yml

@@ -1,40 +1,32 @@
 version: 2
+
 updates:
   - package-ecosystem: "gomod"
     directory: "/"
     schedule:
       interval: "daily"
+    open-pull-requests-limit: 1
     groups:
-      dev-patch-updates:
-        dependency-type: "development"
-        update-types:
-          - "patch"
-      dev-minor-updates:
-        dependency-type: "development"
-        update-types:
-          - "minor"
-      prod-patch-updates:
-        dependency-type: "production"
-        update-types:
-          - "patch"
-      prod-minor-updates:
-        dependency-type: "production"
-        update-types:
-          - "minor"
+      go-dependencies:
+        patterns:
+          - "*"
 
   - package-ecosystem: "docker"
     directory: "/"
     schedule:
       interval: "daily"
+    open-pull-requests-limit: 1
     groups:
-      patch-updates:
-        update-types:
-          - "patch"
-      minor-updates:
-        update-types:
-          - "minor"
+      docker-dependencies:
+        patterns:
+          - "*"
 
   - package-ecosystem: "github-actions"
     directory: "/"
     schedule:
       interval: "weekly"
+    open-pull-requests-limit: 1
+    groups:
+      github-actions-dependencies:
+        patterns:
+          - "*"

.github/workflows/cicd.yml

@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ jobs:
           echo "image_created=$(date -u +%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%SZ)" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
 
       - name: Configure AWS credentials (OIDC)
-        uses: aws-actions/configure-aws-credentials@8df5847569e6427dd6c4fb1cf565c83acfa8afa7 # v6.0.0
+        uses: aws-actions/configure-aws-credentials@254c19bd240aabef8777f48595e9d2d7b972184b # v6.2.1
         with:
           role-to-assume: arn:aws:iam::${{ secrets.AWS_ACCOUNT_ID }}:role/${{ secrets.AWS_ROLE_NAME }}
           role-duration-seconds: 3600
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ jobs:
       contents: write
     steps:
       - name: Checkout repository
-        uses: actions/checkout@8e8c483db84b4bee98b60c0593521ed34d9990e8 # v6.0.1
+        uses: actions/checkout@9c091bb21b7c1c1d1991bb908d89e4e9dddfe3e0 # v7.0.0
         with:
           fetch-depth: 0
 
@@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ jobs:
 
     steps:
       - name: Checkout code
-        uses: actions/checkout@8e8c483db84b4bee98b60c0593521ed34d9990e8 # v6.0.1
+        uses: actions/checkout@9c091bb21b7c1c1d1991bb908d89e4e9dddfe3e0 # v7.0.0
         with:
           fetch-depth: 0
 
@@ -237,20 +237,20 @@ jobs:
           echo "Checked out $(git rev-parse --short HEAD) for tag ${TAG}"
 
       #- name: Set up QEMU
-      #  uses: docker/setup-qemu-action@ce360397dd3f832beb865e1373c09c0e9f86d70a # v4.0.0
+      #  uses: docker/setup-qemu-action@96fe6ef7f33517b61c61be40b68a1882f3264fb8 # v4.2.0
 
       #- name: Set up Docker Buildx
-      #  uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@4d04d5d9486b7bd6fa91e7baf45bbb4f8b9deedd # v4.0.0
+      #  uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@bb05f3f5519dd87d3ba754cc423b652a5edd6d2c # v4.2.0
 
       - name: Log in to Docker Hub
-        uses: docker/login-action@4907a6ddec9925e35a0a9e82d7399ccc52663121 # v4.1.0
+        uses: docker/login-action@c99871dec2022cc055c062a10cc1a1310835ceb4 # v4.3.0
         with:
           registry: docker.io
           username: ${{ secrets.DOCKER_HUB_USERNAME }}
           password: ${{ secrets.DOCKER_HUB_ACCESS_TOKEN }}
 
       - name: Log in to GHCR
-        uses: docker/login-action@4907a6ddec9925e35a0a9e82d7399ccc52663121 # v4.1.0
+        uses: docker/login-action@c99871dec2022cc055c062a10cc1a1310835ceb4 # v4.3.0
         with:
           registry: ghcr.io
           username: ${{ github.actor }}
@@ -264,12 +264,12 @@ jobs:
           echo "DOCKERHUB_IMAGE=${DOCKERHUB_IMAGE,,}" >> "$GITHUB_ENV"
 
       - name: Set up Docker Buildx
-        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@4d04d5d9486b7bd6fa91e7baf45bbb4f8b9deedd # v4.0.0
+        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@bb05f3f5519dd87d3ba754cc423b652a5edd6d2c # v4.2.0
 
       # Build ONLY amd64 and push arch-specific tag suffixes used later for manifest creation.
       - name: Build and push (amd64 -> *:amd64-TAG)
         id: build_amd
-        uses: docker/build-push-action@d08e5c354a6adb9ed34480a06d141179aa583294 # v7.0.0
+        uses: docker/build-push-action@53b7df96c91f9c12dcc8a07bcb9ccacbed38856a # v7.3.0
         with:
           context: .
           push: true
@@ -309,7 +309,7 @@ jobs:
       IMAGE_CREATED: ${{ needs.pre-run.outputs.image_created }}
     steps:
       - name: Checkout code
-        uses: actions/checkout@8e8c483db84b4bee98b60c0593521ed34d9990e8 # v6.0.1
+        uses: actions/checkout@9c091bb21b7c1c1d1991bb908d89e4e9dddfe3e0 # v7.0.0
         with:
           fetch-depth: 0
 
@@ -368,14 +368,14 @@ jobs:
           echo "Checked out $(git rev-parse --short HEAD) for tag ${TAG}"
 
       - name: Log in to Docker Hub
-        uses: docker/login-action@4907a6ddec9925e35a0a9e82d7399ccc52663121 # v4.1.0
+        uses: docker/login-action@c99871dec2022cc055c062a10cc1a1310835ceb4 # v4.3.0
         with:
           registry: docker.io
           username: ${{ secrets.DOCKER_HUB_USERNAME }}
           password: ${{ secrets.DOCKER_HUB_ACCESS_TOKEN }}
 
       - name: Log in to GHCR
-        uses: docker/login-action@4907a6ddec9925e35a0a9e82d7399ccc52663121 # v4.1.0
+        uses: docker/login-action@c99871dec2022cc055c062a10cc1a1310835ceb4 # v4.3.0
         with:
           registry: ghcr.io
           username: ${{ github.actor }}
@@ -389,12 +389,12 @@ jobs:
           echo "DOCKERHUB_IMAGE=${DOCKERHUB_IMAGE,,}" >> "$GITHUB_ENV"
 
       - name: Set up Docker Buildx
-        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@4d04d5d9486b7bd6fa91e7baf45bbb4f8b9deedd # v4.0.0
+        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@bb05f3f5519dd87d3ba754cc423b652a5edd6d2c # v4.2.0
 
       # Build ONLY arm64 and push arch-specific tag suffixes used later for manifest creation.
       - name: Build and push (arm64 -> *:arm64-TAG)
         id: build_arm
-        uses: docker/build-push-action@d08e5c354a6adb9ed34480a06d141179aa583294 # v7.0.0
+        uses: docker/build-push-action@53b7df96c91f9c12dcc8a07bcb9ccacbed38856a # v7.3.0
         with:
           context: .
           push: true
@@ -434,7 +434,7 @@ jobs:
       IMAGE_CREATED: ${{ needs.pre-run.outputs.image_created }}
     steps:
       - name: Checkout code
-        uses: actions/checkout@8e8c483db84b4bee98b60c0593521ed34d9990e8 # v6.0.1
+        uses: actions/checkout@9c091bb21b7c1c1d1991bb908d89e4e9dddfe3e0 # v7.0.0
         with:
           fetch-depth: 0
 
@@ -483,14 +483,14 @@ jobs:
           echo "Checked out $(git rev-parse --short HEAD) for tag ${TAG}"
 
       - name: Log in to Docker Hub
-        uses: docker/login-action@4907a6ddec9925e35a0a9e82d7399ccc52663121 # v4.1.0
+        uses: docker/login-action@c99871dec2022cc055c062a10cc1a1310835ceb4 # v4.3.0
         with:
           registry: docker.io
           username: ${{ secrets.DOCKER_HUB_USERNAME }}
           password: ${{ secrets.DOCKER_HUB_ACCESS_TOKEN }}
 
       - name: Log in to GHCR
-        uses: docker/login-action@4907a6ddec9925e35a0a9e82d7399ccc52663121 # v4.1.0
+        uses: docker/login-action@c99871dec2022cc055c062a10cc1a1310835ceb4 # v4.3.0
         with:
           registry: ghcr.io
           username: ${{ github.actor }}
@@ -504,14 +504,14 @@ jobs:
           echo "DOCKERHUB_IMAGE=${DOCKERHUB_IMAGE,,}" >> "$GITHUB_ENV"
 
       - name: Set up QEMU
-        uses: docker/setup-qemu-action@ce360397dd3f832beb865e1373c09c0e9f86d70a # v4.0.0
+        uses: docker/setup-qemu-action@96fe6ef7f33517b61c61be40b68a1882f3264fb8 # v4.2.0
 
       - name: Set up Docker Buildx
-        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@4d04d5d9486b7bd6fa91e7baf45bbb4f8b9deedd # v4.0.0
+        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@bb05f3f5519dd87d3ba754cc423b652a5edd6d2c # v4.2.0
 
       - name: Build and push (arm/v7 -> *:armv7-TAG)
         id: build_armv7
-        uses: docker/build-push-action@d08e5c354a6adb9ed34480a06d141179aa583294 # v7.0.0
+        uses: docker/build-push-action@53b7df96c91f9c12dcc8a07bcb9ccacbed38856a # v7.3.0
         with:
           context: .
           push: true
@@ -556,14 +556,14 @@ jobs:
       #PUBLISH_MINOR:  ${{ github.event_name == 'workflow_dispatch' && inputs.publish_minor  || vars.PUBLISH_MINOR  }}
     steps:
       - name: Log in to Docker Hub
-        uses: docker/login-action@4907a6ddec9925e35a0a9e82d7399ccc52663121 # v4.1.0
+        uses: docker/login-action@c99871dec2022cc055c062a10cc1a1310835ceb4 # v4.3.0
         with:
           registry: docker.io
           username: ${{ secrets.DOCKER_HUB_USERNAME }}
           password: ${{ secrets.DOCKER_HUB_ACCESS_TOKEN }}
 
       - name: Log in to GHCR
-        uses: docker/login-action@4907a6ddec9925e35a0a9e82d7399ccc52663121 # v4.1.0
+        uses: docker/login-action@c99871dec2022cc055c062a10cc1a1310835ceb4 # v4.3.0
         with:
           registry: ghcr.io
           username: ${{ github.actor }}
@@ -577,7 +577,7 @@ jobs:
           echo "DOCKERHUB_IMAGE=${DOCKERHUB_IMAGE,,}" >> "$GITHUB_ENV"
 
       - name: Set up Docker Buildx (needed for imagetools)
-        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@4d04d5d9486b7bd6fa91e7baf45bbb4f8b9deedd # v4.0.0
+        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@bb05f3f5519dd87d3ba754cc423b652a5edd6d2c # v4.2.0
 
       - name: Create & push multi-arch index (GHCR :TAG) via imagetools
         shell: bash
@@ -642,7 +642,7 @@ jobs:
       IMAGE_CREATED: ${{ needs.pre-run.outputs.image_created }}
     steps:
       - name: Checkout code
-        uses: actions/checkout@8e8c483db84b4bee98b60c0593521ed34d9990e8 # v6.0.1
+        uses: actions/checkout@9c091bb21b7c1c1d1991bb908d89e4e9dddfe3e0 # v7.0.0
         with:
           fetch-depth: 0
 
@@ -656,19 +656,19 @@ jobs:
           echo "Checked out $(git rev-parse --short HEAD) for tag ${TAG}"
 
       - name: Install Go
-        uses: actions/setup-go@7a3fe6cf4cb3a834922a1244abfce67bcef6a0c5 # v6.2.0
+        uses: actions/setup-go@924ae3a1cded613372ab5595356fb5720e22ba16 # v6.5.0
         with:
           go-version-file: go.mod
 
       - name: Log in to Docker Hub
-        uses: docker/login-action@4907a6ddec9925e35a0a9e82d7399ccc52663121 # v4.1.0
+        uses: docker/login-action@c99871dec2022cc055c062a10cc1a1310835ceb4 # v4.3.0
         with:
           registry: docker.io
           username: ${{ secrets.DOCKER_HUB_USERNAME }}
           password: ${{ secrets.DOCKER_HUB_ACCESS_TOKEN }}
 
       - name: Log in to GHCR
-        uses: docker/login-action@4907a6ddec9925e35a0a9e82d7399ccc52663121 # v4.1.0
+        uses: docker/login-action@c99871dec2022cc055c062a10cc1a1310835ceb4 # v4.3.0
         with:
           registry: ghcr.io
           username: ${{ github.actor }}
@@ -692,7 +692,7 @@ jobs:
           sudo apt-get install -y jq
 
       - name: Set up Docker Buildx (needed for imagetools)
-        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@4d04d5d9486b7bd6fa91e7baf45bbb4f8b9deedd # v4.0.0
+        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@bb05f3f5519dd87d3ba754cc423b652a5edd6d2c # v4.2.0
 
       - name: Resolve multi-arch digest refs (by TAG)
         shell: bash
@@ -732,7 +732,7 @@ jobs:
           fi
 
       - name: Attest build provenance (GHCR) (digest)
-        uses: actions/attest-build-provenance@a2bbfa25375fe432b6a289bc6b6cd05ecd0c4c32 # v4.1.0
+        uses: actions/attest-build-provenance@0f67c3f4856b2e3261c31976d6725780e5e4c373 # v4.1.1
         with:
           subject-name: ${{ env.GHCR_IMAGE }}
           subject-digest: ${{ env.GHCR_DIGEST }}
@@ -742,7 +742,7 @@ jobs:
       - name: Attest build provenance (Docker Hub)
         continue-on-error: true
         if: ${{ env.DH_DIGEST != '' }}
-        uses: actions/attest-build-provenance@a2bbfa25375fe432b6a289bc6b6cd05ecd0c4c32 # v4.1.0
+        uses: actions/attest-build-provenance@0f67c3f4856b2e3261c31976d6725780e5e4c373 # v4.1.1
         with:
           subject-name: index.docker.io/${{ github.repository_owner }}/${{ github.event.repository.name }}
           subject-digest: ${{ env.DH_DIGEST }}
@@ -750,9 +750,9 @@ jobs:
           show-summary: true
 
       - name: Install cosign
-        uses: sigstore/cosign-installer@cad07c2e89fa2edd6e2d7bab4c1aa38e53f76003 # v4.1.1
+        uses: sigstore/cosign-installer@6f9f17788090df1f26f669e9d70d6ae9567deba6 # v4.1.2
         with:
-          cosign-release: "v3.0.2"
+          cosign-release: v3.0.6
 
       - name: Sanity check cosign private key
         env:
@@ -764,7 +764,7 @@ jobs:
           cosign public-key --key env://COSIGN_PRIVATE_KEY >/dev/null
 
       - name: Generate SBOM (SPDX JSON) from GHCR digest
-        uses: aquasecurity/trivy-action@57a97c7e7821a5776cebc9bb87c984fa69cba8f1 # v0.35.0
+        uses: aquasecurity/trivy-action@ed142fd0673e97e23eac54620cfb913e5ce36c25 # v0.36.0
         with:
           image-ref: ${{ env.GHCR_REF }}
           format: spdx-json
@@ -897,14 +897,29 @@ jobs:
           set -euo pipefail
           make -j 10 go-build-release VERSION="${TAG}"
 
+      - name: Build Advantech packages
+        shell: bash
+        run: |
+          set -euo pipefail
+          ADVANTECH_DIR="packages/advantech"
+
+          mkdir -p "${ADVANTECH_DIR}/bin"
+          install -m 0755 "bin/newt_linux_arm64" "${ADVANTECH_DIR}/bin/newt_linux_arm64"
+          install -m 0755 "bin/newt_linux_arm32" "${ADVANTECH_DIR}/bin/newt_linux_arm32"
+
+          for platform in v2 v2i v3 v4 v4i; do
+            make -C "${ADVANTECH_DIR}" PLATFORM="${platform}"
+          done
+
       - name: Create GitHub Release (draft)
-        uses: softprops/action-gh-release@153bb8e04406b158c6c84fc1615b65b24149a1fe # v2.6.1
+        uses: softprops/action-gh-release@718ea10b132b3b2eba29c1007bb80653f286566b # v3.0.1
         with:
           tag_name: ${{ env.TAG }}
           generate_release_notes: true
           prerelease: ${{ env.IS_RC == 'true' }}
           files: |
             bin/*
+            packages/advantech/*.tgz
           fail_on_unmatched_files: true
           draft: true
           body: |
@@ -925,7 +940,7 @@ jobs:
     permissions: write-all
     steps:
       - name: Configure AWS credentials (OIDC)
-        uses: aws-actions/configure-aws-credentials@8df5847569e6427dd6c4fb1cf565c83acfa8afa7 # v6.0.0
+        uses: aws-actions/configure-aws-credentials@254c19bd240aabef8777f48595e9d2d7b972184b # v6.2.1
         with:
           role-to-assume: arn:aws:iam::${{ secrets.AWS_ACCOUNT_ID }}:role/${{ secrets.AWS_ROLE_NAME }}
           role-duration-seconds: 3600

.github/workflows/mirror.yaml

@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ jobs:
           skopeo --version
 
       - name: Install cosign
-        uses: sigstore/cosign-installer@cad07c2e89fa2edd6e2d7bab4c1aa38e53f76003 # v4.1.1
+        uses: sigstore/cosign-installer@6f9f17788090df1f26f669e9d70d6ae9567deba6 # v4.1.2
 
       - name: Input check
         run: |

.github/workflows/nix-build.yml

@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ jobs:
 
     steps:
       - name: Checkout repository
-        uses: actions/checkout@v6
+        uses: actions/checkout@v7
 
       - name: Install Nix
         uses: DeterminateSystems/nix-installer-action@main

.github/workflows/nix-dependabot-update-hash.yml

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ jobs:
 
     steps:
       - name: Checkout repository
-        uses: actions/checkout@v6
+        uses: actions/checkout@v7
         with:
           ref: ${{ github.head_ref }}
           token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}

.github/workflows/stale-bot.yml

@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ jobs:
   stale:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/stale@b5d41d4e1d5dceea10e7104786b73624c18a190f # v10.2.0
+      - uses: actions/stale@eb5cf3af3ac0a1aa4c9c45633dd1ae542a27a899 # v10.3.0
         with:
           days-before-stale: 14
           days-before-close: 14

.github/workflows/test.yml

@@ -10,6 +10,20 @@ on:
       - dev
 
 jobs:
+  test:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - name: Checkout repository
+        uses: actions/checkout@9c091bb21b7c1c1d1991bb908d89e4e9dddfe3e0 # v7.0.0
+
+      - name: Set up Go
+        uses: actions/setup-go@924ae3a1cded613372ab5595356fb5720e22ba16 # v6.5.0
+        with:
+          go-version-file: go.mod
+
+      - name: Run Go tests
+        run: make test
+
   build:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     strategy:
@@ -28,12 +42,12 @@ jobs:
           - go-build-release-windows-amd64
     steps:
       - name: Checkout repository
-        uses: actions/checkout@8e8c483db84b4bee98b60c0593521ed34d9990e8 # v6.0.1
+        uses: actions/checkout@9c091bb21b7c1c1d1991bb908d89e4e9dddfe3e0 # v7.0.0
 
       - name: Set up Go
-        uses: actions/setup-go@7a3fe6cf4cb3a834922a1244abfce67bcef6a0c5 # v6.2.0
+        uses: actions/setup-go@924ae3a1cded613372ab5595356fb5720e22ba16 # v6.5.0
         with:
-          go-version: 1.25
+          go-version-file: go.mod
 
       - name: Build targets via `make`
         run: make ${{ matrix.target }}

Dockerfile

@@ -27,6 +27,10 @@ RUN apk --no-cache add ca-certificates tzdata iputils
 COPY --from=builder /newt /usr/local/bin/
 COPY entrypoint.sh /
 
+# Marks this as an official Fossorial container image.
+# Auto-update is disabled in official images — update by pulling a new image tag.
+ENV NEWT_SYSTEM_SUBSTRATE="CONTAINER"
+
 # Admin/metrics endpoint (Prometheus scrape)
 EXPOSE 2112
 

Makefile

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-.PHONY: all local docker-build docker-build-release
+.PHONY: all local test docker-build docker-build-release
 
 all: local
 
@@ -6,7 +6,10 @@ VERSION ?= dev
 LDFLAGS = -X main.newtVersion=$(VERSION)
 
 local:
-	CGO_ENABLED=0 go build -ldflags "$(LDFLAGS)" -o ./bin/newt
+	CGO_ENABLED=0 go build -ldflags "$(LDFLAGS) -X main.newtPlatform=$(shell go env GOOS)_$(shell go env GOARCH)" -o ./bin/newt
+
+test:
+	go test ./...
 
 docker-build:
 	docker build -t fosrl/newt:latest .
@@ -43,31 +46,31 @@ go-build-release: \
     go-build-release-freebsd-arm64
 
 go-build-release-linux-arm64:
-	CGO_ENABLED=0 GOOS=linux GOARCH=arm64 go build -ldflags "$(LDFLAGS)" -o bin/newt_linux_arm64
+	CGO_ENABLED=0 GOOS=linux GOARCH=arm64 go build -ldflags "$(LDFLAGS) -X main.newtPlatform=linux_arm64" -o bin/newt_linux_arm64
 
 go-build-release-linux-arm32-v7:
-	CGO_ENABLED=0 GOOS=linux GOARCH=arm GOARM=7 go build -ldflags "$(LDFLAGS)" -o bin/newt_linux_arm32
+	CGO_ENABLED=0 GOOS=linux GOARCH=arm GOARM=7 go build -ldflags "$(LDFLAGS) -X main.newtPlatform=linux_arm32" -o bin/newt_linux_arm32
 
 go-build-release-linux-arm32-v6:
-	CGO_ENABLED=0 GOOS=linux GOARCH=arm GOARM=6 go build -ldflags "$(LDFLAGS)" -o bin/newt_linux_arm32v6
+	CGO_ENABLED=0 GOOS=linux GOARCH=arm GOARM=6 go build -ldflags "$(LDFLAGS) -X main.newtPlatform=linux_arm32v6" -o bin/newt_linux_arm32v6
 
 go-build-release-linux-amd64:
-	CGO_ENABLED=0 GOOS=linux GOARCH=amd64 go build -ldflags "$(LDFLAGS)" -o bin/newt_linux_amd64
+	CGO_ENABLED=0 GOOS=linux GOARCH=amd64 go build -ldflags "$(LDFLAGS) -X main.newtPlatform=linux_amd64" -o bin/newt_linux_amd64
 
 go-build-release-linux-riscv64:
-	CGO_ENABLED=0 GOOS=linux GOARCH=riscv64 go build -ldflags "$(LDFLAGS)" -o bin/newt_linux_riscv64
+	CGO_ENABLED=0 GOOS=linux GOARCH=riscv64 go build -ldflags "$(LDFLAGS) -X main.newtPlatform=linux_riscv64" -o bin/newt_linux_riscv64
 
 go-build-release-darwin-arm64:
-	CGO_ENABLED=0 GOOS=darwin GOARCH=arm64 go build -ldflags "$(LDFLAGS)" -o bin/newt_darwin_arm64
+	CGO_ENABLED=0 GOOS=darwin GOARCH=arm64 go build -ldflags "$(LDFLAGS) -X main.newtPlatform=darwin_arm64" -o bin/newt_darwin_arm64
 
 go-build-release-darwin-amd64:
-	CGO_ENABLED=0 GOOS=darwin GOARCH=amd64 go build -ldflags "$(LDFLAGS)" -o bin/newt_darwin_amd64
+	CGO_ENABLED=0 GOOS=darwin GOARCH=amd64 go build -ldflags "$(LDFLAGS) -X main.newtPlatform=darwin_amd64" -o bin/newt_darwin_amd64
 
 go-build-release-windows-amd64:
-	CGO_ENABLED=0 GOOS=windows GOARCH=amd64 go build -ldflags "$(LDFLAGS)" -o bin/newt_windows_amd64.exe
+	CGO_ENABLED=0 GOOS=windows GOARCH=amd64 go build -ldflags "$(LDFLAGS) -X main.newtPlatform=windows_amd64" -o bin/newt_windows_amd64.exe
 
 go-build-release-freebsd-amd64:
-	CGO_ENABLED=0 GOOS=freebsd GOARCH=amd64 go build -ldflags "$(LDFLAGS)" -o bin/newt_freebsd_amd64
+	CGO_ENABLED=0 GOOS=freebsd GOARCH=amd64 go build -ldflags "$(LDFLAGS) -X main.newtPlatform=freebsd_amd64" -o bin/newt_freebsd_amd64
 
 go-build-release-freebsd-arm64:
-	CGO_ENABLED=0 GOOS=freebsd GOARCH=arm64 go build -ldflags "$(LDFLAGS)" -o bin/newt_freebsd_arm64
+	CGO_ENABLED=0 GOOS=freebsd GOARCH=arm64 go build -ldflags "$(LDFLAGS) -X main.newtPlatform=freebsd_arm64" -o bin/newt_freebsd_arm64

authdaemon.go

@@ -1,14 +1,10 @@
 package main
 
 import (
-	"context"
-	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"os"
-	"runtime"
 
 	"github.com/fosrl/newt/authdaemon"
-	"github.com/fosrl/newt/logger"
 )
 
 const (
@@ -16,64 +12,6 @@ const (
 	defaultCACertPath     = "/etc/ssh/ca.pem"
 )
 
-var (
-	errPresharedKeyRequired = errors.New("auth-daemon-key is required when --auth-daemon is enabled")
-	errRootRequired         = errors.New("auth-daemon must be run as root (use sudo)")
-	authDaemonServer        *authdaemon.Server // Global auth daemon server instance
-)
-
-// startAuthDaemon initializes and starts the auth daemon in the background.
-// It validates requirements (Linux, root, preshared key) and starts the server
-// in a goroutine so it runs alongside normal newt operation.
-func startAuthDaemon(ctx context.Context) error {
-	// Validation
-	if runtime.GOOS != "linux" {
-		return fmt.Errorf("auth-daemon is only supported on Linux, not %s", runtime.GOOS)
-	}
-	if os.Geteuid() != 0 {
-		return errRootRequired
-	}
-
-	// Use defaults if not set
-	principalsFile := authDaemonPrincipalsFile
-	if principalsFile == "" {
-		principalsFile = defaultPrincipalsPath
-	}
-	caCertPath := authDaemonCACertPath
-	if caCertPath == "" {
-		caCertPath = defaultCACertPath
-	}
-
-	// Create auth daemon server
-	cfg := authdaemon.Config{
-		DisableHTTPS:           true,                   // We run without HTTP server in newt
-		PresharedKey:           "this-key-is-not-used", // Not used in embedded mode, but set to non-empty to satisfy validation
-		PrincipalsFilePath:     principalsFile,
-		CACertPath:             caCertPath,
-		Force:                  true,
-		GenerateRandomPassword: authDaemonGenerateRandomPassword,
-	}
-
-	srv, err := authdaemon.NewServer(cfg)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("create auth daemon server: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	authDaemonServer = srv
-
-	// Start the auth daemon in a goroutine so it runs alongside newt
-	go func() {
-		logger.Info("Auth daemon starting (native mode, no HTTP server)")
-		if err := srv.Run(ctx); err != nil {
-			logger.Error("Auth daemon error: %v", err)
-		}
-		logger.Info("Auth daemon stopped")
-	}()
-
-	return nil
-}
-
-// runPrincipalsCmd executes the principals subcommand logic
 func runPrincipalsCmd(args []string) {
 	opts := struct {
 		PrincipalsFile string
@@ -82,7 +20,6 @@ func runPrincipalsCmd(args []string) {
 		PrincipalsFile: defaultPrincipalsPath,
 	}
 
-	// Parse flags manually
 	for i := 0; i < len(args); i++ {
 		switch args[i] {
 		case "--principals-file":
@@ -109,14 +46,12 @@ func runPrincipalsCmd(args []string) {
 		}
 	}
 
-	// Validation
 	if opts.Username == "" {
 		fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "Error: username is required\n")
 		printPrincipalsHelp()
 		os.Exit(1)
 	}
 
-	// Get principals
 	list, err := authdaemon.GetPrincipals(opts.PrincipalsFile, opts.Username)
 	if err != nil {
 		fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "Error: %v\n", err)

authdaemon/connection.go

@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ func (s *Server) ProcessConnection(req ConnectionRequest) {
 	if err := ensureUser(req.Username, req.Metadata, s.cfg.GenerateRandomPassword); err != nil {
 		logger.Warn("auth-daemon: ensure user: %v", err)
 	}
-	if cfg.PrincipalsFilePath != "" {
+	if cfg.PrincipalsFilePath != "" && req.NiceId != "" {
 		if err := writePrincipals(cfg.PrincipalsFilePath, req.Username, req.NiceId); err != nil {
 			logger.Warn("auth-daemon: write principals: %v", err)
 		}

authdaemon/routes.go

@@ -14,9 +14,9 @@ func (s *Server) registerRoutes() {
 // ConnectionMetadata is the metadata object in POST /connection.
 type ConnectionMetadata struct {
 	SudoMode     string   `json:"sudoMode"`     // "none" | "full" | "commands"
-	SudoCommands []string `json:"sudoCommands"`  // used when sudoMode is "commands"
+	SudoCommands []string `json:"sudoCommands"` // used when sudoMode is "commands"
 	Homedir      bool     `json:"homedir"`
-	Groups       []string `json:"groups"`        // system groups to add the user to
+	Groups       []string `json:"groups"` // system groups to add the user to
 }
 
 // ConnectionRequest is the JSON body for POST /connection.

authdaemon/server.go

@@ -23,13 +23,13 @@ import (
 
 type Config struct {
 	// DisableHTTPS: when true, Run() does not start the HTTPS server (for embedded use inside Newt). Call ProcessConnection directly for connection events.
-	DisableHTTPS       bool
-	Port               int    // Required when DisableHTTPS is false. Listen port for the HTTPS server. No default.
-	PresharedKey       string // Required when DisableHTTPS is false. HTTP auth (Authorization: Bearer <key> or X-Preshared-Key: <key>). No default.
-	CACertPath         string // Required. Where to write the CA cert (e.g. /etc/ssh/ca.pem). No default.
-	Force                   bool   // If true, overwrite existing CA cert (and other items) when content differs. Default false.
-	PrincipalsFilePath      string // Required. Path to the principals data file (JSON: username -> array of principals). No default.
-	GenerateRandomPassword  bool   // If true, set a random password on users when they are provisioned (for SSH PermitEmptyPasswords no).
+	DisableHTTPS           bool
+	Port                   int    // Required when DisableHTTPS is false. Listen port for the HTTPS server. No default.
+	PresharedKey           string // Required when DisableHTTPS is false. HTTP auth (Authorization: Bearer <key> or X-Preshared-Key: <key>). No default.
+	CACertPath             string // Required. Where to write the CA cert (e.g. /etc/ssh/ca.pem). No default.
+	Force                  bool   // If true, overwrite existing CA cert (and other items) when content differs. Default false.
+	PrincipalsFilePath     string // Required. Path to the principals data file (JSON: username -> array of principals). No default.
+	GenerateRandomPassword bool   // If true, set a random password on users when they are provisioned (for SSH PermitEmptyPasswords no).
 }
 
 type Server struct {
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ func NewServer(cfg Config) (*Server, error) {
 // When DisableHTTPS is true, Run() blocks on ctx only and does not listen; use ProcessConnection for connection events.
 func (s *Server) Run(ctx context.Context) error {
 	if s.cfg.DisableHTTPS {
-		logger.Info("auth-daemon running (HTTPS disabled)")
+		logger.Debug("auth-daemon running (HTTPS disabled)")
 		<-ctx.Done()
 		s.cleanupPrincipalsFile()
 		return nil

bind/shared_bind.go

@@ -683,6 +683,23 @@ func (b *SharedBind) receiveIPv4Simple(conn *net.UDPConn, bufs [][]byte, sizes [
 	}
 }
 
+// IsMagicPacket reports whether payload is one of our connectivity-test magic
+// packets (a MagicTestRequest or MagicTestResponse). These packets are meant to
+// travel directly between physical UDP sockets and must never be encapsulated by
+// WireGuard - e.g. if OS routing mistakenly sends one into a WireGuard TUN
+// interface (because the destination falls inside a routed tunnel subnet), it
+// should be dropped there rather than tunneled, which would otherwise make a
+// LAN-local endpoint test falsely appear to succeed over the tunnel.
+func IsMagicPacket(payload []byte) bool {
+	if len(payload) >= MagicTestRequestLen && bytes.HasPrefix(payload, MagicTestRequest) {
+		return true
+	}
+	if len(payload) >= MagicTestResponseLen && bytes.HasPrefix(payload, MagicTestResponse) {
+		return true
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
 // handleMagicPacket checks if the packet is a magic test packet and responds if so.
 // Returns true if the packet was a magic packet and was handled (should not be passed to WireGuard).
 func (b *SharedBind) handleMagicPacket(data []byte, addr *net.UDPAddr) bool {

browsergateway/browsergateway.go

@@ -0,0 +1,144 @@
+package browsergateway
+
+import (
+	"crypto/subtle"
+	"errors"
+	"net"
+	"net/http"
+	"strings"
+	"sync"
+
+	"github.com/fosrl/newt/nativessh"
+)
+
+// Forwarding buffer size. RDP graphics traffic is bursty and TLS records cap
+// at ~16 KiB, so 64 KiB lets a couple of records pile up per syscall/frame
+// without wasting memory per session.
+const forwardBufSize = 64 * 1024
+
+// ListenPort is the port the browser gateway HTTP server listens on inside the
+// WireGuard netstack. This is a fixed value shared between newt and pangolin.
+// Targets do not overlap with this port because they start at 40000.
+const ListenPort = 39999
+
+// Target represents an allowed proxy destination for the browser gateway.
+// Only connections whose (Type, Destination, DestinationPort, AuthToken) match a
+// registered Target will be forwarded; all others are rejected.
+type Target struct {
+	ID              int
+	Type            string // "rdp" | "ssh" | "vnc"
+	Destination     string
+	DestinationPort int
+	AuthToken       string // per-target secret; must match the token supplied by the client
+}
+
+// Config holds the configuration for a Gateway.
+type Config struct {
+	// AuthToken is used only for NativeSSH mode (which has no external target
+	// to match against). For all proxy targets (RDP/SSH/VNC), auth tokens are
+	// stored per-Target and validated by isAllowed.
+	AuthToken string
+	// SSHCredentials are used by native SSH browser sessions for certificate
+	// validation against the in-memory CA/principal store.
+	SSHCredentials *nativessh.CredentialStore
+}
+
+// Gateway is a browser-based RDP/SSH/VNC WebSocket proxy.
+// Create one with New and mount it via RegisterHandlers or the individual
+// HandleRDP / HandleSSH / HandleVNC http.HandlerFunc methods.
+type Gateway struct {
+	authToken string
+	sshCreds  *nativessh.CredentialStore
+
+	mu      sync.RWMutex
+	targets map[int]Target // keyed by Target.ID
+
+	server *http.Server
+}
+
+// New creates a new Gateway from the provided Config.
+func New(cfg Config) *Gateway {
+	return &Gateway{
+		authToken: cfg.AuthToken,
+		sshCreds:  cfg.SSHCredentials,
+		targets:   make(map[int]Target),
+	}
+}
+
+// SetTargets replaces the entire allowed-destination list atomically.
+func (g *Gateway) SetTargets(targets []Target) {
+	g.mu.Lock()
+	defer g.mu.Unlock()
+	g.targets = make(map[int]Target, len(targets))
+	for _, t := range targets {
+		g.targets[t.ID] = t
+	}
+}
+
+// AddTarget adds or updates a single allowed destination.
+func (g *Gateway) AddTarget(t Target) {
+	g.mu.Lock()
+	defer g.mu.Unlock()
+	g.targets[t.ID] = t
+}
+
+// RemoveTarget removes an allowed destination by its ID.
+func (g *Gateway) RemoveTarget(id int) {
+	g.mu.Lock()
+	defer g.mu.Unlock()
+	delete(g.targets, id)
+}
+
+// isAllowed reports whether a connection to (targetType, host, port) with the
+// given authToken is permitted. The token is compared against the per-target
+// AuthToken using constant-time comparison to prevent timing attacks.
+func (g *Gateway) isAllowed(targetType, host string, port int, authToken string) bool {
+	g.mu.RLock()
+	defer g.mu.RUnlock()
+	for _, t := range g.targets {
+		if t.Type == targetType && t.Destination == host && t.DestinationPort == port {
+			return subtle.ConstantTimeCompare([]byte(authToken), []byte(t.AuthToken)) == 1
+		}
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+// isTokenValid reports whether the given authToken matches any registered
+// target of the specified type. Used for native SSH mode where there is no
+// external destination to match against.
+func (g *Gateway) isTokenValid(targetType, authToken string) bool {
+	g.mu.RLock()
+	defer g.mu.RUnlock()
+	for _, t := range g.targets {
+		if t.Type == targetType {
+			if subtle.ConstantTimeCompare([]byte(authToken), []byte(t.AuthToken)) == 1 {
+				return true
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+// Start serves the browser gateway HTTP server on the provided listener.
+// It returns nil when the listener is closed (normal shutdown).
+func (g *Gateway) Start(ln net.Listener) error {
+	mux := http.NewServeMux()
+	g.RegisterHandlers(mux)
+	g.server = &http.Server{Handler: mux}
+	err := g.server.Serve(ln)
+	if err == nil ||
+		errors.Is(err, net.ErrClosed) ||
+		errors.Is(err, http.ErrServerClosed) ||
+		strings.Contains(err.Error(), "use of closed") ||
+		strings.Contains(err.Error(), "invalid state") {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return err
+}
+
+// RegisterHandlers registers the /rdp, /ssh, and /vnc routes on mux.
+func (g *Gateway) RegisterHandlers(mux *http.ServeMux) {
+	mux.HandleFunc("/gateway/rdp", g.HandleRDP)
+	mux.HandleFunc("/gateway/ssh", g.HandleSSH)
+	mux.HandleFunc("/gateway/vnc", g.handleVNC)
+}

browsergateway/rdcleanpath.go

@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+package browsergateway
+
+import (
+	"encoding/asn1"
+	"fmt"
+)
+
+// RDCleanPath PDU version (BASE_VERSION + 1 = 3389 + 1).
+const rdCleanPathVersion = int64(3390)
+
+// rdCleanPathPdu is a Go translation of the ASN.1 SEQUENCE defined in the
+// ironrdp-rdcleanpath crate. All optional fields use EXPLICIT context-specific
+// tagging, matching the Rust `der::Sequence` derivation with
+// `tag_mode = "EXPLICIT"`.
+//
+// We only need a subset of fields for the basic proxy flow, but the struct
+// declares every tag we may encounter so that decoding does not fail on an
+// unexpected element.
+type rdCleanPathPdu struct {
+	Version           int64    `asn1:"explicit,tag:0"`
+	Destination       string   `asn1:"explicit,tag:2,optional,utf8"`
+	ProxyAuth         string   `asn1:"explicit,tag:3,optional,utf8"`
+	ServerAuth        string   `asn1:"explicit,tag:4,optional,utf8"`
+	PreconnectionBlob string   `asn1:"explicit,tag:5,optional,utf8"`
+	X224              []byte   `asn1:"explicit,tag:6,optional"`
+	ServerCertChain   [][]byte `asn1:"explicit,tag:7,optional"`
+	ServerAddr        string   `asn1:"explicit,tag:9,optional,utf8"`
+}
+
+// decodeRDCleanPathRequest parses a client-to-proxy RDCleanPath PDU.
+func decodeRDCleanPathRequest(buf []byte) (*rdCleanPathPdu, error) {
+	var pdu rdCleanPathPdu
+	rest, err := asn1.Unmarshal(buf, &pdu)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("asn1 unmarshal: %w", err)
+	}
+	if len(rest) != 0 {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("trailing data after RDCleanPath PDU: %d bytes", len(rest))
+	}
+	if pdu.Version != rdCleanPathVersion {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unexpected RDCleanPath version: %d", pdu.Version)
+	}
+	return &pdu, nil
+}
+
+// encodeRDCleanPathResponse builds a proxy-to-client RDCleanPath response PDU
+// containing the server address, X.224 connection confirm and server TLS chain.
+func encodeRDCleanPathResponse(serverAddr string, x224Rsp []byte, certChain [][]byte) ([]byte, error) {
+	pdu := rdCleanPathPdu{
+		Version:         rdCleanPathVersion,
+		X224:            x224Rsp,
+		ServerCertChain: certChain,
+		ServerAddr:      serverAddr,
+	}
+	return asn1.Marshal(pdu)
+}
+
+// detectRDCleanPathLength returns the total DER length of an RDCleanPath PDU
+// if enough bytes are available, otherwise -1.
+//
+// The PDU is a DER SEQUENCE, which begins with the universal SEQUENCE tag
+// (0x30) followed by a length octet/octets. We parse just enough to know the
+// total length so we can buffer accordingly.
+func detectRDCleanPathLength(buf []byte) int {
+	if len(buf) < 2 {
+		return -1
+	}
+	if buf[0] != 0x30 {
+		// Not a SEQUENCE: cannot be RDCleanPath.
+		return -2
+	}
+	l := buf[1]
+	if l < 0x80 {
+		return 2 + int(l)
+	}
+	n := int(l & 0x7f)
+	if n == 0 || n > 4 {
+		return -2
+	}
+	if len(buf) < 2+n {
+		return -1
+	}
+	total := 0
+	for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
+		total = (total << 8) | int(buf[2+i])
+	}
+	return 2 + n + total
+}

browsergateway/rdp.go

@@ -0,0 +1,271 @@
+package browsergateway
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"crypto/tls"
+	"encoding/binary"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"net"
+	"net/http"
+	"strconv"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/coder/websocket"
+	"github.com/fosrl/newt/logger"
+)
+
+// HandleRDP is an http.HandlerFunc for RDP-over-WebSocket connections.
+func (g *Gateway) HandleRDP(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+	ctx := r.Context()
+	ws, err := websocket.Accept(w, r, &websocket.AcceptOptions{
+		InsecureSkipVerify: true, // any-origin: minimal dev proxy with no auth
+		Subprotocols:       []string{"binary"},
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		logger.Debug("websocket upgrade failed: %v", err)
+		return
+	}
+	// Disable per-message read size cap (default is 32 KiB which would break
+	// large RDP graphics messages).
+	ws.SetReadLimit(-1)
+	defer ws.CloseNow() //nolint:errcheck
+
+	if err := g.serveSession(ctx, ws); err != nil {
+		logger.Debug("session error: %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+func (g *Gateway) serveSession(ctx context.Context, ws *websocket.Conn) error {
+	// Expose the WebSocket as a streaming net.Conn. Binary messages are
+	// concatenated into a byte stream and writes become single binary frames.
+	// This is a thin wrapper with no per-message goroutine, unlike Gorilla.
+	stream := websocket.NetConn(ctx, ws, websocket.MessageBinary)
+	defer stream.Close() //nolint:errcheck
+
+	// -- Read the initial RDCleanPath request from the client --
+	pdu, err := readCleanPath(stream)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("read RDCleanPath: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	if pdu.Destination == "" {
+		return errors.New("RDCleanPath missing destination")
+	}
+	if len(pdu.X224) == 0 {
+		return errors.New("RDCleanPath missing X224 connection PDU")
+	}
+
+	target := pdu.Destination
+	// Default port for RDP if not specified.
+	if _, _, splitErr := net.SplitHostPort(target); splitErr != nil {
+		target = net.JoinHostPort(target, "3389")
+	}
+
+	// Validate destination against the registered target allowlist,
+	// including per-target auth token.
+	rdpHost, rdpPortStr, _ := net.SplitHostPort(target)
+	rdpPort, _ := strconv.Atoi(rdpPortStr)
+	if !g.isAllowed("rdp", rdpHost, rdpPort, pdu.ProxyAuth) {
+		return fmt.Errorf("RDP destination %s is not in the allowed target list or auth token mismatch", target)
+	}
+
+	logger.Debug("Connecting to RDP server %s", target)
+
+	// -- Open TCP connection to the destination RDP server --
+	serverTCP, err := net.DialTimeout("tcp", target, 15*time.Second)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("dial %s: %w", target, err)
+	}
+	defer serverTCP.Close()
+	if tcp, ok := serverTCP.(*net.TCPConn); ok {
+		// NoDelay is Go's default; set explicitly. RDP wants low latency for
+		// input echo, and the bulk path is naturally chunked by TLS records.
+		_ = tcp.SetNoDelay(true)
+		_ = tcp.SetKeepAlive(true)
+		_ = tcp.SetKeepAlivePeriod(30 * time.Second)
+		_ = tcp.SetReadBuffer(forwardBufSize)
+		_ = tcp.SetWriteBuffer(forwardBufSize)
+	}
+	serverAddr := serverTCP.RemoteAddr().String()
+
+	// Forward the optional pre-connection blob, then the X.224 connection request.
+	if pdu.PreconnectionBlob != "" {
+		if _, err := serverTCP.Write([]byte(pdu.PreconnectionBlob)); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("send PCB: %w", err)
+		}
+	}
+	if _, err := serverTCP.Write(pdu.X224); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("send X224: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// -- Read the X.224 connection confirm from the server --
+	x224Rsp, err := readX224(serverTCP)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("read X224 response: %w", err)
+	}
+	logX224Negotiation(x224Rsp)
+
+	// -- Upgrade the server connection to TLS (skip verification) --
+	//
+	// Windows RDP hosts are picky: only set SNI when the target is a hostname
+	// (Go would skip SNI for IP literals anyway, but be explicit), and accept
+	// the full range of TLS versions / ciphers since some servers only
+	// negotiate TLS 1.0 or legacy suites.
+	host, _, _ := net.SplitHostPort(target)
+	tlsCfg := &tls.Config{
+		InsecureSkipVerify: true, //nolint:gosec // proxy intentionally skips verification
+		MinVersion:         tls.VersionTLS10,
+		// Cap at TLS 1.2: Windows RDP servers commonly send a TLS "internal_error"
+		// alert when CredSSP/NLA is layered on top of a TLS 1.3 session.
+		MaxVersion: tls.VersionTLS12,
+	}
+	if net.ParseIP(host) == nil {
+		tlsCfg.ServerName = host
+	}
+	tlsConn := tls.Client(serverTCP, tlsCfg)
+	if err := tlsConn.Handshake(); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("TLS handshake with server: %w", err)
+	}
+	logger.Debug("Server TLS handshake OK (version=0x%04x cipher=0x%04x)",
+		tlsConn.ConnectionState().Version, tlsConn.ConnectionState().CipherSuite)
+
+	// Collect the raw DER server certificate chain to return to the client.
+	state := tlsConn.ConnectionState()
+	if len(state.PeerCertificates) == 0 {
+		return errors.New("server did not present any certificates")
+	}
+	chain := make([][]byte, 0, len(state.PeerCertificates))
+	for _, c := range state.PeerCertificates {
+		chain = append(chain, c.Raw)
+	}
+
+	// -- Send the RDCleanPath response back to the client --
+	rsp, err := encodeRDCleanPathResponse(serverAddr, x224Rsp, chain)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("encode RDCleanPath response: %w", err)
+	}
+	if _, err := stream.Write(rsp); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("write RDCleanPath response: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	logger.Debug("RDCleanPath handshake complete, forwarding traffic to %s", serverAddr)
+
+	// -- Two-way blind forwarding of the (now TLS-encrypted) RDP stream --
+	return forward(stream, tlsConn)
+}
+
+// readCleanPath buffers bytes from the stream until a full RDCleanPath PDU has
+// been received, then decodes it.
+func readCleanPath(r io.Reader) (*rdCleanPathPdu, error) {
+	buf := make([]byte, 0, 1024)
+	tmp := make([]byte, 1024)
+	for {
+		total := detectRDCleanPathLength(buf)
+		switch {
+		case total == -2:
+			return nil, errors.New("invalid RDCleanPath PDU")
+		case total > 0 && len(buf) >= total:
+			return decodeRDCleanPathRequest(buf[:total])
+		}
+		n, err := r.Read(tmp)
+		if n > 0 {
+			buf = append(buf, tmp[:n]...)
+		}
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// readX224 reads exactly one TPKT-framed X.224 PDU from the server.
+//
+// The TPKT header is 4 bytes: version (0x03), reserved (0x00), and a u16
+// big-endian total length that includes the header itself.
+func readX224(r io.Reader) ([]byte, error) {
+	hdr := make([]byte, 4)
+	if _, err := io.ReadFull(r, hdr); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if hdr[0] != 0x03 {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unexpected TPKT version 0x%02x", hdr[0])
+	}
+	total := int(binary.BigEndian.Uint16(hdr[2:4]))
+	if total < 4 || total > 4096 {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unreasonable TPKT length %d", total)
+	}
+	out := make([]byte, total)
+	copy(out, hdr)
+	if _, err := io.ReadFull(r, out[4:]); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return out, nil
+}
+
+// logX224Negotiation prints which RDP security protocol the server selected
+// (or the failure code), to help diagnose handshake issues such as the server
+// requiring NLA/CredSSP.
+//
+// X.224 Connection Confirm layout (RFC 1006 / [MS-RDPBCGR]):
+//
+//	bytes 0..3   TPKT header (03 00 LL LL)
+//	byte  4      X.224 length indicator
+//	byte  5      X.224 code (0xD0 = CC)
+//	bytes 6..10  DST-REF, SRC-REF, class
+//	byte  11     optional RDP Negotiation type (0x02 = response, 0x03 = failure)
+//	byte  12     flags
+//	bytes 13..14 length (little-endian, =8)
+//	bytes 15..18 selected protocol / failure code (u32 little-endian)
+func logX224Negotiation(pdu []byte) {
+	if len(pdu) < 19 {
+		logger.Debug("X.224 response too short (%d bytes) to contain RDP negotiation", len(pdu))
+		return
+	}
+	switch pdu[11] {
+	case 0x02:
+		proto := uint32(pdu[15]) | uint32(pdu[16])<<8 | uint32(pdu[17])<<16 | uint32(pdu[18])<<24
+		name := "unknown"
+		switch proto {
+		case 0:
+			name = "RDP (standard)"
+		case 1:
+			name = "SSL/TLS"
+		case 2:
+			name = "HYBRID (CredSSP/NLA)"
+		case 8:
+			name = "HYBRID_EX"
+		}
+		logger.Debug("Server selected RDP protocol 0x%x (%s)", proto, name)
+	case 0x03:
+		code := uint32(pdu[15]) | uint32(pdu[16])<<8 | uint32(pdu[17])<<16 | uint32(pdu[18])<<24
+		logger.Debug("Server returned RDP negotiation failure code 0x%x", code)
+	default:
+		logger.Debug("X.224 response has no RDP negotiation block (type=0x%02x)", pdu[11])
+	}
+}
+
+// forward shuttles bytes between the two streams until either side closes.
+func forward(a, b io.ReadWriteCloser) error {
+	errc := make(chan error, 2)
+	go func() {
+		buf := make([]byte, forwardBufSize)
+		_, err := io.CopyBuffer(a, b, buf)
+		_ = a.Close()
+		_ = b.Close()
+		errc <- err
+	}()
+	go func() {
+		buf := make([]byte, forwardBufSize)
+		_, err := io.CopyBuffer(b, a, buf)
+		_ = a.Close()
+		_ = b.Close()
+		errc <- err
+	}()
+	// Wait for one side to finish, then return.
+	err := <-errc
+	if errors.Is(err, io.EOF) || err == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return err
+}

browsergateway/ssh.go

@@ -0,0 +1,282 @@
+package browsergateway
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"fmt"
+	"net"
+	"net/http"
+	"strconv"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/coder/websocket"
+	"github.com/fosrl/newt/logger"
+	"golang.org/x/crypto/ssh"
+)
+
+// sshClientMsg is a JSON message sent from the browser to the proxy.
+type sshClientMsg struct {
+	// type: "auth" | "data" | "resize"
+	Type        string `json:"type"`
+	Password    string `json:"password,omitempty"`    // used when type="auth"
+	PrivateKey  string `json:"privateKey,omitempty"`  // used when type="auth"
+	Certificate string `json:"certificate,omitempty"` // used when type="auth"
+	Data        string `json:"data,omitempty"`        // used when type="data"
+	Cols        uint32 `json:"cols,omitempty"`        // used when type="resize"
+	Rows        uint32 `json:"rows,omitempty"`        // used when type="resize"
+}
+
+// sshServerMsg is a JSON message sent from the proxy back to the browser.
+type sshServerMsg struct {
+	// type: "data" | "error"
+	Type  string `json:"type"`
+	Data  string `json:"data,omitempty"`
+	Error string `json:"error,omitempty"`
+}
+
+// HandleSSH is an http.HandlerFunc for SSH-over-WebSocket connections.
+func (g *Gateway) HandleSSH(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+	logger.Debug("SSH connection request from %s", r.RemoteAddr)
+	ctx := r.Context()
+
+	token := r.URL.Query().Get("authToken")
+
+	// "mode=native" (default) connects to the local SSH daemon on this host.
+	// "mode=proxy" connects to an arbitrary host+port supplied in query params.
+	nativeSSH := r.URL.Query().Get("mode") != "proxy"
+
+	// In proxy mode we also need host + username from query params.
+	var target, username string
+	if !nativeSSH {
+		host := r.URL.Query().Get("host")
+		port := r.URL.Query().Get("port")
+		username = r.URL.Query().Get("username")
+		if host == "" || username == "" {
+			http.Error(w, "missing host or username", http.StatusBadRequest)
+			return
+		}
+		if port == "" {
+			port = "22"
+		}
+		sshPort, _ := strconv.Atoi(port)
+		if !g.isAllowed("ssh", host, sshPort, token) {
+			http.Error(w, "destination not allowed or auth token mismatch", http.StatusForbidden)
+			return
+		}
+		target = net.JoinHostPort(host, port)
+	} else {
+		// Native SSH mode: validate the token against any registered ssh target.
+		if !g.isTokenValid("ssh", token) {
+			http.Error(w, "unauthorized", http.StatusUnauthorized)
+			return
+		}
+		username = r.URL.Query().Get("username")
+		if username == "" {
+			http.Error(w, "missing username", http.StatusBadRequest)
+			return
+		}
+	}
+
+	ws, err := websocket.Accept(w, r, &websocket.AcceptOptions{
+		InsecureSkipVerify: true,
+		Subprotocols:       []string{"ssh"},
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		logger.Debug("SSH websocket upgrade failed: %v", err)
+		return
+	}
+	ws.SetReadLimit(-1)
+	defer ws.CloseNow() //nolint:errcheck
+
+	if nativeSSH {
+		if err := serveNativeSSHSession(ctx, ws, username, g.sshCreds); err != nil {
+			logger.Debug("SSH native session error: %v", err)
+		}
+	} else {
+		if err := serveSSHSession(ctx, ws, target, username, g.authToken); err != nil {
+			logger.Debug("SSH session error: %v", err)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func serveSSHSession(ctx context.Context, ws *websocket.Conn, target, username, _ string) error {
+	// -- Wait for the auth message from the client to get the password --
+	_, authBytes, err := ws.Read(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("read auth message: %w", err)
+	}
+	var authMsg sshClientMsg
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(authBytes, &authMsg); err != nil || authMsg.Type != "auth" {
+		return fmt.Errorf("expected auth message, got: %s", authBytes)
+	}
+	password := authMsg.Password
+	privateKey := authMsg.PrivateKey
+	certificate := authMsg.Certificate
+
+	// Build the list of auth methods. Certificate+private key takes priority
+	// when both are provided, then private key, then password.
+	var authMethods []ssh.AuthMethod
+	if privateKey != "" {
+		signer, err := ssh.ParsePrivateKey([]byte(privateKey))
+		if err != nil {
+			sendSSHError(ctx, ws, fmt.Sprintf("Failed to parse private key: %v", err))
+			return fmt.Errorf("parse private key: %w", err)
+		}
+
+		if certificate != "" {
+			certPubKey, _, _, _, err := ssh.ParseAuthorizedKey([]byte(certificate))
+			if err != nil {
+				sendSSHError(ctx, ws, fmt.Sprintf("Failed to parse certificate: %v", err))
+				return fmt.Errorf("parse certificate: %w", err)
+			}
+
+			cert, ok := certPubKey.(*ssh.Certificate)
+			if !ok {
+				sendSSHError(ctx, ws, "Provided certificate is not a valid SSH certificate")
+				return fmt.Errorf("provided certificate is not ssh certificate")
+			}
+
+			certSigner, err := ssh.NewCertSigner(cert, signer)
+			if err != nil {
+				sendSSHError(ctx, ws, fmt.Sprintf("Failed to combine private key and certificate: %v", err))
+				return fmt.Errorf("new cert signer: %w", err)
+			}
+			authMethods = append(authMethods, ssh.PublicKeys(certSigner))
+		} else {
+			authMethods = append(authMethods, ssh.PublicKeys(signer))
+		}
+	}
+	if password != "" {
+		authMethods = append(authMethods, ssh.Password(password))
+	}
+	if len(authMethods) == 0 {
+		sendSSHError(ctx, ws, "No authentication credentials provided")
+		return fmt.Errorf("no auth credentials")
+	}
+	logger.Debug("SSH: connecting to %s as %s", target, username)
+	sshCfg := &ssh.ClientConfig{
+		User: username,
+		Auth: authMethods,
+		// HostKeyCallback is intentionally InsecureIgnoreHostKey for this dev
+		// proxy. In production, verify against a known-hosts store.
+		HostKeyCallback: ssh.InsecureIgnoreHostKey(), //nolint:gosec
+		Timeout:         15 * time.Second,
+	}
+
+	sshClient, err := ssh.Dial("tcp", target, sshCfg)
+	if err != nil {
+		sendSSHError(ctx, ws, fmt.Sprintf("SSH dial failed: %v", err))
+		return fmt.Errorf("ssh dial %s: %w", target, err)
+	}
+	defer sshClient.Close()
+
+	// -- Open an interactive session --
+	sess, err := sshClient.NewSession()
+	if err != nil {
+		sendSSHError(ctx, ws, fmt.Sprintf("Failed to open SSH session: %v", err))
+		return fmt.Errorf("ssh new session: %w", err)
+	}
+	defer sess.Close()
+
+	// Request a PTY.
+	if err := sess.RequestPty("xterm-256color", 24, 80, ssh.TerminalModes{
+		ssh.ECHO:          1,
+		ssh.TTY_OP_ISPEED: 38400,
+		ssh.TTY_OP_OSPEED: 38400,
+	}); err != nil {
+		sendSSHError(ctx, ws, fmt.Sprintf("Failed to request PTY: %v", err))
+		return fmt.Errorf("ssh request pty: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	stdinPipe, err := sess.StdinPipe()
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("ssh stdin pipe: %w", err)
+	}
+	stdoutPipe, err := sess.StdoutPipe()
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("ssh stdout pipe: %w", err)
+	}
+	stderrPipe, err := sess.StderrPipe()
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("ssh stderr pipe: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	if err := sess.Shell(); err != nil {
+		sendSSHError(ctx, ws, fmt.Sprintf("Failed to start shell: %v", err))
+		return fmt.Errorf("ssh shell: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	logger.Debug("SSH: session established with %s", target)
+
+	// -- Pump SSH stdout/stderr → WebSocket --
+	sessCtx, cancelSess := context.WithCancel(ctx)
+	defer cancelSess()
+
+	go func() {
+		buf := make([]byte, 4096)
+		for {
+			n, readErr := stdoutPipe.Read(buf)
+			if n > 0 {
+				msg := sshServerMsg{Type: "data", Data: string(buf[:n])}
+				b, _ := json.Marshal(msg)
+				if writeErr := ws.Write(sessCtx, websocket.MessageText, b); writeErr != nil {
+					return
+				}
+			}
+			if readErr != nil {
+				cancelSess()
+				return
+			}
+		}
+	}()
+
+	go func() {
+		buf := make([]byte, 4096)
+		for {
+			n, readErr := stderrPipe.Read(buf)
+			if n > 0 {
+				msg := sshServerMsg{Type: "data", Data: string(buf[:n])}
+				b, _ := json.Marshal(msg)
+				if writeErr := ws.Write(sessCtx, websocket.MessageText, b); writeErr != nil {
+					return
+				}
+			}
+			if readErr != nil {
+				return
+			}
+		}
+	}()
+
+	// -- Pump WebSocket input → SSH stdin / resize --
+	for {
+		_, msgBytes, readErr := ws.Read(sessCtx)
+		if readErr != nil {
+			break
+		}
+
+		var msg sshClientMsg
+		if err := json.Unmarshal(msgBytes, &msg); err != nil {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		switch msg.Type {
+		case "data":
+			if _, err := stdinPipe.Write([]byte(msg.Data)); err != nil {
+				return fmt.Errorf("write ssh stdin: %w", err)
+			}
+		case "resize":
+			if msg.Cols > 0 && msg.Rows > 0 {
+				_ = sess.WindowChange(int(msg.Rows), int(msg.Cols))
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// sendSSHError sends an error message to the browser and logs it.
+func sendSSHError(ctx context.Context, ws *websocket.Conn, msg string) {
+	logger.Debug("SSH error: %s", msg)
+	b, _ := json.Marshal(sshServerMsg{Type: "error", Error: msg})
+	_ = ws.Write(ctx, websocket.MessageText, b)
+}

browsergateway/ssh_native.go

@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+//go:build !windows
+
+package browsergateway
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"fmt"
+
+	"github.com/coder/websocket"
+	"github.com/fosrl/newt/logger"
+	"github.com/fosrl/newt/nativessh"
+)
+
+// serveNativeSSHSession handles a WebSocket SSH session by authenticating the
+// user against the host OS (authorized_keys then PAM password) and then
+// spawning a PTY+shell running as that user.
+//
+// The auth frame from the browser must be a JSON sshClientMsg with type="auth"
+// carrying the same password/privateKey fields used by the proxy SSH path.
+// The target username is passed in from the HTTP layer (query param).
+func serveNativeSSHSession(ctx context.Context, ws *websocket.Conn, username string, creds *nativessh.CredentialStore) error {
+	// Read the auth frame.
+	_, authBytes, err := ws.Read(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("read auth message: %w", err)
+	}
+	var authMsg sshClientMsg
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(authBytes, &authMsg); err != nil || authMsg.Type != "auth" {
+		return fmt.Errorf("expected auth message, got: %s", authBytes)
+	}
+
+	// Authenticate using host authorized_keys or PAM password.
+	if err := nativessh.AuthenticateWithCertificate(creds, username, authMsg.Password, authMsg.PrivateKey, authMsg.Certificate); err != nil {
+		sendSSHError(ctx, ws, "Authentication failed")
+		return fmt.Errorf("auth for user %q: %w", username, err)
+	}
+
+	logger.Debug("SSH native: spawning shell as user %q", username)
+
+	sess, err := nativessh.NewPTYSessionAs(username)
+	if err != nil {
+		sendSSHError(ctx, ws, fmt.Sprintf("Failed to spawn shell: %v", err))
+		return fmt.Errorf("pty session as %q: %w", username, err)
+	}
+	defer sess.Close()
+
+	// Cancel context to unblock the WebSocket read loop when the shell exits.
+	sessCtx, cancelSess := context.WithCancel(ctx)
+	defer cancelSess()
+
+	// Pump PTY output → WebSocket.
+	go func() {
+		defer cancelSess()
+		buf := make([]byte, 4096)
+		for {
+			n, readErr := sess.Read(buf)
+			if n > 0 {
+				msg := sshServerMsg{Type: "data", Data: string(buf[:n])}
+				b, _ := json.Marshal(msg)
+				if writeErr := ws.Write(sessCtx, websocket.MessageText, b); writeErr != nil {
+					return
+				}
+			}
+			if readErr != nil {
+				return
+			}
+		}
+	}()
+
+	// Pump WebSocket input → PTY stdin / resize.
+	for {
+		_, msgBytes, readErr := ws.Read(sessCtx)
+		if readErr != nil {
+			break
+		}
+		var msg sshClientMsg
+		if err := json.Unmarshal(msgBytes, &msg); err != nil {
+			continue
+		}
+		switch msg.Type {
+		case "data":
+			if _, writeErr := sess.Write([]byte(msg.Data)); writeErr != nil {
+				return fmt.Errorf("write pty: %w", writeErr)
+			}
+		case "resize":
+			if msg.Cols > 0 && msg.Rows > 0 {
+				_ = sess.Resize(uint16(msg.Cols), uint16(msg.Rows))
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}

browsergateway/ssh_native_windows.go

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+//go:build windows
+
+package browsergateway
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+
+	"github.com/coder/websocket"
+	"github.com/fosrl/newt/nativessh"
+)
+
+// serveNativeSSHSession is not supported on Windows.
+func serveNativeSSHSession(_ context.Context, _ *websocket.Conn, _ string, _ *nativessh.CredentialStore) error {
+	return errors.New("native SSH is not supported on Windows")
+}

browsergateway/vnc.go

@@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
+package browsergateway
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"net"
+	"net/http"
+	"strconv"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/coder/websocket"
+	"github.com/fosrl/newt/logger"
+)
+
+const (
+	vncDialTimeout    = 10 * time.Second
+	vncKeepAlive      = 30 * time.Second
+	vncForwardBufSize = 32 * 1024
+)
+
+// handleVNC proxies a noVNC WebSocket connection to a raw TCP VNC backend.
+// It follows the same auth-token-in-query-param pattern as handleSSH.
+//
+// Query parameters:
+//
+//	authToken – shared secret matching the -auth-token flag
+//	host      – VNC backend hostname or IP
+//	port      – VNC backend port (default: 5900)
+func (g *Gateway) handleVNC(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+	host := r.URL.Query().Get("host")
+	port := r.URL.Query().Get("port")
+	if host == "" {
+		http.Error(w, "missing host", http.StatusBadRequest)
+		return
+	}
+	if port == "" {
+		port = "5900"
+	}
+	vncPort, _ := strconv.Atoi(port)
+	authToken := r.URL.Query().Get("authToken")
+	if !g.isAllowed("vnc", host, vncPort, authToken) {
+		http.Error(w, "destination not allowed or auth token mismatch", http.StatusForbidden)
+		return
+	}
+	target := net.JoinHostPort(host, port)
+
+	// Optional HTTP probe used by the web UI to surface backend reachability
+	// failures before attempting a WebSocket session.
+	if r.URL.Query().Get("checkOnly") == "1" {
+		if err := dialVNCBackend(r.Context(), target); err != nil {
+			logger.Debug("vnc: preflight failed (%s): %v", target, err)
+			http.Error(w, fmt.Sprintf("failed to connect to VNC backend: %v", err), http.StatusBadGateway)
+			return
+		}
+		w.WriteHeader(http.StatusNoContent)
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Accept the WebSocket. noVNC negotiates the "binary" subprotocol;
+	// fall back gracefully when the client sends "base64" as well.
+	ws, err := websocket.Accept(w, r, &websocket.AcceptOptions{
+		InsecureSkipVerify: true,
+		Subprotocols:       []string{"binary", "base64"},
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		logger.Debug("vnc: websocket upgrade failed: %v", err)
+		return
+	}
+	ws.SetReadLimit(-1)
+	defer ws.CloseNow() //nolint:errcheck
+
+	ctx := r.Context()
+	if err := serveVNC(ctx, ws, target); err != nil {
+		logger.Debug("vnc: session error (%s): %v", target, err)
+	}
+}
+
+func dialVNCBackend(ctx context.Context, target string) error {
+	dialer := &net.Dialer{
+		Timeout:   vncDialTimeout,
+		KeepAlive: vncKeepAlive,
+	}
+	conn, err := dialer.DialContext(ctx, "tcp", target)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	defer conn.Close() //nolint:errcheck
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func serveVNC(ctx context.Context, ws *websocket.Conn, target string) error {
+	// Dial the VNC backend TCP server.
+	dialer := &net.Dialer{
+		Timeout:   vncDialTimeout,
+		KeepAlive: vncKeepAlive,
+	}
+	conn, err := dialer.DialContext(ctx, "tcp", target)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	defer conn.Close() //nolint:errcheck
+
+	// Expose the WebSocket as a plain net.Conn byte stream (binary frames).
+	stream := websocket.NetConn(ctx, ws, websocket.MessageBinary)
+	defer stream.Close() //nolint:errcheck
+
+	// Proxy bidirectionally: VNC backend <-> browser.
+	errc := make(chan error, 2)
+	go func() {
+		buf := make([]byte, vncForwardBufSize)
+		_, err := io.CopyBuffer(conn, stream, buf)
+		errc <- err
+	}()
+	go func() {
+		buf := make([]byte, vncForwardBufSize)
+		_, err := io.CopyBuffer(stream, conn, buf)
+		errc <- err
+	}()
+
+	// Return when either direction closes.
+	err = <-errc
+	return err
+}

clients.go

@@ -1,104 +0,0 @@
-package main
-
-import (
-	"strings"
-
-	"github.com/fosrl/newt/clients"
-	wgnetstack "github.com/fosrl/newt/clients"
-	"github.com/fosrl/newt/clients/permissions"
-	"github.com/fosrl/newt/logger"
-	"github.com/fosrl/newt/websocket"
-	"golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard/tun/netstack"
-)
-
-var wgService *clients.WireGuardService
-var ready bool
-
-func setupClients(client *websocket.Client) {
-	var host = endpoint
-	if strings.HasPrefix(host, "http://") {
-		host = strings.TrimPrefix(host, "http://")
-	} else if strings.HasPrefix(host, "https://") {
-		host = strings.TrimPrefix(host, "https://")
-	}
-
-	host = strings.TrimSuffix(host, "/")
-
-	logger.Debug("Setting up clients with netstack2...")
-
-	// if useNativeInterface is true make sure we have permission to use native interface
-	if useNativeInterface {
-		logger.Debug("Checking permissions for native interface")
-		err := permissions.CheckNativeInterfacePermissions()
-		if err != nil {
-			logger.Fatal("Insufficient permissions to create native TUN interface: %v", err)
-			return
-		}
-	}
-
-	// Create WireGuard service
-	wgService, err = wgnetstack.NewWireGuardService(interfaceName, port, mtuInt, host, id, client, dns, useNativeInterface)
-	if err != nil {
-		logger.Fatal("Failed to create WireGuard service: %v", err)
-	}
-
-	client.OnTokenUpdate(func(token string) {
-		wgService.SetToken(token)
-	})
-
-	ready = true
-}
-
-func setDownstreamTNetstack(tnet *netstack.Net) {
-	if wgService != nil {
-		wgService.SetOthertnet(tnet)
-	}
-}
-
-func closeClients() {
-	logger.Info("Closing clients...")
-	if wgService != nil {
-		wgService.Close()
-		wgService = nil
-	}
-}
-
-func clientsHandleNewtConnection(publicKey string, endpoint string, relayPort uint16) {
-	if !ready {
-		return
-	}
-
-	// split off the port from the endpoint
-	parts := strings.Split(endpoint, ":")
-	if len(parts) < 2 {
-		logger.Error("Invalid endpoint format: %s", endpoint)
-		return
-	}
-	endpoint = strings.Join(parts[:len(parts)-1], ":")
-
-	if wgService != nil {
-		wgService.StartHolepunch(publicKey, endpoint, relayPort)
-	}
-}
-
-func clientsOnConnect() {
-	if !ready {
-		return
-	}
-	if wgService != nil {
-		wgService.LoadRemoteConfig()
-	}
-}
-
-// clientsStartDirectRelay starts a direct UDP relay from the main tunnel netstack
-// to the clients' WireGuard, bypassing the proxy for better performance.
-func clientsStartDirectRelay(tunnelIP string) {
-	if !ready {
-		return
-	}
-	if wgService != nil {
-		if err := wgService.StartDirectUDPRelay(tunnelIP); err != nil {
-			logger.Error("Failed to start direct UDP relay: %v", err)
-		}
-	}
-}

clients/clients.go

@@ -13,12 +13,14 @@ import (
 	"strconv"
 	"strings"
 	"sync"
+	"sync/atomic"
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/fosrl/newt/bind"
 	newtDevice "github.com/fosrl/newt/device"
 	"github.com/fosrl/newt/holepunch"
 	"github.com/fosrl/newt/logger"
+	"github.com/fosrl/newt/nativessh"
 	"github.com/fosrl/newt/netstack2"
 	"github.com/fosrl/newt/network"
 	"github.com/fosrl/newt/util"
@@ -33,10 +35,11 @@ import (
 )
 
 type WgConfig struct {
-	IpAddress string   `json:"ipAddress"`
-	Peers     []Peer   `json:"peers"`
-	Targets   []Target `json:"targets"`
-	ChainId   string   `json:"chainId"`
+	IpAddress string     `json:"ipAddress"`
+	Peers     []Peer     `json:"peers"`
+	Targets   []Target   `json:"targets"`
+	Certs     []CertData `json:"certs"`
+	ChainId   string     `json:"chainId"`
 }
 
 type Target struct {
@@ -51,6 +54,23 @@ type Target struct {
 	HTTPTargets    []netstack2.HTTPTarget `json:"httpTargets,omitempty"` // for http protocol, list of downstream services to load balance across
 	TLSCert        string                 `json:"tlsCert,omitempty"`     // PEM-encoded certificate for incoming HTTPS termination
 	TLSKey         string                 `json:"tlsKey,omitempty"`      // PEM-encoded private key for incoming HTTPS termination
+	TLSCertID      string                 `json:"tlsCertId,omitempty"`   // references an entry in the sync message's Certs list instead of inlining TLSCert/TLSKey
+}
+
+// CertData is a single shared TLS certificate/key pair, referenced by ID from
+// one or more Targets via TLSCertID. Sent once per sync message so that many
+// targets backed by the same certificate (e.g. a wildcard cert) don't each
+// carry a full copy of the PEM data.
+type CertData struct {
+	ID   string `json:"id"`
+	Cert string `json:"cert"`
+	Key  string `json:"key"`
+}
+
+// CertPair holds the resolved PEM certificate/key material for a CertData entry.
+type CertPair struct {
+	Cert string
+	Key  string
 }
 
 type PortRange struct {
@@ -108,12 +128,23 @@ type WireGuardService struct {
 	sharedBind         *bind.SharedBind
 	holePunchManager   *holepunch.Manager
 	useNativeInterface bool
+	// SSH server running on the clients' netstack
+	sshServer *sshServerHandle
+	credStore *nativessh.CredentialStore
 	// Direct UDP relay from main tunnel to clients' WireGuard
 	directRelayStop    chan struct{}
 	directRelayWg      sync.WaitGroup
 	netstackListener   net.PacketConn
 	netstackListenerMu sync.Mutex
 	wgTesterServer     *wgtester.Server
+
+	// connection blocking: when true, all new incoming connections are dropped
+	blocked atomic.Bool
+
+	// certs resolves TLSCertID references on incoming Targets to their PEM
+	// cert/key material. Replaced wholesale on every full sync.
+	certs   map[string]CertPair
+	certsMu sync.RWMutex
 }
 
 // generateChainId generates a random chain ID for deduplicating round-trip messages.
@@ -188,11 +219,19 @@ func NewWireGuardService(interfaceName string, port uint16, mtu int, host string
 	wsClient.RegisterHandler("newt/wg/targets/add", service.handleAddTarget)
 	wsClient.RegisterHandler("newt/wg/targets/remove", service.handleRemoveTarget)
 	wsClient.RegisterHandler("newt/wg/targets/update", service.handleUpdateTarget)
-	wsClient.RegisterHandler("newt/wg/sync", service.handleSyncConfig)
+	wsClient.RegisterHandler("newt/certs/add", service.handleAddCerts)
+	wsClient.RegisterHandler("newt/certs/remove", service.handleRemoveCerts)
 
 	return service, nil
 }
 
+// SetCredentialStore sets the in-memory SSH credential store used by the
+// native SSH server. It must be called before the netstack is configured
+// (i.e. before the first newt/wg/receive-config message is processed).
+func (s *WireGuardService) SetCredentialStore(store *nativessh.CredentialStore) {
+	s.credStore = store
+}
+
 // ReportRTT allows reporting native RTTs to telemetry, rate-limited externally.
 func (s *WireGuardService) ReportRTT(seconds float64) {
 	if s.serverPubKey == "" {
@@ -211,6 +250,12 @@ func (s *WireGuardService) Close() {
 		s.stopGetConfig = nil
 	}
 
+	// Stop SSH server before tearing down the netstack
+	if s.sshServer != nil {
+		s.sshServer.stop()
+		s.sshServer = nil
+	}
+
 	// Flush access logs before tearing down the tunnel
 	if s.tnet != nil {
 		if ph := s.tnet.GetProxyHandler(); ph != nil {
@@ -286,6 +331,21 @@ func (s *WireGuardService) GetPublicKey() wgtypes.Key {
 	return s.key.PublicKey()
 }
 
+// SetBlocked enables or disables connection blocking for this WireGuard service.
+// The state is persisted and applied immediately to any active proxy handler.
+func (s *WireGuardService) SetBlocked(v bool) {
+	s.blocked.Store(v)
+	s.mu.Lock()
+	tnet := s.tnet
+	s.mu.Unlock()
+	if tnet == nil {
+		return
+	}
+	if ph := tnet.GetProxyHandler(); ph != nil {
+		ph.SetBlocked(v)
+	}
+}
+
 // SetOnNetstackReady sets a callback function to be called when the netstack interface is ready
 func (s *WireGuardService) SetOnNetstackReady(callback func(*netstack2.Net)) {
 	s.onNetstackReady = callback
@@ -469,9 +529,10 @@ func (s *WireGuardService) LoadRemoteConfig() error {
 	chainId := generateChainId()
 	s.pendingConfigChainId = chainId
 	s.stopGetConfig = s.client.SendMessageInterval("newt/wg/get-config", map[string]interface{}{
-		"publicKey": s.key.PublicKey().String(),
-		"port":      s.Port,
-		"chainId":   chainId,
+		"publicKey":      s.key.PublicKey().String(),
+		"port":           s.Port,
+		"chainId":        chainId,
+		"localEndpoints": network.GetLocalEndpoints(s.Port, s.interfaceName),
 	}, 2*time.Second)
 
 	logger.Debug("Requesting WireGuard configuration from remote server")
@@ -508,6 +569,7 @@ func (s *WireGuardService) handleConfig(msg websocket.WSMessage) {
 	}
 
 	s.config = config
+	s.SetCerts(config.Certs)
 
 	if s.stopGetConfig != nil {
 		s.stopGetConfig()
@@ -532,37 +594,116 @@ func (s *WireGuardService) handleConfig(msg websocket.WSMessage) {
 	logger.Info("Client connectivity setup. Ready to accept connections from clients!")
 }
 
-// SyncConfig represents the configuration sent from server for syncing
-type SyncConfig struct {
-	Targets []Target `json:"targets"`
-	Peers   []Peer   `json:"peers"`
+// SetCerts replaces the TLSCertID lookup table used by resolveTLS. The server
+// sends the complete set of referenced certs on every full sync, so this is a
+// wholesale replacement rather than an incremental merge.
+func (s *WireGuardService) SetCerts(certs []CertData) {
+	m := make(map[string]CertPair, len(certs))
+	for _, c := range certs {
+		m[c.ID] = CertPair{Cert: c.Cert, Key: c.Key}
+	}
+	s.certsMu.Lock()
+	s.certs = m
+	s.certsMu.Unlock()
 }
 
-func (s *WireGuardService) handleSyncConfig(msg websocket.WSMessage) {
-	var syncConfig SyncConfig
+// resolveTLS returns the PEM cert/key to use for target's incoming HTTPS
+// termination: target.TLSCertID looked up in the certs table if set, falling
+// back to the target's own inline TLSCert/TLSKey otherwise.
+func (s *WireGuardService) resolveTLS(target Target) (cert, key string) {
+	if target.TLSCertID == "" {
+		return target.TLSCert, target.TLSKey
+	}
+	s.certsMu.RLock()
+	pair, ok := s.certs[target.TLSCertID]
+	s.certsMu.RUnlock()
+	if !ok {
+		logger.Warn("No cert found for tlsCertId %s, falling back to inline cert on target", target.TLSCertID)
+		return target.TLSCert, target.TLSKey
+	}
+	return pair.Cert, pair.Key
+}
 
-	logger.Debug("Received sync message: %v", msg)
-	logger.Info("Received sync configuration from remote server")
+// AddCerts upserts the given certs into the lookup table used by resolveTLS,
+// without discarding any certs already present. Used for incremental cert
+// pushes (e.g. after a renewal) outside of a full newt/sync or
+// newt/wg/receive-config, which replace the table wholesale via SetCerts.
+func (s *WireGuardService) AddCerts(certs []CertData) {
+	if len(certs) == 0 {
+		return
+	}
+	s.certsMu.Lock()
+	if s.certs == nil {
+		s.certs = make(map[string]CertPair, len(certs))
+	}
+	for _, c := range certs {
+		s.certs[c.ID] = CertPair{Cert: c.Cert, Key: c.Key}
+	}
+	s.certsMu.Unlock()
+}
 
+// RemoveCerts deletes the given cert IDs from the lookup table, e.g. once the
+// server knows no target references them anymore.
+func (s *WireGuardService) RemoveCerts(ids []string) {
+	if len(ids) == 0 {
+		return
+	}
+	s.certsMu.Lock()
+	for _, id := range ids {
+		delete(s.certs, id)
+	}
+	s.certsMu.Unlock()
+}
+
+// handleAddCerts processes a "newt/certs/add" message: an array of CertData
+// to upsert into the cert lookup table.
+func (s *WireGuardService) handleAddCerts(msg websocket.WSMessage) {
 	jsonData, err := json.Marshal(msg.Data)
 	if err != nil {
-		logger.Error("Error marshaling sync data: %v", err)
+		logger.Info("Error marshaling cert add data: %v", err)
 		return
 	}
 
-	if err := json.Unmarshal(jsonData, &syncConfig); err != nil {
-		logger.Error("Error unmarshaling sync data: %v", err)
+	var certs []CertData
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(jsonData, &certs); err != nil {
+		logger.Warn("Error unmarshaling cert add data: %v", err)
 		return
 	}
 
-	// Sync peers
-	if err := s.syncPeers(syncConfig.Peers); err != nil {
-		logger.Error("Failed to sync peers: %v", err)
+	s.AddCerts(certs)
+	logger.Info("Added %d certs", len(certs))
+}
+
+// handleRemoveCerts processes a "newt/certs/remove" message: {ids: [...]}
+// naming the cert IDs to drop from the lookup table.
+func (s *WireGuardService) handleRemoveCerts(msg websocket.WSMessage) {
+	jsonData, err := json.Marshal(msg.Data)
+	if err != nil {
+		logger.Info("Error marshaling cert remove data: %v", err)
+		return
 	}
 
-	// Sync targets
-	if err := s.syncTargets(syncConfig.Targets); err != nil {
-		logger.Error("Failed to sync targets: %v", err)
+	var data struct {
+		IDs []string `json:"ids"`
+	}
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(jsonData, &data); err != nil {
+		logger.Warn("Error unmarshaling cert remove data: %v", err)
+		return
+	}
+
+	s.RemoveCerts(data.IDs)
+	logger.Info("Removed %d certs", len(data.IDs))
+}
+
+// Sync synchronizes the clients WireGuard peers and targets with the desired state
+// received as part of the main newt/sync message.
+func (s *WireGuardService) Sync(peers []Peer, targets []Target) {
+	if err := s.syncPeers(peers); err != nil {
+		logger.Error("Failed to sync client peers: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if err := s.syncTargets(targets); err != nil {
+		logger.Error("Failed to sync client targets: %v", err)
 	}
 }
 
@@ -629,8 +770,12 @@ func (s *WireGuardService) syncPeers(desiredPeers []Peer) error {
 	return nil
 }
 
-// syncTargets synchronizes the current targets with the desired state
-// It removes targets not in the desired list and adds missing ones
+// syncTargets synchronizes the current targets with the desired state.
+// A sync represents the full authoritative state from the server, so rather
+// than diffing against the currently installed rules (which can miss
+// changes to a rule's contents when its source/dest prefix key is
+// unchanged - e.g. a RewriteTo update), we just rebuild the entire rule set
+// from scratch on every sync. This guarantees no stale rule can survive.
 func (s *WireGuardService) syncTargets(desiredTargets []Target) error {
 	if s.tnet == nil {
 		// Native interface mode - proxy features not available, skip silently
@@ -638,70 +783,32 @@ func (s *WireGuardService) syncTargets(desiredTargets []Target) error {
 		return nil
 	}
 
-	// Get current rules from the proxy handler
-	currentRules := s.tnet.GetProxySubnetRules()
-
-	// Build a map of current rules by source+dest prefix
-	type ruleKey struct {
-		sourcePrefix string
-		destPrefix   string
-	}
-	currentRuleMap := make(map[ruleKey]bool)
-	for _, rule := range currentRules {
-		key := ruleKey{
-			sourcePrefix: rule.SourcePrefix.String(),
-			destPrefix:   rule.DestPrefix.String(),
-		}
-		currentRuleMap[key] = true
-	}
-
-	// Build a map of desired targets
-	desiredTargetMap := make(map[ruleKey]Target)
+	var rules []netstack2.SubnetRule
 	for _, target := range desiredTargets {
-		key := ruleKey{
-			sourcePrefix: target.SourcePrefix,
-			destPrefix:   target.DestPrefix,
+		destPrefix, err := netip.ParsePrefix(target.DestPrefix)
+		if err != nil {
+			logger.Warn("Invalid dest prefix %s during sync: %v", target.DestPrefix, err)
+			continue
 		}
-		desiredTargetMap[key] = target
-	}
 
-	// Remove targets that are not in the desired list
-	for _, rule := range currentRules {
-		key := ruleKey{
-			sourcePrefix: rule.SourcePrefix.String(),
-			destPrefix:   rule.DestPrefix.String(),
+		var portRanges []netstack2.PortRange
+		for _, pr := range target.PortRange {
+			portRanges = append(portRanges, netstack2.PortRange{
+				Min:      pr.Min,
+				Max:      pr.Max,
+				Protocol: pr.Protocol,
+			})
 		}
-		if _, exists := desiredTargetMap[key]; !exists {
-			s.tnet.RemoveProxySubnetRule(rule.SourcePrefix, rule.DestPrefix)
-			logger.Info("Removed target %s -> %s during sync", rule.SourcePrefix.String(), rule.DestPrefix.String())
-		}
-	}
 
-	// Add targets that are missing
-	for key, target := range desiredTargetMap {
-		if _, exists := currentRuleMap[key]; !exists {
-			sourcePrefix, err := netip.ParsePrefix(target.SourcePrefix)
+		for _, sp := range resolveSourcePrefixes(target) {
+			sourcePrefix, err := netip.ParsePrefix(sp)
 			if err != nil {
-				logger.Warn("Invalid source prefix %s during sync: %v", target.SourcePrefix, err)
+				logger.Warn("Invalid source prefix %s during sync: %v", sp, err)
 				continue
 			}
 
-			destPrefix, err := netip.ParsePrefix(target.DestPrefix)
-			if err != nil {
-				logger.Warn("Invalid dest prefix %s during sync: %v", target.DestPrefix, err)
-				continue
-			}
-
-			var portRanges []netstack2.PortRange
-			for _, pr := range target.PortRange {
-				portRanges = append(portRanges, netstack2.PortRange{
-					Min:      pr.Min,
-					Max:      pr.Max,
-					Protocol: pr.Protocol,
-				})
-			}
-
-			s.tnet.AddProxySubnetRule(netstack2.SubnetRule{
+			tlsCert, tlsKey := s.resolveTLS(target)
+			rules = append(rules, netstack2.SubnetRule{
 				SourcePrefix: sourcePrefix,
 				DestPrefix:   destPrefix,
 				RewriteTo:    target.RewriteTo,
@@ -710,13 +817,15 @@ func (s *WireGuardService) syncTargets(desiredTargets []Target) error {
 				ResourceId:   target.ResourceId,
 				Protocol:     target.Protocol,
 				HTTPTargets:  target.HTTPTargets,
-				TLSCert:      target.TLSCert,
-				TLSKey:       target.TLSKey,
+				TLSCert:      tlsCert,
+				TLSKey:       tlsKey,
 			})
-			logger.Info("Added target %s -> %s during sync", target.SourcePrefix, target.DestPrefix)
 		}
 	}
 
+	s.tnet.ReplaceProxySubnetRules(rules)
+	logger.Info("Synced targets: %d rules installed", len(rules))
+
 	return nil
 }
 
@@ -890,7 +999,25 @@ func (s *WireGuardService) ensureWireguardInterface(wgconfig WgConfig) error {
 		logger.Error("Failed to start WireGuard tester server: %v", err)
 	}
 
+	// Start the SSH server on the clients' netstack (port 22).
+	// A nil credStore means SSH is disabled (--disable-ssh), so skip starting the server.
+	if s.credStore != nil {
+		if h, sshErr := startSSHOnNetstack(s.tnet, s.credStore); sshErr != nil {
+			logger.Warn("nativessh: not starting SSH server on clients netstack: %v", sshErr)
+		} else {
+			s.sshServer = h
+		}
+	}
+
 	// Note: we already unlocked above, so don't use defer unlock
+
+	// Apply any pending blocked state to the newly created proxy handler
+	if s.blocked.Load() {
+		if ph := s.tnet.GetProxyHandler(); ph != nil {
+			ph.SetBlocked(true)
+		}
+	}
+
 	return nil
 }
 
@@ -977,6 +1104,7 @@ func (s *WireGuardService) ensureTargets(targets []Target) error {
 			if err != nil {
 				return fmt.Errorf("invalid CIDR %s: %v", sp, err)
 			}
+			tlsCert, tlsKey := s.resolveTLS(target)
 			s.tnet.AddProxySubnetRule(netstack2.SubnetRule{
 				SourcePrefix: sourcePrefix,
 				DestPrefix:   destPrefix,
@@ -986,8 +1114,8 @@ func (s *WireGuardService) ensureTargets(targets []Target) error {
 				ResourceId:   target.ResourceId,
 				Protocol:     target.Protocol,
 				HTTPTargets:  target.HTTPTargets,
-				TLSCert:      target.TLSCert,
-				TLSKey:       target.TLSKey,
+				TLSCert:      tlsCert,
+				TLSKey:       tlsKey,
 			})
 			logger.Info("Added target subnet from %s to %s rewrite to %s with port ranges: %v", sp, target.DestPrefix, target.RewriteTo, target.PortRange)
 		}
@@ -1381,6 +1509,7 @@ func (s *WireGuardService) handleAddTarget(msg websocket.WSMessage) {
 				logger.Info("Invalid CIDR %s: %v", sp, err)
 				continue
 			}
+			tlsCert, tlsKey := s.resolveTLS(target)
 			s.tnet.AddProxySubnetRule(netstack2.SubnetRule{
 				SourcePrefix: sourcePrefix,
 				DestPrefix:   destPrefix,
@@ -1390,8 +1519,8 @@ func (s *WireGuardService) handleAddTarget(msg websocket.WSMessage) {
 				ResourceId:   target.ResourceId,
 				Protocol:     target.Protocol,
 				HTTPTargets:  target.HTTPTargets,
-				TLSCert:      target.TLSCert,
-				TLSKey:       target.TLSKey,
+				TLSCert:      tlsCert,
+				TLSKey:       tlsKey,
 			})
 			logger.Info("Added target subnet from %s to %s rewrite to %s with port ranges: %v", sp, target.DestPrefix, target.RewriteTo, target.PortRange)
 		}
@@ -1510,6 +1639,7 @@ func (s *WireGuardService) handleUpdateTarget(msg websocket.WSMessage) {
 				logger.Info("Invalid CIDR %s: %v", sp, err)
 				continue
 			}
+			tlsCert, tlsKey := s.resolveTLS(target)
 			s.tnet.AddProxySubnetRule(netstack2.SubnetRule{
 				SourcePrefix: sourcePrefix,
 				DestPrefix:   destPrefix,
@@ -1519,8 +1649,8 @@ func (s *WireGuardService) handleUpdateTarget(msg websocket.WSMessage) {
 				ResourceId:   target.ResourceId,
 				Protocol:     target.Protocol,
 				HTTPTargets:  target.HTTPTargets,
-				TLSCert:      target.TLSCert,
-				TLSKey:       target.TLSKey,
+				TLSCert:      tlsCert,
+				TLSKey:       tlsKey,
 			})
 			logger.Info("Added target subnet from %s to %s rewrite to %s with port ranges: %v", sp, target.DestPrefix, target.RewriteTo, target.PortRange)
 		}
@@ -1563,3 +1693,33 @@ func (s *WireGuardService) filterReadOnlyFields(config string) string {
 
 	return strings.Join(filteredLines, "\n")
 }
+
+// sshServerHandle holds the listener so the SSH server can be stopped by
+// closing it.
+type sshServerHandle struct {
+	ln net.Listener
+}
+
+func (h *sshServerHandle) stop() {
+	_ = h.ln.Close()
+}
+
+// startSSHOnNetstack creates a TCP listener on port 22 of the clients' netstack
+// and starts serving SSH connections on it in the background. The returned
+// handle can be used to stop the server by closing the listener.
+func startSSHOnNetstack(tnet *netstack2.Net, creds *nativessh.CredentialStore) (*sshServerHandle, error) {
+	srv := nativessh.NewServer(nativessh.ServerConfig{
+		Credentials: creds,
+	})
+	ln, err := tnet.ListenTCP(&net.TCPAddr{Port: 22})
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("listen on netstack port 22: %w", err)
+	}
+	h := &sshServerHandle{ln: ln}
+	go func() {
+		if err := srv.Serve(ln); err != nil {
+			logger.Debug("nativessh: clients netstack server stopped: %v", err)
+		}
+	}()
+	return h, nil
+}

common.go

@@ -1,588 +0,0 @@
-package main
-
-import (
-	"bytes"
-	"context"
-	"encoding/json"
-	"fmt"
-	"net"
-	"os"
-	"os/exec"
-	"regexp"
-	"strings"
-	"time"
-
-	"math/rand"
-
-	"github.com/fosrl/newt/internal/telemetry"
-	"github.com/fosrl/newt/logger"
-	"github.com/fosrl/newt/proxy"
-	"github.com/fosrl/newt/websocket"
-	"golang.org/x/net/icmp"
-	"golang.org/x/net/ipv4"
-	"golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard/tun/netstack"
-	"gopkg.in/yaml.v3"
-)
-
-const msgHealthFileWriteFailed = "Failed to write health file: %v"
-
-func ping(tnet *netstack.Net, dst string, timeout time.Duration) (time.Duration, error) {
-	// logger.Debug("Pinging %s", dst)
-	socket, err := tnet.Dial("ping4", dst)
-	if err != nil {
-		return 0, fmt.Errorf("failed to create ICMP socket: %w", err)
-	}
-	defer socket.Close()
-
-	// Set socket buffer sizes to handle high bandwidth scenarios
-	if tcpConn, ok := socket.(interface{ SetReadBuffer(int) error }); ok {
-		tcpConn.SetReadBuffer(64 * 1024)
-	}
-	if tcpConn, ok := socket.(interface{ SetWriteBuffer(int) error }); ok {
-		tcpConn.SetWriteBuffer(64 * 1024)
-	}
-
-	requestPing := icmp.Echo{
-		Seq:  rand.Intn(1 << 16),
-		Data: []byte("newtping"),
-	}
-
-	icmpBytes, err := (&icmp.Message{Type: ipv4.ICMPTypeEcho, Code: 0, Body: &requestPing}).Marshal(nil)
-	if err != nil {
-		return 0, fmt.Errorf("failed to marshal ICMP message: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	if err := socket.SetReadDeadline(time.Now().Add(timeout)); err != nil {
-		return 0, fmt.Errorf("failed to set read deadline: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	start := time.Now()
-	_, err = socket.Write(icmpBytes)
-	if err != nil {
-		return 0, fmt.Errorf("failed to write ICMP packet: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	// Use larger buffer for reading to handle potential network congestion
-	readBuffer := make([]byte, 1500)
-	n, err := socket.Read(readBuffer)
-	if err != nil {
-		return 0, fmt.Errorf("failed to read ICMP packet: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	replyPacket, err := icmp.ParseMessage(1, readBuffer[:n])
-	if err != nil {
-		return 0, fmt.Errorf("failed to parse ICMP packet: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	replyPing, ok := replyPacket.Body.(*icmp.Echo)
-	if !ok {
-		return 0, fmt.Errorf("invalid reply type: got %T, want *icmp.Echo", replyPacket.Body)
-	}
-
-	if !bytes.Equal(replyPing.Data, requestPing.Data) || replyPing.Seq != requestPing.Seq {
-		return 0, fmt.Errorf("invalid ping reply: got seq=%d data=%q, want seq=%d data=%q",
-			replyPing.Seq, replyPing.Data, requestPing.Seq, requestPing.Data)
-	}
-
-	latency := time.Since(start)
-
-	// logger.Debug("Ping to %s successful, latency: %v", dst, latency)
-
-	return latency, nil
-}
-
-// reliablePing performs multiple ping attempts with adaptive timeout
-func reliablePing(tnet *netstack.Net, dst string, baseTimeout time.Duration, maxAttempts int) (time.Duration, error) {
-	var lastErr error
-	var totalLatency time.Duration
-	successCount := 0
-
-	for attempt := 1; attempt <= maxAttempts; attempt++ {
-		// Adaptive timeout: increase timeout for later attempts
-		timeout := baseTimeout + time.Duration(attempt-1)*500*time.Millisecond
-
-		// Add jitter to prevent thundering herd
-		jitter := time.Duration(rand.Intn(100)) * time.Millisecond
-		timeout += jitter
-
-		latency, err := ping(tnet, dst, timeout)
-		if err != nil {
-			lastErr = err
-			logger.Debug("Ping attempt %d/%d failed: %v", attempt, maxAttempts, err)
-
-			// Brief pause between attempts with exponential backoff
-			if attempt < maxAttempts {
-				backoff := time.Duration(attempt) * 50 * time.Millisecond
-				time.Sleep(backoff)
-			}
-			continue
-		}
-
-		totalLatency += latency
-		successCount++
-
-		// If we get at least one success, we can return early for health checks
-		if successCount > 0 {
-			avgLatency := totalLatency / time.Duration(successCount)
-			// logger.Debug("Reliable ping succeeded after %d attempts, avg latency: %v", attempt, avgLatency)
-			return avgLatency, nil
-		}
-	}
-
-	if successCount == 0 {
-		return 0, fmt.Errorf("all %d ping attempts failed, last error: %v", maxAttempts, lastErr)
-	}
-
-	return totalLatency / time.Duration(successCount), nil
-}
-
-func pingWithRetry(tnet *netstack.Net, dst string, timeout time.Duration) (stopChan chan struct{}, err error) {
-
-	if healthFile != "" {
-		err = os.Remove(healthFile)
-		if err != nil {
-			logger.Error("Failed to remove health file: %v", err)
-		}
-	}
-
-	const (
-		initialMaxAttempts = 5
-		initialRetryDelay  = 2 * time.Second
-		maxRetryDelay      = 60 * time.Second // Cap the maximum delay
-	)
-
-	stopChan = make(chan struct{})
-	attempt := 1
-	retryDelay := initialRetryDelay
-
-	// First try with the initial parameters
-	logger.Debug("Ping attempt %d", attempt)
-	if latency, err := ping(tnet, dst, timeout); err == nil {
-		// Successful ping
-		logger.Debug("Ping latency: %v", latency)
-		logger.Info("Tunnel connection to server established successfully!")
-		if healthFile != "" {
-			err := os.WriteFile(healthFile, []byte("ok"), 0644)
-			if err != nil {
-				logger.Warn(msgHealthFileWriteFailed, err)
-			}
-		}
-		return stopChan, nil
-	} else {
-		logger.Warn("Ping attempt %d failed: %v", attempt, err)
-	}
-
-	// Start a goroutine that will attempt pings indefinitely with increasing delays
-	go func() {
-		attempt = 2 // Continue from attempt 2
-
-		for {
-			select {
-			case <-stopChan:
-				return
-			default:
-				logger.Debug("Ping attempt %d", attempt)
-
-				if latency, err := ping(tnet, dst, timeout); err != nil {
-					logger.Warn("Ping attempt %d failed: %v", attempt, err)
-
-					// Increase delay after certain thresholds but cap it
-					if attempt%5 == 0 && retryDelay < maxRetryDelay {
-						retryDelay = time.Duration(float64(retryDelay) * 1.5)
-						if retryDelay > maxRetryDelay {
-							retryDelay = maxRetryDelay
-						}
-						logger.Info("Increasing ping retry delay to %v", retryDelay)
-					}
-
-					time.Sleep(retryDelay)
-					attempt++
-				} else {
-					// Successful ping
-					logger.Debug("Ping succeeded after %d attempts", attempt)
-					logger.Debug("Ping latency: %v", latency)
-					logger.Info("Tunnel connection to server established successfully!")
-					if healthFile != "" {
-						err := os.WriteFile(healthFile, []byte("ok"), 0644)
-						if err != nil {
-							logger.Warn(msgHealthFileWriteFailed, err)
-						}
-					}
-				}
-			case <-pingStopChan:
-				// Stop the goroutine when signaled
-				return
-			}
-		}
-	}()
-
-	// Return an error for the first batch of attempts (to maintain compatibility with existing code)
-	return stopChan, fmt.Errorf("initial ping attempts failed, continuing in background")
-}
-
-func startPingCheck(tnet *netstack.Net, serverIP string, client *websocket.Client, tunnelID string) chan struct{} {
-	maxInterval := 6 * time.Second
-	currentInterval := pingInterval
-	consecutiveFailures := 0
-	connectionLost := false
-
-	// Track recent latencies for adaptive timeout calculation
-	recentLatencies := make([]time.Duration, 0, 10)
-
-	pingStopChan := make(chan struct{})
-
-	go func() {
-		ticker := time.NewTicker(currentInterval)
-		defer ticker.Stop()
-		for {
-			select {
-			case <-ticker.C:
-				// Calculate adaptive timeout based on recent latencies
-				adaptiveTimeout := pingTimeout
-				if len(recentLatencies) > 0 {
-					var sum time.Duration
-					for _, lat := range recentLatencies {
-						sum += lat
-					}
-					avgLatency := sum / time.Duration(len(recentLatencies))
-					// Use 3x average latency as timeout, with minimum of pingTimeout
-					adaptiveTimeout = avgLatency * 3
-					if adaptiveTimeout < pingTimeout {
-						adaptiveTimeout = pingTimeout
-					}
-					if adaptiveTimeout > 15*time.Second {
-						adaptiveTimeout = 15 * time.Second
-					}
-				}
-
-				// Use reliable ping with multiple attempts
-				maxAttempts := 2
-				if consecutiveFailures > 4 {
-					maxAttempts = 4 // More attempts when connection is unstable
-				}
-
-				latency, err := reliablePing(tnet, serverIP, adaptiveTimeout, maxAttempts)
-				if err != nil {
-					consecutiveFailures++
-
-					// Track recent latencies (add a high value for failures)
-					recentLatencies = append(recentLatencies, adaptiveTimeout)
-					if len(recentLatencies) > 10 {
-						recentLatencies = recentLatencies[1:]
-					}
-
-					if consecutiveFailures < 2 {
-						logger.Debug("Periodic ping failed (%d consecutive failures): %v", consecutiveFailures, err)
-					} else {
-						logger.Warn("Periodic ping failed (%d consecutive failures): %v", consecutiveFailures, err)
-					}
-
-					// More lenient threshold for declaring connection lost under load
-					failureThreshold := 4
-					if consecutiveFailures >= failureThreshold && currentInterval < maxInterval {
-						if !connectionLost {
-							connectionLost = true
-							logger.Warn("Connection to server lost after %d failures. Continuous reconnection attempts will be made.", consecutiveFailures)
-							if tunnelID != "" {
-								telemetry.IncReconnect(context.Background(), tunnelID, "client", telemetry.ReasonTimeout)
-							}
-							pingChainId := generateChainId()
-							pendingPingChainId = pingChainId
-							stopFunc = client.SendMessageInterval("newt/ping/request", map[string]interface{}{
-								"chainId": pingChainId,
-							}, 3*time.Second)
-							// Send registration message to the server for backward compatibility
-							bcChainId := generateChainId()
-							pendingRegisterChainId = bcChainId
-							err := client.SendMessage("newt/wg/register", map[string]interface{}{
-								"publicKey":           publicKey.String(),
-								"backwardsCompatible": true,
-								"chainId":             bcChainId,
-							})
-							if err != nil {
-								logger.Error("Failed to send registration message: %v", err)
-							}
-							if healthFile != "" {
-								err = os.Remove(healthFile)
-								if err != nil {
-									logger.Error("Failed to remove health file: %v", err)
-								}
-							}
-						}
-						currentInterval = time.Duration(float64(currentInterval) * 1.3) // Slower increase
-						if currentInterval > maxInterval {
-							currentInterval = maxInterval
-						}
-						ticker.Reset(currentInterval)
-						logger.Debug("Increased ping check interval to %v due to consecutive failures", currentInterval)
-					}
-				} else {
-					// Track recent latencies
-					recentLatencies = append(recentLatencies, latency)
-					// Record tunnel latency (limit sampling to this periodic check)
-					if tunnelID != "" {
-						telemetry.ObserveTunnelLatency(context.Background(), tunnelID, "wireguard", latency.Seconds())
-					}
-					if len(recentLatencies) > 10 {
-						recentLatencies = recentLatencies[1:]
-					}
-
-					if connectionLost {
-						connectionLost = false
-						logger.Info("Connection to server restored after %d failures!", consecutiveFailures)
-						if healthFile != "" {
-							err := os.WriteFile(healthFile, []byte("ok"), 0644)
-							if err != nil {
-								logger.Warn("Failed to write health file: %v", err)
-							}
-						}
-					}
-					if currentInterval > pingInterval {
-						currentInterval = time.Duration(float64(currentInterval) * 0.9) // Slower decrease
-						if currentInterval < pingInterval {
-							currentInterval = pingInterval
-						}
-						ticker.Reset(currentInterval)
-						logger.Debug("Decreased ping check interval to %v after successful ping", currentInterval)
-					}
-					consecutiveFailures = 0
-				}
-			case <-pingStopChan:
-				logger.Info("Stopping ping check")
-				return
-			}
-		}
-	}()
-
-	return pingStopChan
-}
-
-func parseTargetData(data interface{}) (TargetData, error) {
-	var targetData TargetData
-	jsonData, err := json.Marshal(data)
-	if err != nil {
-		logger.Info("Error marshaling data: %v", err)
-		return targetData, err
-	}
-
-	if err := json.Unmarshal(jsonData, &targetData); err != nil {
-		logger.Info("Error unmarshaling target data: %v", err)
-		return targetData, err
-	}
-	return targetData, nil
-}
-
-// parseTargetString parses a target string in the format "listenPort:host:targetPort"
-// It properly handles IPv6 addresses which must be in brackets: "listenPort:[ipv6]:targetPort"
-// Examples:
-//   - IPv4: "3001:192.168.1.1:80"
-//   - IPv6: "3001:[::1]:8080" or "3001:[fd70:1452:b736:4dd5:caca:7db9:c588:f5b3]:80"
-//
-// Returns listenPort, targetAddress (in host:port format suitable for net.Dial), and error
-func parseTargetString(target string) (int, string, error) {
-	// Find the first colon to extract the listen port
-	firstColon := strings.Index(target, ":")
-	if firstColon == -1 {
-		return 0, "", fmt.Errorf("invalid target format, no colon found: %s", target)
-	}
-
-	listenPortStr := target[:firstColon]
-	var listenPort int
-	_, err := fmt.Sscanf(listenPortStr, "%d", &listenPort)
-	if err != nil {
-		return 0, "", fmt.Errorf("invalid listen port: %s", listenPortStr)
-	}
-	if listenPort <= 0 || listenPort > 65535 {
-		return 0, "", fmt.Errorf("listen port out of range: %d", listenPort)
-	}
-
-	// The remainder is host:targetPort - use net.SplitHostPort which handles IPv6 brackets
-	remainder := target[firstColon+1:]
-	host, targetPort, err := net.SplitHostPort(remainder)
-	if err != nil {
-		return 0, "", fmt.Errorf("invalid host:port format '%s': %w", remainder, err)
-	}
-
-	// Reject empty host or target port
-	if host == "" {
-		return 0, "", fmt.Errorf("empty host in target: %s", target)
-	}
-	if targetPort == "" {
-		return 0, "", fmt.Errorf("empty target port in target: %s", target)
-	}
-
-	// Reconstruct the target address using JoinHostPort (handles IPv6 properly)
-	targetAddr := net.JoinHostPort(host, targetPort)
-
-	return listenPort, targetAddr, nil
-}
-
-func updateTargets(pm *proxy.ProxyManager, action string, tunnelIP string, proto string, targetData TargetData) error {
-	for _, t := range targetData.Targets {
-		// Parse the target string, handling both IPv4 and IPv6 addresses
-		port, target, err := parseTargetString(t)
-		if err != nil {
-			logger.Info("Invalid target format: %s (%v)", t, err)
-			continue
-		}
-
-		switch action {
-		case "add":
-			// Call updown script if provided
-			processedTarget := target
-			if updownScript != "" {
-				newTarget, err := executeUpdownScript(action, proto, target)
-				if err != nil {
-					logger.Warn("Updown script error: %v", err)
-				} else if newTarget != "" {
-					processedTarget = newTarget
-				}
-			}
-
-			// Only remove the specific target if it exists
-			err := pm.RemoveTarget(proto, tunnelIP, port)
-			if err != nil {
-				// Ignore "target not found" errors as this is expected for new targets
-				if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "target not found") {
-					logger.Error("Failed to remove existing target: %v", err)
-				}
-			}
-
-			// Add the new target
-			pm.AddTarget(proto, tunnelIP, port, processedTarget)
-
-		case "remove":
-			logger.Info("Removing target with port %d", port)
-
-			// Call updown script if provided
-			if updownScript != "" {
-				_, err := executeUpdownScript(action, proto, target)
-				if err != nil {
-					logger.Warn("Updown script error: %v", err)
-				}
-			}
-
-			err = pm.RemoveTarget(proto, tunnelIP, port)
-			if err != nil {
-				logger.Error("Failed to remove target: %v", err)
-				return err
-			}
-		default:
-			logger.Info("Unknown action: %s", action)
-		}
-	}
-
-	return nil
-}
-
-func executeUpdownScript(action, proto, target string) (string, error) {
-	if updownScript == "" {
-		return target, nil
-	}
-
-	// Split the updownScript in case it contains spaces (like "/usr/bin/python3 script.py")
-	parts := strings.Fields(updownScript)
-	if len(parts) == 0 {
-		return target, fmt.Errorf("invalid updown script command")
-	}
-
-	var cmd *exec.Cmd
-	if len(parts) == 1 {
-		// If it's a single executable
-		logger.Info("Executing updown script: %s %s %s %s", updownScript, action, proto, target)
-		cmd = exec.Command(parts[0], action, proto, target)
-	} else {
-		// If it includes interpreter and script
-		args := append(parts[1:], action, proto, target)
-		logger.Info("Executing updown script: %s %s %s %s %s", parts[0], strings.Join(parts[1:], " "), action, proto, target)
-		cmd = exec.Command(parts[0], args...)
-	}
-
-	output, err := cmd.Output()
-	if err != nil {
-		if exitErr, ok := err.(*exec.ExitError); ok {
-			return "", fmt.Errorf("updown script execution failed (exit code %d): %s",
-				exitErr.ExitCode(), string(exitErr.Stderr))
-		}
-		return "", fmt.Errorf("updown script execution failed: %v", err)
-	}
-
-	// If the script returns a new target, use it
-	newTarget := strings.TrimSpace(string(output))
-	if newTarget != "" {
-		logger.Info("Updown script returned new target: %s", newTarget)
-		return newTarget, nil
-	}
-
-	return target, nil
-}
-
-// interpolateBlueprint finds all {{...}} tokens in the raw blueprint bytes and
-// replaces recognised schemes with their resolved values. Currently supported:
-//
-//   - env.<VAR>  – replaced with the value of the named environment variable
-//
-// Any token that does not match a supported scheme is left as-is so that
-// future schemes (e.g. tag., api.) are preserved rather than silently dropped.
-func interpolateBlueprint(data []byte) []byte {
-	re := regexp.MustCompile(`\{\{([^}]+)\}\}`)
-	return re.ReplaceAllFunc(data, func(match []byte) []byte {
-		// strip the surrounding {{ }}
-		inner := strings.TrimSpace(string(match[2 : len(match)-2]))
-
-		if strings.HasPrefix(inner, "env.") {
-			varName := strings.TrimPrefix(inner, "env.")
-			return []byte(os.Getenv(varName))
-		}
-
-		// unrecognised scheme – leave the token untouched
-		return match
-	})
-}
-
-func sendBlueprint(client *websocket.Client, file string) error {
-	if file == "" {
-		return nil
-	}
-	// try to read the blueprint file
-	blueprintData, err := os.ReadFile(file)
-	if err != nil {
-		logger.Error("Failed to read blueprint file: %v", err)
-	} else {
-		// interpolate {{env.VAR}} (and any future schemes) before parsing
-		blueprintData = interpolateBlueprint(blueprintData)
-
-		// first we should convert the yaml to json and error if the yaml is bad
-		var yamlObj interface{}
-		var blueprintJsonData string
-
-		err = yaml.Unmarshal(blueprintData, &yamlObj)
-		if err != nil {
-			logger.Error("Failed to parse blueprint YAML: %v", err)
-		} else {
-			// convert to json
-			jsonBytes, err := json.Marshal(yamlObj)
-			if err != nil {
-				logger.Error("Failed to convert blueprint to JSON: %v", err)
-			} else {
-				blueprintJsonData = string(jsonBytes)
-				logger.Debug("Converted blueprint to JSON: %s", blueprintJsonData)
-			}
-		}
-
-		// if we have valid json data, we can send it to the server
-		if blueprintJsonData == "" {
-			logger.Error("No valid blueprint JSON data to send to server")
-			return nil
-		}
-
-		logger.Info("Sending blueprint to server for application")
-
-		// send the blueprint data to the server
-		err = client.SendMessage("newt/blueprint/apply", map[string]interface{}{
-			"blueprint": blueprintJsonData,
-		})
-	}
-
-	return nil
-}

config.go

@@ -0,0 +1,681 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"encoding/json"
+	"flag"
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"runtime"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/fosrl/newt/logger"
+	newtpkg "github.com/fosrl/newt/newt"
+)
+
+type stringSlice []string
+
+func (s *stringSlice) String() string {
+	return strings.Join(*s, ",")
+}
+
+func (s *stringSlice) Set(value string) error {
+	*s = append(*s, value)
+	return nil
+}
+
+// configSource records where a resolved setting came from, for --show-config.
+type configSource string
+
+const (
+	sourceDefault configSource = "default"
+	sourceFile    configSource = "file"
+	sourceEnv     configSource = "environment"
+	sourceCLI     configSource = "cli"
+)
+
+// fileSettings mirrors the on-disk JSON config file schema. Fields are
+// pointers (or, for slices, nil-vs-non-empty) so that "absent from the file"
+// can be distinguished from an explicit zero value.
+type fileSettings struct {
+	Endpoint        *string `json:"endpoint"`
+	ID              *string `json:"id"`
+	Secret          *string `json:"secret"`
+	ProvisioningKey *string `json:"provisioningKey"`
+	Name            *string `json:"name"`
+
+	DNS           *string `json:"dns"`
+	LogLevel      *string `json:"logLevel"`
+	UpdownScript  *string `json:"updownScript"`
+	InterfaceName *string `json:"interface"`
+	MTU           *int    `json:"mtu"`
+	Port          *int    `json:"port"`
+
+	UseNativeInterface      *bool   `json:"native"`
+	UseNativeMainInterface  *bool   `json:"nativeMain"`
+	NativeMainInterfaceName *string `json:"interfaceMain"`
+	NoCloud                 *bool   `json:"noCloud"`
+	PreferEndpoint          *string `json:"preferEndpoint"`
+
+	PingInterval        *string `json:"pingInterval"`
+	PingTimeout         *string `json:"pingTimeout"`
+	UDPProxyIdleTimeout *string `json:"udpProxyIdleTimeout"`
+
+	DisableClients            *bool   `json:"disableClients"`
+	DisableSSH                *bool   `json:"disableSsh"`
+	EnforceHealthcheckCert    *bool   `json:"enforceHcCert"`
+	HealthFile                *string `json:"healthFile"`
+	BlueprintFile             *string `json:"blueprintFile"`
+	ProvisioningBlueprintFile *string `json:"provisioningBlueprintFile"`
+
+	DockerSocket                   *string `json:"dockerSocket"`
+	DockerEnforceNetworkValidation *bool   `json:"dockerEnforceNetworkValidation"`
+
+	AuthDaemonKey                    *string `json:"adPreSharedKey"`
+	AuthDaemonPrincipalsFile         *string `json:"adPrincipalsFile"`
+	AuthDaemonCACertPath             *string `json:"adCaCertPath"`
+	AuthDaemonGenerateRandomPassword *bool   `json:"adGenerateRandomPassword"`
+
+	TLSClientCert *string  `json:"tlsClientCertFile"`
+	TLSClientKey  *string  `json:"tlsClientKey"`
+	TLSClientCAs  []string `json:"tlsClientCa"`
+	TLSPrivateKey *string  `json:"tlsClientCert"` // legacy PKCS12 path; matches the key already written by the credential-save path
+
+	MetricsEnabled    *bool   `json:"metrics"`
+	OTLPEnabled       *bool   `json:"otlp"`
+	AdminAddr         *string `json:"metricsAdminAddr"`
+	Region            *string `json:"region"`
+	MetricsAsyncBytes *bool   `json:"metricsAsyncBytes"`
+	PprofEnabled      *bool   `json:"pprof"`
+}
+
+// resolveConfigFilePath determines the settings/credentials file path using
+// the same precedence as every other setting: CLI > env > OS default.
+// It has to run before flag.Parse (which needs the file-resolved defaults),
+// so it scans os.Args directly instead of using the flag package.
+func resolveConfigFilePath(args []string) string {
+	for i, a := range args {
+		if a == "--config-file" || a == "-config-file" {
+			if i+1 < len(args) {
+				return args[i+1]
+			}
+		}
+		if v, ok := strings.CutPrefix(a, "--config-file="); ok {
+			return v
+		}
+		if v, ok := strings.CutPrefix(a, "-config-file="); ok {
+			return v
+		}
+	}
+
+	if v := os.Getenv("CONFIG_FILE"); v != "" {
+		return v
+	}
+
+	var configDir string
+	switch runtime.GOOS {
+	case "darwin":
+		configDir = filepath.Join(os.Getenv("HOME"), "Library", "Application Support", "newt-client")
+	case "windows":
+		configDir = filepath.Join(os.Getenv("PROGRAMDATA"), "newt", "newt-client")
+	default: // linux and others
+		configDir = filepath.Join(os.Getenv("HOME"), ".config", "newt-client")
+	}
+
+	if err := os.MkdirAll(configDir, 0755); err != nil {
+		fmt.Printf("Warning: Failed to create config directory: %v\n", err)
+	}
+
+	return filepath.Join(configDir, "config.json")
+}
+
+// loadFileSettings reads and parses the config file. A missing or empty file
+// is not an error (returns nil, nil) since the file may not exist yet.
+func loadFileSettings(path string) (*fileSettings, error) {
+	data, err := os.ReadFile(path)
+	if err != nil {
+		if os.IsNotExist(err) {
+			return nil, nil
+		}
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if len(strings.TrimSpace(string(data))) == 0 {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+
+	var fs fileSettings
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(data, &fs); err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to parse config file %s: %w", path, err)
+	}
+	return &fs, nil
+}
+
+func applyStr(dst *string, v *string, key string, sources map[string]string, src configSource) {
+	if v != nil {
+		*dst = *v
+		sources[key] = string(src)
+	}
+}
+
+func applyBool(dst *bool, v *bool, key string, sources map[string]string, src configSource) {
+	if v != nil {
+		*dst = *v
+		sources[key] = string(src)
+	}
+}
+
+func applyEnvStr(dst *string, envName, key string, sources map[string]string) {
+	if v := os.Getenv(envName); v != "" {
+		*dst = v
+		sources[key] = string(sourceEnv)
+	}
+}
+
+func applyEnvBool(dst *bool, envName, key string, sources map[string]string) {
+	if v := os.Getenv(envName); v != "" {
+		*dst = v == "true"
+		sources[key] = string(sourceEnv)
+	}
+}
+
+// validateTLSConfig validates that TLS config fields are consistent and that
+// referenced files exist.
+func validateTLSConfig(cfg newtpkg.Config) error {
+	pkcs12Specified := cfg.TLSPrivateKey != ""
+	separateFilesSpecified := cfg.TLSClientCert != "" || cfg.TLSClientKey != "" || len(cfg.TLSClientCAs) > 0
+
+	if pkcs12Specified && separateFilesSpecified {
+		return fmt.Errorf("cannot use both PKCS12 format (--tls-client-cert) and separate certificate files (--tls-client-cert-file, --tls-client-key, --tls-client-ca)")
+	}
+
+	if (cfg.TLSClientCert != "" && cfg.TLSClientKey == "") || (cfg.TLSClientCert == "" && cfg.TLSClientKey != "") {
+		return fmt.Errorf("both --tls-client-cert-file and --tls-client-key must be specified together")
+	}
+
+	if cfg.TLSClientCert != "" {
+		if _, err := os.Stat(cfg.TLSClientCert); os.IsNotExist(err) {
+			return fmt.Errorf("client certificate file does not exist: %s", cfg.TLSClientCert)
+		}
+	}
+
+	if cfg.TLSClientKey != "" {
+		if _, err := os.Stat(cfg.TLSClientKey); os.IsNotExist(err) {
+			return fmt.Errorf("client key file does not exist: %s", cfg.TLSClientKey)
+		}
+	}
+
+	for _, caFile := range cfg.TLSClientCAs {
+		if _, err := os.Stat(caFile); os.IsNotExist(err) {
+			return fmt.Errorf("CA certificate file does not exist: %s", caFile)
+		}
+	}
+
+	if cfg.TLSPrivateKey != "" {
+		if _, err := os.Stat(cfg.TLSPrivateKey); os.IsNotExist(err) {
+			return fmt.Errorf("PKCS12 certificate file does not exist: %s", cfg.TLSPrivateKey)
+		}
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// parseDurationEnvOrFlag parses s as a duration, using defaultVal on failure.
+func parseDurationEnvOrFlag(s string, defaultVal time.Duration, label string) time.Duration {
+	if s == "" {
+		return defaultVal
+	}
+	d, err := time.ParseDuration(s)
+	if err != nil || d <= 0 {
+		fmt.Printf("Invalid %s value: %s, using default %v\n", label, s, defaultVal)
+		return defaultVal
+	}
+	return d
+}
+
+// loadNewtConfig resolves configuration with priority cli > env > file >
+// default, then returns a populated newtpkg.Config. This function calls
+// flag.Parse internally and will exit the process if --version or
+// --show-config is passed.
+func loadNewtConfig() newtpkg.Config {
+	sources := make(map[string]string)
+
+	configPath := resolveConfigFilePath(os.Args[1:])
+	fileCfg, err := loadFileSettings(configPath)
+	if err != nil {
+		logger.Fatal("Failed to load config file: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	// ---- defaults ----
+	cfg := newtpkg.Config{
+		Version:  newtVersion,
+		Platform: newtPlatform,
+
+		DNS:                      "9.9.9.9",
+		LogLevel:                 "INFO",
+		InterfaceName:            "newt",
+		NativeMainInterfaceName:  "newt",
+		AuthDaemonPrincipalsFile: "/var/run/auth-daemon/principals",
+		AuthDaemonCACertPath:     "/etc/ssh/ca.pem",
+		AdminAddr:                "127.0.0.1:2112",
+	}
+
+	mtuStr := "1280"
+	portStr := ""
+	pingIntervalStr := "15s"
+	pingTimeoutStr := "7s"
+	udpProxyIdleTimeoutStr := "90s"
+	dockerEnforceStr := "false"
+
+	// ---- layer 1: config file ----
+	if fileCfg != nil {
+		applyStr(&cfg.Endpoint, fileCfg.Endpoint, "endpoint", sources, sourceFile)
+		applyStr(&cfg.ID, fileCfg.ID, "id", sources, sourceFile)
+		applyStr(&cfg.Secret, fileCfg.Secret, "secret", sources, sourceFile)
+		applyStr(&cfg.ProvisioningKey, fileCfg.ProvisioningKey, "provisioning-key", sources, sourceFile)
+		applyStr(&cfg.NewtName, fileCfg.Name, "name", sources, sourceFile)
+
+		applyStr(&cfg.DNS, fileCfg.DNS, "dns", sources, sourceFile)
+		applyStr(&cfg.LogLevel, fileCfg.LogLevel, "log-level", sources, sourceFile)
+		applyStr(&cfg.UpdownScript, fileCfg.UpdownScript, "updown", sources, sourceFile)
+		applyStr(&cfg.InterfaceName, fileCfg.InterfaceName, "interface", sources, sourceFile)
+		if fileCfg.MTU != nil {
+			mtuStr = strconv.Itoa(*fileCfg.MTU)
+			sources["mtu"] = string(sourceFile)
+		}
+		if fileCfg.Port != nil {
+			portStr = strconv.Itoa(*fileCfg.Port)
+			sources["port"] = string(sourceFile)
+		}
+
+		applyBool(&cfg.UseNativeInterface, fileCfg.UseNativeInterface, "native", sources, sourceFile)
+		applyBool(&cfg.UseNativeMainInterface, fileCfg.UseNativeMainInterface, "native-main", sources, sourceFile)
+		applyStr(&cfg.NativeMainInterfaceName, fileCfg.NativeMainInterfaceName, "interface-main", sources, sourceFile)
+		applyBool(&cfg.NoCloud, fileCfg.NoCloud, "no-cloud", sources, sourceFile)
+		applyStr(&cfg.PreferEndpoint, fileCfg.PreferEndpoint, "prefer-endpoint", sources, sourceFile)
+
+		applyStr(&pingIntervalStr, fileCfg.PingInterval, "ping-interval", sources, sourceFile)
+		applyStr(&pingTimeoutStr, fileCfg.PingTimeout, "ping-timeout", sources, sourceFile)
+		applyStr(&udpProxyIdleTimeoutStr, fileCfg.UDPProxyIdleTimeout, "udp-proxy-idle-timeout", sources, sourceFile)
+
+		applyBool(&cfg.DisableClients, fileCfg.DisableClients, "disable-clients", sources, sourceFile)
+		applyBool(&cfg.DisableSSH, fileCfg.DisableSSH, "disable-ssh", sources, sourceFile)
+		applyBool(&cfg.EnforceHealthcheckCert, fileCfg.EnforceHealthcheckCert, "enforce-hc-cert", sources, sourceFile)
+		applyStr(&cfg.HealthFile, fileCfg.HealthFile, "health-file", sources, sourceFile)
+		applyStr(&cfg.BlueprintFile, fileCfg.BlueprintFile, "blueprint-file", sources, sourceFile)
+		applyStr(&cfg.ProvisioningBlueprintFile, fileCfg.ProvisioningBlueprintFile, "provisioning-blueprint-file", sources, sourceFile)
+
+		applyStr(&cfg.DockerSocket, fileCfg.DockerSocket, "docker-socket", sources, sourceFile)
+		if fileCfg.DockerEnforceNetworkValidation != nil {
+			dockerEnforceStr = strconv.FormatBool(*fileCfg.DockerEnforceNetworkValidation)
+			sources["docker-enforce-network-validation"] = string(sourceFile)
+		}
+
+		applyStr(&cfg.AuthDaemonKey, fileCfg.AuthDaemonKey, "ad-pre-shared-key", sources, sourceFile)
+		applyStr(&cfg.AuthDaemonPrincipalsFile, fileCfg.AuthDaemonPrincipalsFile, "ad-principals-file", sources, sourceFile)
+		applyStr(&cfg.AuthDaemonCACertPath, fileCfg.AuthDaemonCACertPath, "ad-ca-cert-path", sources, sourceFile)
+		applyBool(&cfg.AuthDaemonGenerateRandomPassword, fileCfg.AuthDaemonGenerateRandomPassword, "ad-generate-random-password", sources, sourceFile)
+
+		applyStr(&cfg.TLSClientCert, fileCfg.TLSClientCert, "tls-client-cert-file", sources, sourceFile)
+		applyStr(&cfg.TLSClientKey, fileCfg.TLSClientKey, "tls-client-key", sources, sourceFile)
+		if len(fileCfg.TLSClientCAs) > 0 {
+			cfg.TLSClientCAs = append(cfg.TLSClientCAs, fileCfg.TLSClientCAs...)
+			sources["tls-client-ca"] = string(sourceFile)
+		}
+		applyStr(&cfg.TLSPrivateKey, fileCfg.TLSPrivateKey, "tls-client-cert", sources, sourceFile)
+
+		applyBool(&cfg.MetricsEnabled, fileCfg.MetricsEnabled, "metrics", sources, sourceFile)
+		applyBool(&cfg.OTLPEnabled, fileCfg.OTLPEnabled, "otlp", sources, sourceFile)
+		applyStr(&cfg.AdminAddr, fileCfg.AdminAddr, "metrics-admin-addr", sources, sourceFile)
+		applyStr(&cfg.Region, fileCfg.Region, "region", sources, sourceFile)
+		applyBool(&cfg.MetricsAsyncBytes, fileCfg.MetricsAsyncBytes, "metrics-async-bytes", sources, sourceFile)
+		applyBool(&cfg.PprofEnabled, fileCfg.PprofEnabled, "pprof", sources, sourceFile)
+	}
+
+	// ---- layer 2: environment variables ----
+	applyEnvStr(&cfg.Endpoint, "PANGOLIN_ENDPOINT", "endpoint", sources)
+	applyEnvStr(&cfg.ID, "NEWT_ID", "id", sources)
+	applyEnvStr(&cfg.Secret, "NEWT_SECRET", "secret", sources)
+	applyEnvStr(&cfg.ProvisioningKey, "NEWT_PROVISIONING_KEY", "provisioning-key", sources)
+	applyEnvStr(&cfg.NewtName, "NEWT_NAME", "name", sources)
+
+	applyEnvStr(&cfg.DNS, "DNS", "dns", sources)
+	applyEnvStr(&cfg.LogLevel, "LOG_LEVEL", "log-level", sources)
+	applyEnvStr(&cfg.UpdownScript, "UPDOWN_SCRIPT", "updown", sources)
+	applyEnvStr(&cfg.InterfaceName, "INTERFACE", "interface", sources)
+	applyEnvStr(&mtuStr, "MTU", "mtu", sources)
+	applyEnvStr(&portStr, "PORT", "port", sources)
+
+	applyEnvBool(&cfg.UseNativeInterface, "USE_NATIVE_INTERFACE", "native", sources)
+	applyEnvBool(&cfg.UseNativeMainInterface, "USE_NATIVE_MAIN_INTERFACE", "native-main", sources)
+	applyEnvStr(&cfg.NativeMainInterfaceName, "INTERFACE_MAIN", "interface-main", sources)
+	applyEnvBool(&cfg.NoCloud, "NO_CLOUD", "no-cloud", sources)
+
+	applyEnvStr(&pingIntervalStr, "PING_INTERVAL", "ping-interval", sources)
+	applyEnvStr(&pingTimeoutStr, "PING_TIMEOUT", "ping-timeout", sources)
+	applyEnvStr(&udpProxyIdleTimeoutStr, "NEWT_UDP_PROXY_IDLE_TIMEOUT", "udp-proxy-idle-timeout", sources)
+
+	applyEnvBool(&cfg.DisableClients, "DISABLE_CLIENTS", "disable-clients", sources)
+	applyEnvBool(&cfg.DisableSSH, "DISABLE_SSH", "disable-ssh", sources)
+	applyEnvBool(&cfg.EnforceHealthcheckCert, "ENFORCE_HC_CERT", "enforce-hc-cert", sources)
+	applyEnvStr(&cfg.HealthFile, "HEALTH_FILE", "health-file", sources)
+	applyEnvStr(&cfg.BlueprintFile, "BLUEPRINT_FILE", "blueprint-file", sources)
+	applyEnvStr(&cfg.ProvisioningBlueprintFile, "PROVISIONING_BLUEPRINT_FILE", "provisioning-blueprint-file", sources)
+
+	applyEnvStr(&cfg.DockerSocket, "DOCKER_SOCKET", "docker-socket", sources)
+	applyEnvStr(&dockerEnforceStr, "DOCKER_ENFORCE_NETWORK_VALIDATION", "docker-enforce-network-validation", sources)
+
+	applyEnvStr(&cfg.AuthDaemonKey, "AD_KEY", "ad-pre-shared-key", sources)
+	applyEnvStr(&cfg.AuthDaemonPrincipalsFile, "AD_PRINCIPALS_FILE", "ad-principals-file", sources)
+	applyEnvStr(&cfg.AuthDaemonCACertPath, "AD_CA_CERT_PATH", "ad-ca-cert-path", sources)
+	if v, err := strconv.ParseBool(os.Getenv("AD_GENERATE_RANDOM_PASSWORD")); err == nil {
+		cfg.AuthDaemonGenerateRandomPassword = v
+		sources["ad-generate-random-password"] = string(sourceEnv)
+	}
+
+	applyEnvStr(&cfg.TLSClientCert, "TLS_CLIENT_CERT", "tls-client-cert-file", sources)
+	applyEnvStr(&cfg.TLSClientKey, "TLS_CLIENT_KEY", "tls-client-key", sources)
+	if tlsClientCAsEnv := os.Getenv("TLS_CLIENT_CAS"); tlsClientCAsEnv != "" {
+		for _, ca := range strings.Split(tlsClientCAsEnv, ",") {
+			cfg.TLSClientCAs = append(cfg.TLSClientCAs, strings.TrimSpace(ca))
+		}
+		sources["tls-client-ca"] = string(sourceEnv)
+	}
+	applyEnvStr(&cfg.TLSPrivateKey, "TLS_CLIENT_CERT_PKCS12", "tls-client-cert", sources)
+
+	// Legacy PKCS12 backward-compat: fall back to the (already layered)
+	// separate-cert-file value for PKCS12 when the newer fields are unset.
+	if cfg.TLSPrivateKey == "" && cfg.TLSClientKey == "" && len(cfg.TLSClientCAs) == 0 && cfg.TLSClientCert != "" {
+		cfg.TLSPrivateKey = cfg.TLSClientCert
+		sources["tls-client-cert"] = sources["tls-client-cert-file"]
+	}
+
+	if metricsEnabledEnv := os.Getenv("NEWT_METRICS_PROMETHEUS_ENABLED"); metricsEnabledEnv != "" {
+		if v, err := strconv.ParseBool(metricsEnabledEnv); err == nil {
+			cfg.MetricsEnabled = v
+		} else {
+			cfg.MetricsEnabled = true
+		}
+		sources["metrics"] = string(sourceEnv)
+	}
+	applyEnvBool(&cfg.OTLPEnabled, "NEWT_METRICS_OTLP_ENABLED", "otlp", sources)
+	applyEnvStr(&cfg.AdminAddr, "NEWT_ADMIN_ADDR", "metrics-admin-addr", sources)
+	applyEnvStr(&cfg.Region, "NEWT_REGION", "region", sources)
+	applyEnvBool(&cfg.MetricsAsyncBytes, "NEWT_METRICS_ASYNC_BYTES", "metrics-async-bytes", sources)
+	applyEnvBool(&cfg.PprofEnabled, "NEWT_PPROF_ENABLED", "pprof", sources)
+
+	// ---- layer 3: CLI flags (always registered; default = file/env-resolved value) ----
+	origEndpoint, origID, origSecret := cfg.Endpoint, cfg.ID, cfg.Secret
+	origMTU, origDNS, origLogLevel := mtuStr, cfg.DNS, cfg.LogLevel
+	origUpdown, origInterface, origPort := cfg.UpdownScript, cfg.InterfaceName, portStr
+	origNative, origNativeMain, origInterfaceMain := cfg.UseNativeInterface, cfg.UseNativeMainInterface, cfg.NativeMainInterfaceName
+	origDisableClients, origDisableSSH, origEnforceHC := cfg.DisableClients, cfg.DisableSSH, cfg.EnforceHealthcheckCert
+	origDockerSocket, origPingInterval, origPingTimeout := cfg.DockerSocket, pingIntervalStr, pingTimeoutStr
+	origUDPIdle, origProvisioningKey, origName := udpProxyIdleTimeoutStr, cfg.ProvisioningKey, cfg.NewtName
+	origTLSCert, origTLSKey, origDockerEnforce := cfg.TLSClientCert, cfg.TLSClientKey, dockerEnforceStr
+	origHealthFile, origBlueprintFile, origProvBlueprintFile := cfg.HealthFile, cfg.BlueprintFile, cfg.ProvisioningBlueprintFile
+	origNoCloud, origTLSPrivateKey := cfg.NoCloud, cfg.TLSPrivateKey
+	origMetrics, origOTLP, origAdminAddr := cfg.MetricsEnabled, cfg.OTLPEnabled, cfg.AdminAddr
+	origMetricsAsync, origPprof, origRegion := cfg.MetricsAsyncBytes, cfg.PprofEnabled, cfg.Region
+	origADKey, origADPrincipals, origADCACert := cfg.AuthDaemonKey, cfg.AuthDaemonPrincipalsFile, cfg.AuthDaemonCACertPath
+	origADRandomPass := cfg.AuthDaemonGenerateRandomPassword
+
+	flag.StringVar(&cfg.Endpoint, "endpoint", cfg.Endpoint, "Endpoint of your pangolin server")
+	flag.StringVar(&cfg.ID, "id", cfg.ID, "Newt ID")
+	flag.StringVar(&cfg.Secret, "secret", cfg.Secret, "Newt secret")
+	flag.StringVar(&mtuStr, "mtu", mtuStr, "MTU to use")
+	flag.StringVar(&cfg.DNS, "dns", cfg.DNS, "DNS server to use")
+	flag.StringVar(&cfg.LogLevel, "log-level", cfg.LogLevel, "Log level (DEBUG, INFO, WARN, ERROR, FATAL)")
+	flag.StringVar(&cfg.UpdownScript, "updown", cfg.UpdownScript, "Path to updown script to be called when targets are added or removed")
+	flag.StringVar(&cfg.InterfaceName, "interface", cfg.InterfaceName, "Name of the WireGuard interface")
+	flag.StringVar(&portStr, "port", portStr, "Port for client WireGuard interface")
+	flag.BoolVar(&cfg.UseNativeInterface, "native", cfg.UseNativeInterface, "Use native WireGuard interface for client tunnels")
+	flag.BoolVar(&cfg.UseNativeMainInterface, "native-main", cfg.UseNativeMainInterface, "Use native WireGuard interface for the main tunnel (instead of netstack)")
+	// making this the same as above should prevent them from running together
+	flag.StringVar(&cfg.NativeMainInterfaceName, "interface-main", cfg.NativeMainInterfaceName, "Name of the native main tunnel WireGuard interface (used with --native-main)")
+	flag.BoolVar(&cfg.DisableClients, "disable-clients", cfg.DisableClients, "Disable clients on the WireGuard interface")
+	flag.BoolVar(&cfg.DisableSSH, "disable-ssh", cfg.DisableSSH, "Disable SSH auth daemon and native SSH mode (remote auth daemon still works)")
+	flag.BoolVar(&cfg.EnforceHealthcheckCert, "enforce-hc-cert", cfg.EnforceHealthcheckCert, "Enforce certificate validation for health checks (default: false, accepts any cert)")
+	flag.StringVar(&cfg.DockerSocket, "docker-socket", cfg.DockerSocket, "Path or address to Docker socket (typically unix:///var/run/docker.sock)")
+	flag.StringVar(&pingIntervalStr, "ping-interval", pingIntervalStr, "Interval for pinging the server (default 15s)")
+	flag.StringVar(&pingTimeoutStr, "ping-timeout", pingTimeoutStr, "Timeout for each ping (default 7s)")
+	flag.StringVar(&udpProxyIdleTimeoutStr, "udp-proxy-idle-timeout", udpProxyIdleTimeoutStr, "Idle timeout for UDP proxied client flows before cleanup")
+	flag.StringVar(&cfg.PreferEndpoint, "prefer-endpoint", cfg.PreferEndpoint, "Prefer this endpoint for the connection (if set, will override the endpoint from the server)")
+	flag.StringVar(&cfg.ProvisioningKey, "provisioning-key", cfg.ProvisioningKey, "One-time provisioning key used to obtain a newt ID and secret from the server")
+	flag.StringVar(&cfg.NewtName, "name", cfg.NewtName, "Name for the site created during provisioning (supports {{env.VAR}} interpolation)")
+	flag.StringVar(&cfg.ConfigFile, "config-file", configPath, "Path to config file (overrides CONFIG_FILE env var and default location)")
+	flag.StringVar(&cfg.TLSClientCert, "tls-client-cert-file", cfg.TLSClientCert, "Path to client certificate file (PEM/DER format)")
+	flag.StringVar(&cfg.TLSClientKey, "tls-client-key", cfg.TLSClientKey, "Path to client private key file (PEM/DER format)")
+	// Backward-compat dummy flag (auth daemon is always enabled now)
+	flag.Bool("auth-daemon", false, "Enable auth daemon mode (deprecated, always enabled)")
+
+	var tlsClientCAsFlag stringSlice
+	flag.Var(&tlsClientCAsFlag, "tls-client-ca", "Path to CA certificate file for validating remote certificates (can be specified multiple times)")
+
+	flag.StringVar(&cfg.TLSPrivateKey, "tls-client-cert", cfg.TLSPrivateKey, "Path to client certificate (PKCS12 format) - DEPRECATED: use --tls-client-cert-file and --tls-client-key instead")
+	flag.StringVar(&dockerEnforceStr, "docker-enforce-network-validation", dockerEnforceStr, "Enforce validation of container on newt network (true or false)")
+	flag.StringVar(&cfg.HealthFile, "health-file", cfg.HealthFile, "Path to health file (if unset, health file won't be written)")
+	flag.StringVar(&cfg.BlueprintFile, "blueprint-file", cfg.BlueprintFile, "Path to blueprint file (if unset, no blueprint will be applied)")
+	flag.StringVar(&cfg.ProvisioningBlueprintFile, "provisioning-blueprint-file", cfg.ProvisioningBlueprintFile, "Path to blueprint file applied once after a provisioning credential exchange (if unset, no provisioning blueprint will be applied)")
+	flag.BoolVar(&cfg.NoCloud, "no-cloud", cfg.NoCloud, "Disable cloud failover")
+	flag.BoolVar(&cfg.MetricsEnabled, "metrics", cfg.MetricsEnabled, "Enable Prometheus metrics exporter")
+	flag.BoolVar(&cfg.OTLPEnabled, "otlp", cfg.OTLPEnabled, "Enable OTLP exporters (metrics/traces) to OTEL_EXPORTER_OTLP_ENDPOINT")
+	flag.StringVar(&cfg.AdminAddr, "metrics-admin-addr", cfg.AdminAddr, "Admin/metrics bind address")
+	flag.BoolVar(&cfg.MetricsAsyncBytes, "metrics-async-bytes", cfg.MetricsAsyncBytes, "Enable async bytes counting (background flush; lower hot path overhead)")
+	flag.BoolVar(&cfg.PprofEnabled, "pprof", cfg.PprofEnabled, "Enable pprof debug endpoints on admin server")
+	flag.StringVar(&cfg.Region, "region", cfg.Region, "Optional region resource attribute (also NEWT_REGION)")
+	flag.StringVar(&cfg.AuthDaemonKey, "ad-pre-shared-key", cfg.AuthDaemonKey, "Pre-shared key for auth daemon authentication")
+	flag.StringVar(&cfg.AuthDaemonPrincipalsFile, "ad-principals-file", cfg.AuthDaemonPrincipalsFile, "Path to the principals file for auth daemon")
+	flag.StringVar(&cfg.AuthDaemonCACertPath, "ad-ca-cert-path", cfg.AuthDaemonCACertPath, "Path to the CA certificate file for auth daemon")
+	flag.BoolVar(&cfg.AuthDaemonGenerateRandomPassword, "ad-generate-random-password", cfg.AuthDaemonGenerateRandomPassword, "Generate a random password for authenticated users")
+
+	version := flag.Bool("version", false, "Print the version")
+	showConfig := flag.Bool("show-config", false, "Show configuration values and their sources, then exit")
+
+	flag.Parse()
+
+	// ---- post-parse processing ----
+
+	// Merge CLI CA files onto whatever file/env already contributed.
+	if len(tlsClientCAsFlag) > 0 {
+		cfg.TLSClientCAs = append(cfg.TLSClientCAs, tlsClientCAsFlag...)
+		sources["tls-client-ca"] = string(sourceCLI)
+	}
+
+	markCLI := func(key string, changed bool) {
+		if changed {
+			sources[key] = string(sourceCLI)
+		}
+	}
+	markCLI("endpoint", cfg.Endpoint != origEndpoint)
+	markCLI("id", cfg.ID != origID)
+	markCLI("secret", cfg.Secret != origSecret)
+	markCLI("mtu", mtuStr != origMTU)
+	markCLI("dns", cfg.DNS != origDNS)
+	markCLI("log-level", cfg.LogLevel != origLogLevel)
+	markCLI("updown", cfg.UpdownScript != origUpdown)
+	markCLI("interface", cfg.InterfaceName != origInterface)
+	markCLI("port", portStr != origPort)
+	markCLI("native", cfg.UseNativeInterface != origNative)
+	markCLI("native-main", cfg.UseNativeMainInterface != origNativeMain)
+	markCLI("interface-main", cfg.NativeMainInterfaceName != origInterfaceMain)
+	markCLI("disable-clients", cfg.DisableClients != origDisableClients)
+	markCLI("disable-ssh", cfg.DisableSSH != origDisableSSH)
+	markCLI("enforce-hc-cert", cfg.EnforceHealthcheckCert != origEnforceHC)
+	markCLI("docker-socket", cfg.DockerSocket != origDockerSocket)
+	markCLI("ping-interval", pingIntervalStr != origPingInterval)
+	markCLI("ping-timeout", pingTimeoutStr != origPingTimeout)
+	markCLI("udp-proxy-idle-timeout", udpProxyIdleTimeoutStr != origUDPIdle)
+	markCLI("provisioning-key", cfg.ProvisioningKey != origProvisioningKey)
+	markCLI("name", cfg.NewtName != origName)
+	markCLI("tls-client-cert-file", cfg.TLSClientCert != origTLSCert)
+	markCLI("tls-client-key", cfg.TLSClientKey != origTLSKey)
+	markCLI("tls-client-cert", cfg.TLSPrivateKey != origTLSPrivateKey)
+	markCLI("docker-enforce-network-validation", dockerEnforceStr != origDockerEnforce)
+	markCLI("health-file", cfg.HealthFile != origHealthFile)
+	markCLI("blueprint-file", cfg.BlueprintFile != origBlueprintFile)
+	markCLI("provisioning-blueprint-file", cfg.ProvisioningBlueprintFile != origProvBlueprintFile)
+	markCLI("no-cloud", cfg.NoCloud != origNoCloud)
+	markCLI("metrics", cfg.MetricsEnabled != origMetrics)
+	markCLI("otlp", cfg.OTLPEnabled != origOTLP)
+	markCLI("metrics-admin-addr", cfg.AdminAddr != origAdminAddr)
+	markCLI("metrics-async-bytes", cfg.MetricsAsyncBytes != origMetricsAsync)
+	markCLI("pprof", cfg.PprofEnabled != origPprof)
+	markCLI("region", cfg.Region != origRegion)
+	markCLI("ad-pre-shared-key", cfg.AuthDaemonKey != origADKey)
+	markCLI("ad-principals-file", cfg.AuthDaemonPrincipalsFile != origADPrincipals)
+	markCLI("ad-ca-cert-path", cfg.AuthDaemonCACertPath != origADCACert)
+	markCLI("ad-generate-random-password", cfg.AuthDaemonGenerateRandomPassword != origADRandomPass)
+	if cfg.ConfigFile != configPath {
+		sources["config-file"] = string(sourceCLI)
+	}
+
+	// Version check (exits process)
+	if *version {
+		fmt.Println("Newt version " + newtVersion)
+		os.Exit(0)
+	}
+
+	if *showConfig {
+		printShowConfig(cfg, sources, configPath, mtuStr, portStr, pingIntervalStr, pingTimeoutStr, udpProxyIdleTimeoutStr, dockerEnforceStr)
+		os.Exit(0)
+	}
+
+	logger.Info("Newt version %s", newtVersion)
+
+	// Parse port
+	if portStr != "" {
+		portInt, err := strconv.Atoi(portStr)
+		if err != nil {
+			logger.Warn("Failed to parse PORT, choosing a random port")
+		} else {
+			cfg.Port = uint16(portInt)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Parse MTU
+	if mtuStr == "" {
+		mtuStr = "1280"
+	}
+	mtuInt, err := strconv.Atoi(mtuStr)
+	if err != nil {
+		logger.Fatal("Failed to parse MTU: %v", err)
+	}
+	cfg.MTU = mtuInt
+
+	// Parse docker network validation flag
+	if v, err := strconv.ParseBool(dockerEnforceStr); err == nil {
+		cfg.DockerEnforceNetworkValidation = v
+	} else {
+		logger.Info("Docker enforce network validation cannot be parsed. Defaulting to 'false'")
+		cfg.DockerEnforceNetworkValidation = false
+	}
+
+	// Parse durations (after flag.Parse so CLI flags take effect)
+	cfg.PingInterval = parseDurationEnvOrFlag(pingIntervalStr, 15*time.Second, "PING_INTERVAL")
+	cfg.PingTimeout = parseDurationEnvOrFlag(pingTimeoutStr, 7*time.Second, "PING_TIMEOUT")
+	cfg.UDPProxyIdleTimeout = parseDurationEnvOrFlag(udpProxyIdleTimeoutStr, 90*time.Second, "NEWT_UDP_PROXY_IDLE_TIMEOUT")
+
+	return cfg
+}
+
+// printShowConfig prints the resolved configuration and the source of each value
+func printShowConfig(cfg newtpkg.Config, sources map[string]string, configPath, mtuStr, portStr, pingIntervalStr, pingTimeoutStr, udpProxyIdleTimeoutStr, dockerEnforceStr string) {
+	getSource := func(key string) string {
+		if s, ok := sources[key]; ok && s != "" {
+			return s
+		}
+		return string(sourceDefault)
+	}
+	mask := func(key, value string) string {
+		if key == "secret" && value != "" {
+			if len(value) > 8 {
+				return value[:4] + "****" + value[len(value)-4:]
+			}
+			return "****"
+		}
+		if value == "" {
+			return "(not set)"
+		}
+		return value
+	}
+
+	fmt.Print("\n=== Newt Configuration ===\n\n")
+	fmt.Printf("Config File: %s\n", configPath)
+	if _, err := os.Stat(configPath); err == nil {
+		fmt.Printf("Config File Status: exists\n")
+	} else {
+		fmt.Printf("Config File Status: not found\n")
+	}
+
+	fmt.Println("\n--- Configuration Values ---")
+	fmt.Print("(Format: Setting = Value [source])\n\n")
+
+	fmt.Println("Connection:")
+	fmt.Printf("  endpoint         = %s [%s]\n", mask("endpoint", cfg.Endpoint), getSource("endpoint"))
+	fmt.Printf("  id               = %s [%s]\n", mask("id", cfg.ID), getSource("id"))
+	fmt.Printf("  secret           = %s [%s]\n", mask("secret", cfg.Secret), getSource("secret"))
+	fmt.Printf("  provisioning-key = %s [%s]\n", mask("provisioning-key", cfg.ProvisioningKey), getSource("provisioning-key"))
+	fmt.Printf("  name             = %s [%s]\n", mask("name", cfg.NewtName), getSource("name"))
+	fmt.Printf("  prefer-endpoint  = %s [%s]\n", mask("prefer-endpoint", cfg.PreferEndpoint), getSource("prefer-endpoint"))
+
+	fmt.Println("\nNetwork:")
+	fmt.Printf("  mtu              = %s [%s]\n", mtuStr, getSource("mtu"))
+	fmt.Printf("  dns              = %s [%s]\n", cfg.DNS, getSource("dns"))
+	fmt.Printf("  interface        = %s [%s]\n", cfg.InterfaceName, getSource("interface"))
+	fmt.Printf("  port             = %s [%s]\n", mask("port", portStr), getSource("port"))
+	fmt.Printf("  native           = %v [%s]\n", cfg.UseNativeInterface, getSource("native"))
+	fmt.Printf("  native-main      = %v [%s]\n", cfg.UseNativeMainInterface, getSource("native-main"))
+	fmt.Printf("  interface-main   = %s [%s]\n", cfg.NativeMainInterfaceName, getSource("interface-main"))
+	fmt.Printf("  no-cloud         = %v [%s]\n", cfg.NoCloud, getSource("no-cloud"))
+
+	fmt.Println("\nLogging:")
+	fmt.Printf("  log-level        = %s [%s]\n", cfg.LogLevel, getSource("log-level"))
+
+	fmt.Println("\nTiming:")
+	fmt.Printf("  ping-interval           = %s [%s]\n", pingIntervalStr, getSource("ping-interval"))
+	fmt.Printf("  ping-timeout            = %s [%s]\n", pingTimeoutStr, getSource("ping-timeout"))
+	fmt.Printf("  udp-proxy-idle-timeout  = %s [%s]\n", udpProxyIdleTimeoutStr, getSource("udp-proxy-idle-timeout"))
+
+	fmt.Println("\nFeatures:")
+	fmt.Printf("  disable-clients             = %v [%s]\n", cfg.DisableClients, getSource("disable-clients"))
+	fmt.Printf("  disable-ssh                 = %v [%s]\n", cfg.DisableSSH, getSource("disable-ssh"))
+	fmt.Printf("  enforce-hc-cert             = %v [%s]\n", cfg.EnforceHealthcheckCert, getSource("enforce-hc-cert"))
+	fmt.Printf("  health-file                 = %s [%s]\n", mask("health-file", cfg.HealthFile), getSource("health-file"))
+	fmt.Printf("  blueprint-file              = %s [%s]\n", mask("blueprint-file", cfg.BlueprintFile), getSource("blueprint-file"))
+	fmt.Printf("  provisioning-blueprint-file = %s [%s]\n", mask("provisioning-blueprint-file", cfg.ProvisioningBlueprintFile), getSource("provisioning-blueprint-file"))
+	fmt.Printf("  updown                      = %s [%s]\n", mask("updown", cfg.UpdownScript), getSource("updown"))
+
+	fmt.Println("\nDocker:")
+	fmt.Printf("  docker-socket                     = %s [%s]\n", mask("docker-socket", cfg.DockerSocket), getSource("docker-socket"))
+	fmt.Printf("  docker-enforce-network-validation = %s [%s]\n", dockerEnforceStr, getSource("docker-enforce-network-validation"))
+
+	fmt.Println("\nAuth Daemon:")
+	fmt.Printf("  ad-pre-shared-key           = %s [%s]\n", mask("ad-pre-shared-key", cfg.AuthDaemonKey), getSource("ad-pre-shared-key"))
+	fmt.Printf("  ad-principals-file          = %s [%s]\n", cfg.AuthDaemonPrincipalsFile, getSource("ad-principals-file"))
+	fmt.Printf("  ad-ca-cert-path             = %s [%s]\n", cfg.AuthDaemonCACertPath, getSource("ad-ca-cert-path"))
+	fmt.Printf("  ad-generate-random-password = %v [%s]\n", cfg.AuthDaemonGenerateRandomPassword, getSource("ad-generate-random-password"))
+
+	fmt.Println("\nTLS:")
+	fmt.Printf("  tls-client-cert-file = %s [%s]\n", mask("tls-client-cert-file", cfg.TLSClientCert), getSource("tls-client-cert-file"))
+	fmt.Printf("  tls-client-key       = %s [%s]\n", mask("tls-client-key", cfg.TLSClientKey), getSource("tls-client-key"))
+	fmt.Printf("  tls-client-ca        = %v [%s]\n", cfg.TLSClientCAs, getSource("tls-client-ca"))
+	fmt.Printf("  tls-client-cert      = %s [%s] (deprecated PKCS12 path)\n", mask("tls-client-cert", cfg.TLSPrivateKey), getSource("tls-client-cert"))
+
+	fmt.Println("\nMetrics/Observability:")
+	fmt.Printf("  metrics             = %v [%s]\n", cfg.MetricsEnabled, getSource("metrics"))
+	fmt.Printf("  otlp                = %v [%s]\n", cfg.OTLPEnabled, getSource("otlp"))
+	fmt.Printf("  metrics-admin-addr  = %s [%s]\n", cfg.AdminAddr, getSource("metrics-admin-addr"))
+	fmt.Printf("  metrics-async-bytes = %v [%s]\n", cfg.MetricsAsyncBytes, getSource("metrics-async-bytes"))
+	fmt.Printf("  pprof               = %v [%s]\n", cfg.PprofEnabled, getSource("pprof"))
+	fmt.Printf("  region              = %s [%s]\n", cfg.Region, getSource("region"))
+
+	fmt.Println("\n--- Source Legend ---")
+	fmt.Println("  default     = Built-in default value")
+	fmt.Println("  file        = Loaded from config file")
+	fmt.Println("  environment = Set via environment variable")
+	fmt.Println("  cli         = Provided as command-line argument")
+	fmt.Println("\nPriority: cli > environment > file > default")
+	fmt.Println()
+}

config_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,157 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"flag"
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+// resetFlags allows flag.Parse() to be called again in each test, since
+// loadNewtConfig registers flags on the global flag.CommandLine.
+func resetFlags(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Helper()
+	oldArgs := os.Args
+	oldCommandLine := flag.CommandLine
+	t.Cleanup(func() {
+		os.Args = oldArgs
+		flag.CommandLine = oldCommandLine
+	})
+	flag.CommandLine = flag.NewFlagSet(os.Args[0], flag.ExitOnError)
+}
+
+func clearNewtEnv(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Helper()
+	for _, k := range []string{
+		"PANGOLIN_ENDPOINT", "NEWT_ID", "NEWT_SECRET", "DNS", "LOG_LEVEL",
+		"MTU", "CONFIG_FILE", "NEWT_PROVISIONING_KEY", "NEWT_NAME",
+		"DISABLE_SSH", "DISABLE_CLIENTS",
+	} {
+		t.Setenv(k, "")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestLoadNewtConfig_Defaults(t *testing.T) {
+	resetFlags(t)
+	clearNewtEnv(t)
+	os.Args = []string{"newt", "--config-file", filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "missing.json")}
+
+	cfg := loadNewtConfig()
+
+	if cfg.DNS != "9.9.9.9" {
+		t.Errorf("expected default dns, got %q", cfg.DNS)
+	}
+	if cfg.MTU != 1280 {
+		t.Errorf("expected default mtu 1280, got %d", cfg.MTU)
+	}
+	if cfg.LogLevel != "INFO" {
+		t.Errorf("expected default log level INFO, got %q", cfg.LogLevel)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestLoadNewtConfig_FileOverridesDefault(t *testing.T) {
+	resetFlags(t)
+	clearNewtEnv(t)
+
+	configPath := filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "config.json")
+	if err := os.WriteFile(configPath, []byte(`{"dns":"1.1.1.1","mtu":1300,"disableSsh":true}`), 0o644); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to write config file: %v", err)
+	}
+	os.Args = []string{"newt", "--config-file", configPath}
+
+	cfg := loadNewtConfig()
+
+	if cfg.DNS != "1.1.1.1" {
+		t.Errorf("expected dns from file, got %q", cfg.DNS)
+	}
+	if cfg.MTU != 1300 {
+		t.Errorf("expected mtu from file, got %d", cfg.MTU)
+	}
+	if !cfg.DisableSSH {
+		t.Errorf("expected disableSsh from file to be true")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestLoadNewtConfig_EnvOverridesFile(t *testing.T) {
+	resetFlags(t)
+	clearNewtEnv(t)
+
+	configPath := filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "config.json")
+	if err := os.WriteFile(configPath, []byte(`{"dns":"1.1.1.1"}`), 0o644); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to write config file: %v", err)
+	}
+	t.Setenv("DNS", "8.8.4.4")
+	os.Args = []string{"newt", "--config-file", configPath}
+
+	cfg := loadNewtConfig()
+
+	if cfg.DNS != "8.8.4.4" {
+		t.Errorf("expected env to override file dns, got %q", cfg.DNS)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestLoadNewtConfig_CLIOverridesEnv(t *testing.T) {
+	resetFlags(t)
+	clearNewtEnv(t)
+
+	configPath := filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "config.json")
+	if err := os.WriteFile(configPath, []byte(`{"dns":"1.1.1.1"}`), 0o644); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to write config file: %v", err)
+	}
+	t.Setenv("DNS", "8.8.4.4")
+	os.Args = []string{"newt", "--config-file", configPath, "--dns", "4.2.2.2"}
+
+	cfg := loadNewtConfig()
+
+	if cfg.DNS != "4.2.2.2" {
+		t.Errorf("expected cli to override env dns, got %q", cfg.DNS)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestLoadNewtConfig_TLSClientCAMergesAcrossSources(t *testing.T) {
+	resetFlags(t)
+	clearNewtEnv(t)
+
+	tmpDir := t.TempDir()
+	caFromFile := filepath.Join(tmpDir, "file-ca.pem")
+	caFromEnv := filepath.Join(tmpDir, "env-ca.pem")
+	caFromCLI := filepath.Join(tmpDir, "cli-ca.pem")
+
+	configPath := filepath.Join(tmpDir, "config.json")
+	if err := os.WriteFile(configPath, []byte(`{"tlsClientCa":["`+caFromFile+`"]}`), 0o644); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to write config file: %v", err)
+	}
+	t.Setenv("TLS_CLIENT_CAS", caFromEnv)
+	os.Args = []string{"newt", "--config-file", configPath, "--tls-client-ca", caFromCLI}
+
+	cfg := loadNewtConfig()
+
+	want := map[string]bool{caFromFile: true, caFromEnv: true, caFromCLI: true}
+	if len(cfg.TLSClientCAs) != len(want) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected %d CA entries, got %v", len(want), cfg.TLSClientCAs)
+	}
+	for _, ca := range cfg.TLSClientCAs {
+		if !want[ca] {
+			t.Errorf("unexpected CA entry: %s", ca)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestResolveConfigFilePath_Precedence(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Setenv("CONFIG_FILE", "")
+	t.Setenv("HOME", t.TempDir())
+
+	// CLI flag wins over env.
+	t.Setenv("CONFIG_FILE", "/env/path/config.json")
+	if got := resolveConfigFilePath([]string{"--config-file", "/cli/path/config.json"}); got != "/cli/path/config.json" {
+		t.Errorf("expected cli path to win, got %q", got)
+	}
+	if got := resolveConfigFilePath([]string{"--config-file=/cli/eq/config.json"}); got != "/cli/eq/config.json" {
+		t.Errorf("expected cli = path to win, got %q", got)
+	}
+
+	// Env wins over default when no CLI flag given.
+	if got := resolveConfigFilePath([]string{}); got != "/env/path/config.json" {
+		t.Errorf("expected env path, got %q", got)
+	}
+}

docker/docker.go

@@ -9,10 +9,9 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 	"time"
 
-	"github.com/docker/docker/api/types/container"
-	"github.com/docker/docker/api/types/events"
-	"github.com/docker/docker/api/types/filters"
-	"github.com/docker/docker/client"
+	"github.com/moby/moby/api/types/container"
+	"github.com/moby/moby/api/types/events"
+	"github.com/moby/moby/client"
 	"github.com/fosrl/newt/logger"
 )
 
@@ -170,7 +169,7 @@ func ListContainers(socketPath string, enforceNetworkValidation bool) ([]Contain
 	}
 
 	// Used to filter down containers returned to Pangolin
-	containerFilters := filters.NewArgs()
+	containerFilters := make(client.Filters)
 
 	// Used to determine if we will send IP addresses or hostnames to Pangolin
 	useContainerIpAddresses := true
@@ -215,21 +214,28 @@ func ListContainers(socketPath string, enforceNetworkValidation bool) ([]Contain
 	}
 
 	// List containers
-	containers, err := cli.ContainerList(ctx, container.ListOptions{All: true, Filters: containerFilters})
+	containerListResult, err := cli.ContainerList(ctx, client.ContainerListOptions{All: true, Filters: containerFilters})
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to list containers: %v", err)
 	}
 
+	addrToString := func(addr interface{ IsValid() bool; String() string }) string {
+		if addr.IsValid() {
+			return addr.String()
+		}
+		return ""
+	}
+
 	var dockerContainers []Container
-	for _, c := range containers {
+	for _, c := range containerListResult.Items {
 		// Short ID like docker ps
 		shortId := c.ID[:12]
 
 		// Inspect container to get hostname
 		hostname := ""
-		containerInfo, err := cli.ContainerInspect(ctx, c.ID)
-		if err == nil && containerInfo.Config != nil {
-			hostname = containerInfo.Config.Hostname
+		containerInfo, err := cli.ContainerInspect(ctx, c.ID, client.ContainerInspectOptions{})
+		if err == nil && containerInfo.Container.Config != nil {
+			hostname = containerInfo.Container.Config.Hostname
 		}
 
 		// Skip host container if set
@@ -253,8 +259,8 @@ func ListContainers(socketPath string, enforceNetworkValidation bool) ([]Contain
 			if port.PublicPort != 0 {
 				dockerPort.PublicPort = int(port.PublicPort)
 			}
-			if port.IP != "" {
-				dockerPort.IP = port.IP
+			if port.IP.IsValid() {
+				dockerPort.IP = port.IP.String()
 			}
 			ports = append(ports, dockerPort)
 		}
@@ -268,19 +274,19 @@ func ListContainers(socketPath string, enforceNetworkValidation bool) ([]Contain
 				dockerNetwork := Network{
 					NetworkID:           endpoint.NetworkID,
 					EndpointID:          endpoint.EndpointID,
-					Gateway:             endpoint.Gateway,
+					Gateway:             addrToString(endpoint.Gateway),
 					IPPrefixLen:         endpoint.IPPrefixLen,
-					IPv6Gateway:         endpoint.IPv6Gateway,
-					GlobalIPv6Address:   endpoint.GlobalIPv6Address,
+					IPv6Gateway:         addrToString(endpoint.IPv6Gateway),
+					GlobalIPv6Address:   addrToString(endpoint.GlobalIPv6Address),
 					GlobalIPv6PrefixLen: endpoint.GlobalIPv6PrefixLen,
-					MacAddress:          endpoint.MacAddress,
+					MacAddress:          endpoint.MacAddress.String(),
 					Aliases:             endpoint.Aliases,
 					DNSNames:            endpoint.DNSNames,
 				}
 
 				// Use IPs over hostnames/containers as we're on the bridge network
 				if useContainerIpAddresses {
-					dockerNetwork.IPAddress = endpoint.IPAddress
+					dockerNetwork.IPAddress = addrToString(endpoint.IPAddress)
 				}
 
 				networks[networkName] = dockerNetwork
@@ -291,7 +297,7 @@ func ListContainers(socketPath string, enforceNetworkValidation bool) ([]Contain
 			ID:       shortId,
 			Name:     name,
 			Image:    c.Image,
-			State:    c.State,
+			State:    string(c.State),
 			Status:   c.Status,
 			Ports:    ports,
 			Labels:   c.Labels,
@@ -315,12 +321,12 @@ func getHostContainer(dockerContext context.Context, dockerClient *client.Client
 	}
 
 	// Get host container from the docker socket
-	hostContainer, err := dockerClient.ContainerInspect(dockerContext, hostContainerName)
+	hostContainer, err := dockerClient.ContainerInspect(dockerContext, hostContainerName, client.ContainerInspectOptions{})
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to find host container")
 	}
 
-	return &hostContainer, nil
+	return &hostContainer.Container, nil
 }
 
 // EventCallback defines the function signature for handling Docker events
@@ -371,7 +377,7 @@ func (em *EventMonitor) Start() error {
 	logger.Debug("Starting Docker event monitoring")
 
 	// Filter for container events we care about
-	eventFilters := filters.NewArgs()
+	eventFilters := make(client.Filters)
 	eventFilters.Add("type", "container")
 	// eventFilters.Add("event", "create")
 	eventFilters.Add("event", "start")
@@ -382,9 +388,10 @@ func (em *EventMonitor) Start() error {
 	// eventFilters.Add("event", "unpause")
 
 	// Start listening for events
-	eventCh, errCh := em.client.Events(em.ctx, events.ListOptions{
+	eventsResult := em.client.Events(em.ctx, client.EventsListOptions{
 		Filters: eventFilters,
 	})
+	eventCh, errCh := eventsResult.Messages, eventsResult.Err
 
 	go func() {
 		defer func() {
@@ -408,9 +415,10 @@ func (em *EventMonitor) Start() error {
 					time.Sleep(5 * time.Second)
 					if em.ctx.Err() == nil {
 						logger.Info("Attempting to reconnect to Docker event stream")
-						eventCh, errCh = em.client.Events(em.ctx, events.ListOptions{
+						eventsResult = em.client.Events(em.ctx, client.EventsListOptions{
 							Filters: eventFilters,
 						})
+						eventCh, errCh = eventsResult.Messages, eventsResult.Err
 					}
 				}
 				return

exitnode/exitnode.go

@@ -0,0 +1,176 @@
+// Package exitnode implements the exit-node ping dance run before
+// registering with the server: request the candidate exit nodes, ping each
+// one over HTTP, and report the results so the server can pick the best one.
+// It is shared between newt and olm, which both register the same way.
+package exitnode
+
+import (
+	"net/http"
+	"strings"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/fosrl/newt/logger"
+)
+
+// ExitNodeData is the payload the server sends in response to a
+// "*/ping/request" message.
+type ExitNodeData struct {
+	ExitNodes []ExitNode `json:"exitNodes"`
+	ChainId   string     `json:"chainId"`
+}
+
+// ExitNode is a candidate exit node offered by the server for ping selection.
+type ExitNode struct {
+	ID                     int     `json:"exitNodeId"`
+	Name                   string  `json:"exitNodeName"`
+	Endpoint               string  `json:"endpoint"`
+	Weight                 float64 `json:"weight"`
+	WasPreviouslyConnected bool    `json:"wasPreviouslyConnected"`
+}
+
+// ExitNodePingResult is the measured latency (or error) for one exit node,
+// sent back to the server in the "*/wg/register" message's pingResults field.
+type ExitNodePingResult struct {
+	ExitNodeID             int     `json:"exitNodeId"`
+	LatencyMs              int64   `json:"latencyMs"`
+	Weight                 float64 `json:"weight"`
+	Error                  string  `json:"error,omitempty"`
+	Name                   string  `json:"exitNodeName"`
+	Endpoint               string  `json:"endpoint"`
+	WasPreviouslyConnected bool    `json:"wasPreviouslyConnected"`
+}
+
+// PingExitNodes pings the given exit nodes over HTTP and returns a per-node
+// ExitNodePingResult suitable for inclusion in a wg/register message's
+// pingResults field, so the server can select the best exit node.
+//
+// If there's only one exit node, or preferEndpoint names one of them, the
+// matching node is returned immediately with LatencyMs 0 and no pinging is
+// done. Otherwise every node is pinged pingAttempts times over HTTP GET
+// <endpoint>/ping and the average latency of successful attempts is used.
+//
+// When alreadyConnected is true, a node flagged WasPreviouslyConnected is
+// excluded from the results as long as at least one other healthy node is
+// available, biasing reconnects toward switching away from a possibly
+// degraded node.
+func PingExitNodes(exitNodes []ExitNode, preferEndpoint string, alreadyConnected bool) []ExitNodePingResult {
+	if len(exitNodes) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	if len(exitNodes) == 1 || preferEndpoint != "" {
+		selected := exitNodes[0]
+		if preferEndpoint != "" {
+			for _, node := range exitNodes {
+				if node.Endpoint == preferEndpoint {
+					selected = node
+					break
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		logger.Debug("Only one exit node available, using it directly: %s", selected.Endpoint)
+
+		return []ExitNodePingResult{
+			{
+				ExitNodeID:             selected.ID,
+				LatencyMs:              0,
+				Weight:                 selected.Weight,
+				Error:                  "",
+				Name:                   selected.Name,
+				Endpoint:               selected.Endpoint,
+				WasPreviouslyConnected: selected.WasPreviouslyConnected,
+			},
+		}
+	}
+
+	type nodeResult struct {
+		Node    ExitNode
+		Latency time.Duration
+		Err     error
+	}
+
+	results := make([]nodeResult, len(exitNodes))
+	const pingAttempts = 3
+	for i, node := range exitNodes {
+		var totalLatency time.Duration
+		var lastErr error
+		successes := 0
+		httpClient := &http.Client{
+			Timeout: 5 * time.Second,
+		}
+		url := node.Endpoint
+		if !strings.HasPrefix(url, "http://") && !strings.HasPrefix(url, "https://") {
+			url = "http://" + url
+		}
+		if !strings.HasSuffix(url, "/ping") {
+			url = strings.TrimRight(url, "/") + "/ping"
+		}
+		for j := 0; j < pingAttempts; j++ {
+			start := time.Now()
+			resp, err := httpClient.Get(url)
+			latency := time.Since(start)
+			if err != nil {
+				lastErr = err
+				logger.Warn("Failed to ping exit node %d (%s) attempt %d: %v", node.ID, url, j+1, err)
+				continue
+			}
+			resp.Body.Close()
+			totalLatency += latency
+			successes++
+		}
+		var avgLatency time.Duration
+		if successes > 0 {
+			avgLatency = totalLatency / time.Duration(successes)
+		}
+		if successes == 0 {
+			results[i] = nodeResult{Node: node, Latency: 0, Err: lastErr}
+		} else {
+			results[i] = nodeResult{Node: node, Latency: avgLatency, Err: nil}
+		}
+	}
+
+	var pingResults []ExitNodePingResult
+	for _, res := range results {
+		errMsg := ""
+		if res.Err != nil {
+			errMsg = res.Err.Error()
+		}
+		pingResults = append(pingResults, ExitNodePingResult{
+			ExitNodeID:             res.Node.ID,
+			LatencyMs:              res.Latency.Milliseconds(),
+			Weight:                 res.Node.Weight,
+			Error:                  errMsg,
+			Name:                   res.Node.Name,
+			Endpoint:               res.Node.Endpoint,
+			WasPreviouslyConnected: res.Node.WasPreviouslyConnected,
+		})
+	}
+
+	if alreadyConnected {
+		var filteredPingResults []ExitNodePingResult
+		previouslyConnectedNodeIdx := -1
+		for i, res := range pingResults {
+			if res.WasPreviouslyConnected {
+				previouslyConnectedNodeIdx = i
+			}
+		}
+		goodNodeCount := 0
+		for i, res := range pingResults {
+			if i != previouslyConnectedNodeIdx && res.LatencyMs > 0 && res.Error == "" {
+				goodNodeCount++
+			}
+		}
+		if previouslyConnectedNodeIdx != -1 && goodNodeCount > 0 {
+			for i, res := range pingResults {
+				if i != previouslyConnectedNodeIdx {
+					filteredPingResults = append(filteredPingResults, res)
+				}
+			}
+			pingResults = filteredPingResults
+			logger.Info("Excluding previously connected exit node from ping results due to other available nodes")
+		}
+	}
+
+	return pingResults
+}

flake.nix

@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@
           inherit (pkgs) lib;
 
           # Update version when releasing
-          version = "1.11.0";
+          version = "1.12.5";
         in
         {
           default = self.packages.${system}.pangolin-newt;
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@
             inherit version;
             src = pkgs.nix-gitignore.gitignoreSource [ ] ./.;
 
-            vendorHash = "sha256-+zMSzNbqmWm/DXL2xMUd5uPP5tSIybsRokwJ2zd0pf0=";
+            vendorHash = "sha256-JhNBJhj5YX3Wurv7r/JDu6YtHizOMLk+NCob7ISx+3c=";
 
             nativeInstallCheckInputs = [ pkgs.versionCheckHook ];
 

get-newt.sh

@@ -273,7 +273,7 @@ main() {
     CUSTOM_PATH=$(parse_path_arg "$@")
 
     if [ -n "$CUSTOM_PATH" ]; then
-        print_status "Installing latest version of newt to ${CUSTOM_PATH} (--path override)..."
+        print_status "Installing latest version of newt to ${CUSTOM_PATH}..."
     else
         print_status "Installing latest version of newt..."
     fi
@@ -331,4 +331,4 @@ main() {
 }
 
 # Run main function
-main "$@"
+main "$@"

go.mod

@@ -3,75 +3,73 @@ module github.com/fosrl/newt
 go 1.25.0
 
 require (
-	github.com/docker/docker v28.5.2+incompatible
-	github.com/gaissmai/bart v0.26.1
+	github.com/coder/websocket v1.8.15
+	github.com/creack/pty v1.1.24
+	github.com/fsnotify/fsnotify v1.9.0
+	github.com/gaissmai/bart v0.28.0
+	github.com/go-crypt/crypt v0.14.15
+	github.com/go-crypt/x v0.4.16
 	github.com/gorilla/websocket v1.5.3
+	github.com/moby/moby/api v1.55.0
+	github.com/moby/moby/client v0.5.0
 	github.com/prometheus/client_golang v1.23.2
 	github.com/vishvananda/netlink v1.3.1
-	go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/instrumentation/net/http/otelhttp v0.68.0
-	go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/instrumentation/runtime v0.68.0
-	go.opentelemetry.io/otel v1.43.0
-	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/otlpmetric/otlpmetricgrpc v1.43.0
-	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/otlptrace/otlptracegrpc v1.43.0
-	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/prometheus v0.65.0
-	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/metric v1.43.0
-	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk v1.43.0
-	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk/metric v1.43.0
-	golang.org/x/crypto v0.49.0
+	go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/instrumentation/net/http/otelhttp v0.69.0
+	go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/instrumentation/runtime v0.69.0
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel v1.44.0
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/otlpmetric/otlpmetricgrpc v1.44.0
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/otlptrace/otlptracegrpc v1.44.0
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/prometheus v0.66.0
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/metric v1.44.0
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk v1.44.0
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk/metric v1.44.0
+	golang.org/x/crypto v0.53.0
 	golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20251113190631-e25ba8c21ef6
-	golang.org/x/net v0.52.0
-	golang.org/x/sys v0.42.0
+	golang.org/x/net v0.56.0
+	golang.org/x/sys v0.46.0
 	golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard v0.0.0-20250521234502-f333402bd9cb
 	golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard/wgctrl v0.0.0-20241231184526-a9ab2273dd10
-	golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard/windows v0.5.3
-	google.golang.org/grpc v1.80.0
+	golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard/windows v1.0.1
+	google.golang.org/grpc v1.82.0
 	gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1
 	gvisor.dev/gvisor v0.0.0-20250503011706-39ed1f5ac29c
-	software.sslmate.com/src/go-pkcs12 v0.7.0
+	software.sslmate.com/src/go-pkcs12 v0.7.3
 )
 
 require (
-	github.com/Microsoft/go-winio v0.6.0 // indirect
+	github.com/Microsoft/go-winio v0.6.2 // indirect
 	github.com/beorn7/perks v1.0.1 // indirect
 	github.com/cenkalti/backoff/v5 v5.0.3 // indirect
 	github.com/cespare/xxhash/v2 v2.3.0 // indirect
-	github.com/containerd/errdefs v0.3.0 // indirect
+	github.com/containerd/errdefs v1.0.0 // indirect
 	github.com/containerd/errdefs/pkg v0.3.0 // indirect
 	github.com/distribution/reference v0.6.0 // indirect
-	github.com/docker/go-connections v0.6.0 // indirect
-	github.com/docker/go-units v0.4.0 // indirect
+	github.com/docker/go-connections v0.7.0 // indirect
+	github.com/docker/go-units v0.5.0 // indirect
 	github.com/felixge/httpsnoop v1.0.4 // indirect
 	github.com/go-logr/logr v1.4.3 // indirect
 	github.com/go-logr/stdr v1.2.2 // indirect
 	github.com/google/btree v1.1.3 // indirect
 	github.com/google/uuid v1.6.0 // indirect
-	github.com/grpc-ecosystem/grpc-gateway/v2 v2.28.0 // indirect
+	github.com/grpc-ecosystem/grpc-gateway/v2 v2.29.0 // indirect
 	github.com/moby/docker-image-spec v1.3.1 // indirect
-	github.com/moby/sys/atomicwriter v0.1.0 // indirect
-	github.com/moby/term v0.5.2 // indirect
-	github.com/morikuni/aec v1.0.0 // indirect
 	github.com/munnerz/goautoneg v0.0.0-20191010083416-a7dc8b61c822 // indirect
 	github.com/opencontainers/go-digest v1.0.0 // indirect
-	github.com/opencontainers/image-spec v1.1.0 // indirect
-	github.com/pkg/errors v0.9.1 // indirect
+	github.com/opencontainers/image-spec v1.1.1 // indirect
 	github.com/prometheus/client_model v0.6.2 // indirect
 	github.com/prometheus/common v0.67.5 // indirect
 	github.com/prometheus/otlptranslator v1.0.0 // indirect
 	github.com/prometheus/procfs v0.20.1 // indirect
 	github.com/vishvananda/netns v0.0.5 // indirect
 	go.opentelemetry.io/auto/sdk v1.2.1 // indirect
-	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/otlptrace v1.43.0 // indirect
-	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/otlptrace/otlptracehttp v1.43.0 // indirect
-	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace v1.43.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/otlptrace v1.44.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace v1.44.0 // indirect
 	go.opentelemetry.io/proto/otlp v1.10.0 // indirect
 	go.yaml.in/yaml/v2 v2.4.4 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/mod v0.33.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/sync v0.20.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/text v0.35.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/text v0.38.0 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/time v0.12.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/tools v0.42.0 // indirect
 	golang.zx2c4.com/wintun v0.0.0-20230126152724-0fa3db229ce2 // indirect
-	google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20260401024825-9d38bb4040a9 // indirect
-	google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20260401024825-9d38bb4040a9 // indirect
+	google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20260526163538-3dc84a4a5aaa // indirect
+	google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20260526163538-3dc84a4a5aaa // indirect
 	google.golang.org/protobuf v1.36.11 // indirect
 )

go.sum

@@ -1,33 +1,37 @@
-github.com/Azure/go-ansiterm v0.0.0-20250102033503-faa5f7b0171c h1:udKWzYgxTojEKWjV8V+WSxDXJ4NFATAsZjh8iIbsQIg=
-github.com/Azure/go-ansiterm v0.0.0-20250102033503-faa5f7b0171c/go.mod h1:xomTg63KZ2rFqZQzSB4Vz2SUXa1BpHTVz9L5PTmPC4E=
-github.com/Microsoft/go-winio v0.6.0 h1:slsWYD/zyx7lCXoZVlvQrj0hPTM1HI4+v1sIda2yDvg=
-github.com/Microsoft/go-winio v0.6.0/go.mod h1:cTAf44im0RAYeL23bpB+fzCyDH2MJiz2BO69KH/soAE=
+github.com/Microsoft/go-winio v0.6.2 h1:F2VQgta7ecxGYO8k3ZZz3RS8fVIXVxONVUPlNERoyfY=
+github.com/Microsoft/go-winio v0.6.2/go.mod h1:yd8OoFMLzJbo9gZq8j5qaps8bJ9aShtEA8Ipt1oGCvU=
 github.com/beorn7/perks v1.0.1 h1:VlbKKnNfV8bJzeqoa4cOKqO6bYr3WgKZxO8Z16+hsOM=
 github.com/beorn7/perks v1.0.1/go.mod h1:G2ZrVWU2WbWT9wwq4/hrbKbnv/1ERSJQ0ibhJ6rlkpw=
 github.com/cenkalti/backoff/v5 v5.0.3 h1:ZN+IMa753KfX5hd8vVaMixjnqRZ3y8CuJKRKj1xcsSM=
 github.com/cenkalti/backoff/v5 v5.0.3/go.mod h1:rkhZdG3JZukswDf7f0cwqPNk4K0sa+F97BxZthm/crw=
 github.com/cespare/xxhash/v2 v2.3.0 h1:UL815xU9SqsFlibzuggzjXhog7bL6oX9BbNZnL2UFvs=
 github.com/cespare/xxhash/v2 v2.3.0/go.mod h1:VGX0DQ3Q6kWi7AoAeZDth3/j3BFtOZR5XLFGgcrjCOs=
-github.com/containerd/errdefs v0.3.0 h1:FSZgGOeK4yuT/+DnF07/Olde/q4KBoMsaamhXxIMDp4=
-github.com/containerd/errdefs v0.3.0/go.mod h1:+YBYIdtsnF4Iw6nWZhJcqGSg/dwvV7tyJ/kCkyJ2k+M=
+github.com/coder/websocket v1.8.15 h1:6B2JPeOGlpff2Uz6vOEH1Vzpi0iUz20A+lPVhPHtNUA=
+github.com/coder/websocket v1.8.15/go.mod h1:NX3SzP+inril6yawo5CQXx8+fk145lPDC6pumgx0mVg=
+github.com/containerd/errdefs v1.0.0 h1:tg5yIfIlQIrxYtu9ajqY42W3lpS19XqdxRQeEwYG8PI=
+github.com/containerd/errdefs v1.0.0/go.mod h1:+YBYIdtsnF4Iw6nWZhJcqGSg/dwvV7tyJ/kCkyJ2k+M=
 github.com/containerd/errdefs/pkg v0.3.0 h1:9IKJ06FvyNlexW690DXuQNx2KA2cUJXx151Xdx3ZPPE=
 github.com/containerd/errdefs/pkg v0.3.0/go.mod h1:NJw6s9HwNuRhnjJhM7pylWwMyAkmCQvQ4GpJHEqRLVk=
-github.com/containerd/log v0.1.0 h1:TCJt7ioM2cr/tfR8GPbGf9/VRAX8D2B4PjzCpfX540I=
-github.com/containerd/log v0.1.0/go.mod h1:VRRf09a7mHDIRezVKTRCrOq78v577GXq3bSa3EhrzVo=
+github.com/creack/pty v1.1.24 h1:bJrF4RRfyJnbTJqzRLHzcGaZK1NeM5kTC9jGgovnR1s=
+github.com/creack/pty v1.1.24/go.mod h1:08sCNb52WyoAwi2QDyzUCTgcvVFhUzewun7wtTfvcwE=
 github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.1 h1:vj9j/u1bqnvCEfJOwUhtlOARqs3+rkHYY13jYWTU97c=
 github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.1/go.mod h1:J7Y8YcW2NihsgmVo/mv3lAwl/skON4iLHjSsI+c5H38=
 github.com/distribution/reference v0.6.0 h1:0IXCQ5g4/QMHHkarYzh5l+u8T3t73zM5QvfrDyIgxBk=
 github.com/distribution/reference v0.6.0/go.mod h1:BbU0aIcezP1/5jX/8MP0YiH4SdvB5Y4f/wlDRiLyi3E=
-github.com/docker/docker v28.5.2+incompatible h1:DBX0Y0zAjZbSrm1uzOkdr1onVghKaftjlSWt4AFexzM=
-github.com/docker/docker v28.5.2+incompatible/go.mod h1:eEKB0N0r5NX/I1kEveEz05bcu8tLC/8azJZsviup8Sk=
-github.com/docker/go-connections v0.6.0 h1:LlMG9azAe1TqfR7sO+NJttz1gy6KO7VJBh+pMmjSD94=
-github.com/docker/go-connections v0.6.0/go.mod h1:AahvXYshr6JgfUJGdDCs2b5EZG/vmaMAntpSFH5BFKE=
-github.com/docker/go-units v0.4.0 h1:3uh0PgVws3nIA0Q+MwDC8yjEPf9zjRfZZWXZYDct3Tw=
-github.com/docker/go-units v0.4.0/go.mod h1:fgPhTUdO+D/Jk86RDLlptpiXQzgHJF7gydDDbaIK4Dk=
+github.com/docker/go-connections v0.7.0 h1:6SsRfJddP22WMrCkj19x9WKjEDTB+ahsdiGYf0mN39c=
+github.com/docker/go-connections v0.7.0/go.mod h1:no1qkHdjq7kLMGUXYAduOhYPSJxxvgWBh7ogVvptn3Q=
+github.com/docker/go-units v0.5.0 h1:69rxXcBk27SvSaaxTtLh/8llcHD8vYHT7WSdRZ/jvr4=
+github.com/docker/go-units v0.5.0/go.mod h1:fgPhTUdO+D/Jk86RDLlptpiXQzgHJF7gydDDbaIK4Dk=
 github.com/felixge/httpsnoop v1.0.4 h1:NFTV2Zj1bL4mc9sqWACXbQFVBBg2W3GPvqp8/ESS2Wg=
 github.com/felixge/httpsnoop v1.0.4/go.mod h1:m8KPJKqk1gH5J9DgRY2ASl2lWCfGKXixSwevea8zH2U=
-github.com/gaissmai/bart v0.26.1 h1:+w4rnLGNlA2GDVn382Tfe3jOsK5vOr5n4KmigJ9lbTo=
-github.com/gaissmai/bart v0.26.1/go.mod h1:GREWQfTLRWz/c5FTOsIw+KkscuFkIV5t8Rp7Nd1Td5c=
+github.com/fsnotify/fsnotify v1.9.0 h1:2Ml+OJNzbYCTzsxtv8vKSFD9PbJjmhYF14k/jKC7S9k=
+github.com/fsnotify/fsnotify v1.9.0/go.mod h1:8jBTzvmWwFyi3Pb8djgCCO5IBqzKJ/Jwo8TRcHyHii0=
+github.com/gaissmai/bart v0.28.0 h1:89yZLo8NmyqD0RYgJ3QO9HhqqGGw+oWhf90cZm69Lko=
+github.com/gaissmai/bart v0.28.0/go.mod h1:GREWQfTLRWz/c5FTOsIw+KkscuFkIV5t8Rp7Nd1Td5c=
+github.com/go-crypt/crypt v0.14.15 h1:q1i5OMpL05r935IxWmXgpDAVF0nvi4SMoHhGXLBQUEQ=
+github.com/go-crypt/crypt v0.14.15/go.mod h1:0n/to1VqIZPENj2yEUa/sLLYYnmupma6cp+QMX4zfF0=
+github.com/go-crypt/x v0.4.16 h1:WXdY28H/0MsXnH+gwerxuCcvBTJPkBG90u6oS4gIPZI=
+github.com/go-crypt/x v0.4.16/go.mod h1:vmVFA/d/oLrEaCbqsLcjBMlTqF8u8pvH/c4+EJ/ped8=
 github.com/go-logr/logr v1.2.2/go.mod h1:jdQByPbusPIv2/zmleS9BjJVeZ6kBagPoEUsqbVz/1A=
 github.com/go-logr/logr v1.4.3 h1:CjnDlHq8ikf6E492q6eKboGOC0T8CDaOvkHCIg8idEI=
 github.com/go-logr/logr v1.4.3/go.mod h1:9T104GzyrTigFIr8wt5mBrctHMim0Nb2HLGrmQ40KvY=
@@ -43,8 +47,8 @@ github.com/google/uuid v1.6.0 h1:NIvaJDMOsjHA8n1jAhLSgzrAzy1Hgr+hNrb57e+94F0=
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@@ -55,22 +59,16 @@ github.com/kylelemons/godebug v1.1.0 h1:RPNrshWIDI6G2gRW9EHilWtl7Z6Sb1BR0xunSBf0
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@@ -85,8 +83,6 @@ github.com/prometheus/procfs v0.20.1 h1:XwbrGOIplXW/AU3YhIhLODXMJYyC1isLFfYCsTEy
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@@ -95,72 +91,68 @@ github.com/vishvananda/netns v0.0.5 h1:DfiHV+j8bA32MFM7bfEunvT8IAqQ/NzSJHtcmW5zd
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 golang.org/x/time v0.12.0 h1:ScB/8o8olJvc+CQPWrK3fPZNfh7qgwCrY0zJmoEQLSE=
 golang.org/x/time v0.12.0/go.mod h1:CDIdPxbZBQxdj6cxyCIdrNogrJKMJ7pr37NYpMcMDSg=
-golang.org/x/tools v0.42.0 h1:uNgphsn75Tdz5Ji2q36v/nsFSfR/9BRFvqhGBaJGd5k=
-golang.org/x/tools v0.42.0/go.mod h1:Ma6lCIwGZvHK6XtgbswSoWroEkhugApmsXyrUmBhfr0=
 golang.zx2c4.com/wintun v0.0.0-20230126152724-0fa3db229ce2 h1:B82qJJgjvYKsXS9jeunTOisW56dUokqW/FOteYJJ/yg=
 golang.zx2c4.com/wintun v0.0.0-20230126152724-0fa3db229ce2/go.mod h1:deeaetjYA+DHMHg+sMSMI58GrEteJUUzzw7en6TJQcI=
 golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard v0.0.0-20250521234502-f333402bd9cb h1:whnFRlWMcXI9d+ZbWg+4sHnLp52d5yiIPUxMBSt4X9A=
 golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard v0.0.0-20250521234502-f333402bd9cb/go.mod h1:rpwXGsirqLqN2L0JDJQlwOboGHmptD5ZD6T2VmcqhTw=
 golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard/wgctrl v0.0.0-20241231184526-a9ab2273dd10 h1:3GDAcqdIg1ozBNLgPy4SLT84nfcBjr6rhGtXYtrkWLU=
 golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard/wgctrl v0.0.0-20241231184526-a9ab2273dd10/go.mod h1:T97yPqesLiNrOYxkwmhMI0ZIlJDm+p0PMR8eRVeR5tQ=
-golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard/windows v0.5.3 h1:On6j2Rpn3OEMXqBq00QEDC7bWSZrPIHKIus8eIuExIE=
-golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard/windows v0.5.3/go.mod h1:9TEe8TJmtwyQebdFwAkEWOPr3prrtqm+REGFifP60hI=
+golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard/windows v1.0.1 h1:eOxiDVbywPC+ZQqvdCK7x+ZwWXKbYv50TtH8ysFIbw8=
+golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard/windows v1.0.1/go.mod h1:+fbT3FFdX4zzYDLwJh5+HPEcNN/3HyNdzhNSVsQM+zs=
 gonum.org/v1/gonum v0.17.0 h1:VbpOemQlsSMrYmn7T2OUvQ4dqxQXU+ouZFQsZOx50z4=
 gonum.org/v1/gonum v0.17.0/go.mod h1:El3tOrEuMpv2UdMrbNlKEh9vd86bmQ6vqIcDwxEOc1E=
-google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20260401024825-9d38bb4040a9 h1:VPWxll4HlMw1Vs/qXtN7BvhZqsS9cdAittCNvVENElA=
-google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20260401024825-9d38bb4040a9/go.mod h1:7QBABkRtR8z+TEnmXTqIqwJLlzrZKVfAUm7tY3yGv0M=
-google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20260401024825-9d38bb4040a9 h1:m8qni9SQFH0tJc1X0vmnpw/0t+AImlSvp30sEupozUg=
-google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20260401024825-9d38bb4040a9/go.mod h1:4Hqkh8ycfw05ld/3BWL7rJOSfebL2Q+DVDeRgYgxUU8=
-google.golang.org/grpc v1.80.0 h1:Xr6m2WmWZLETvUNvIUmeD5OAagMw3FiKmMlTdViWsHM=
-google.golang.org/grpc v1.80.0/go.mod h1:ho/dLnxwi3EDJA4Zghp7k2Ec1+c2jqup0bFkw07bwF4=
+google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20260526163538-3dc84a4a5aaa h1:Kjn0N0tCrDgiAFW+lGO4JZ3ck44CehvJQMAwj9QF0G8=
+google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20260526163538-3dc84a4a5aaa/go.mod h1:q4lMZS6kskjT5HvCPrnnypcDPVJqT/f4nfxmkE7gryY=
+google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20260526163538-3dc84a4a5aaa h1:mZHHdPZl0dbGHCflZgAq/Q468DWVFcU2whhB2KAo8fk=
+google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20260526163538-3dc84a4a5aaa/go.mod h1:4Hqkh8ycfw05ld/3BWL7rJOSfebL2Q+DVDeRgYgxUU8=
+google.golang.org/grpc v1.82.0 h1:vguDnZUPjE26w09A63VoxZPnvPjB5Riyc0mkXPFmAIU=
+google.golang.org/grpc v1.82.0/go.mod h1:yzTZ1TB1Z3SG+LIYaI+WiE8D5+PZ3ArnrSp8zF3+/ZA=
 google.golang.org/protobuf v1.36.11 h1:fV6ZwhNocDyBLK0dj+fg8ektcVegBBuEolpbTQyBNVE=
 google.golang.org/protobuf v1.36.11/go.mod h1:HTf+CrKn2C3g5S8VImy6tdcUvCska2kB7j23XfzDpco=
 gopkg.in/check.v1 v0.0.0-20161208181325-20d25e280405/go.mod h1:Co6ibVJAznAaIkqp8huTwlJQCZ016jof/cbN4VW5Yz0=
@@ -168,9 +160,11 @@ gopkg.in/check.v1 v1.0.0-20201130134442-10cb98267c6c h1:Hei/4ADfdWqJk1ZMxUNpqntN
 gopkg.in/check.v1 v1.0.0-20201130134442-10cb98267c6c/go.mod h1:JHkPIbrfpd72SG/EVd6muEfDQjcINNoR0C8j2r3qZ4Q=
 gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1 h1:fxVm/GzAzEWqLHuvctI91KS9hhNmmWOoWu0XTYJS7CA=
 gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1/go.mod h1:K4uyk7z7BCEPqu6E+C64Yfv1cQ7kz7rIZviUmN+EgEM=
-gotest.tools/v3 v3.4.0 h1:ZazjZUfuVeZGLAmlKKuyv3IKP5orXcwtOwDQH6YVr6o=
-gotest.tools/v3 v3.4.0/go.mod h1:CtbdzLSsqVhDgMtKsx03ird5YTGB3ar27v0u/yKBW5g=
+gotest.tools/v3 v3.5.2 h1:7koQfIKdy+I8UTetycgUqXWSDwpgv193Ka+qRsmBY8Q=
+gotest.tools/v3 v3.5.2/go.mod h1:LtdLGcnqToBH83WByAAi/wiwSFCArdFIUV/xxN4pcjA=
 gvisor.dev/gvisor v0.0.0-20250503011706-39ed1f5ac29c h1:m/r7OM+Y2Ty1sgBQ7Qb27VgIMBW8ZZhT4gLnUyDIhzI=
 gvisor.dev/gvisor v0.0.0-20250503011706-39ed1f5ac29c/go.mod h1:3r5CMtNQMKIvBlrmM9xWUNamjKBYPOWyXOjmg5Kts3g=
-software.sslmate.com/src/go-pkcs12 v0.7.0 h1:Db8W44cB54TWD7stUFFSWxdfpdn6fZVcDl0w3R4RVM0=
-software.sslmate.com/src/go-pkcs12 v0.7.0/go.mod h1:Qiz0EyvDRJjjxGyUQa2cCNZn/wMyzrRJ/qcDXOQazLI=
+pgregory.net/rapid v1.2.0 h1:keKAYRcjm+e1F0oAuU5F5+YPAWcyxNNRK2wud503Gnk=
+pgregory.net/rapid v1.2.0/go.mod h1:PY5XlDGj0+V1FCq0o192FdRhpKHGTRIWBgqjDBTrq04=
+software.sslmate.com/src/go-pkcs12 v0.7.3 h1:JBQD3FDqYjTeyDAeZQklj2ar88ykBLtALloPJHyAauU=
+software.sslmate.com/src/go-pkcs12 v0.7.3/go.mod h1:Qiz0EyvDRJjjxGyUQa2cCNZn/wMyzrRJ/qcDXOQazLI=

healthcheck/healthcheck.go

@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ type Config struct {
 	Interval           int               `json:"hcInterval"`          // in seconds
 	UnhealthyInterval  int               `json:"hcUnhealthyInterval"` // in seconds
 	Timeout            int               `json:"hcTimeout"`           // in seconds
-	FollowRedirects    bool              `json:"hcFollowRedirects"`
+	FollowRedirects    *bool             `json:"hcFollowRedirects"`
 	Headers            map[string]string `json:"hcHeaders"`
 	Method             string            `json:"hcMethod"`
 	Status             int               `json:"hcStatus"` // HTTP status code
@@ -202,7 +202,9 @@ func (m *Monitor) addTargetUnsafe(config Config) error {
 		cancel: cancel,
 		client: &http.Client{
 			CheckRedirect: func() func(*http.Request, []*http.Request) error {
-				if !config.FollowRedirects {
+				// Default to following redirects if not explicitly configured
+				followRedirects := config.FollowRedirects == nil || *config.FollowRedirects
+				if !followRedirects {
 					return func(req *http.Request, via []*http.Request) error {
 						return http.ErrUseLastResponse
 					}
@@ -210,6 +212,10 @@ func (m *Monitor) addTargetUnsafe(config Config) error {
 				return nil
 			}(),
 			Transport: &http.Transport{
+				// Disable keep-alives so each health check uses a fresh connection.
+				// Reusing idle connections causes spurious timeouts when the remote
+				// server closes the connection between long check intervals.
+				DisableKeepAlives: true,
 				TLSClientConfig: &tls.Config{
 					// Configure TLS settings based on certificate enforcement
 					InsecureSkipVerify: !m.enforceCert,
@@ -430,7 +436,9 @@ func (m *Monitor) performTCPCheck(target *Target) (bool, string) {
 	logger.Debug("Target %d: performing TCP health check to %s (timeout: %v)",
 		target.Config.ID, address, timeout)
 
-	conn, err := net.DialTimeout("tcp", address, timeout)
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(target.ctx, timeout)
+	defer cancel()
+	conn, err := (&net.Dialer{}).DialContext(ctx, "tcp", address)
 	if err != nil {
 		msg := fmt.Sprintf("TCP dial failed: %v", err)
 		logger.Warn("Target %d: %s", target.Config.ID, msg)
@@ -465,8 +473,9 @@ func (m *Monitor) performHTTPCheck(target *Target) (bool, string) {
 			target.Config.ID, m.enforceCert)
 	}
 
-	// Create request with timeout context
-	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), time.Duration(target.Config.Timeout)*time.Second)
+	// Create request with timeout context, derived from the target's context so
+	// that in-flight requests are cancelled immediately when the target is replaced.
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(target.ctx, time.Duration(target.Config.Timeout)*time.Second)
 	defer cancel()
 
 	req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, target.Config.Method, url, nil)

holepunch/holepunch.go

@@ -27,17 +27,17 @@ type ExitNode struct {
 
 // Manager handles UDP hole punching operations
 type Manager struct {
-	mu          sync.Mutex
-	running     bool
-	stopChan    chan struct{}
-	sharedBind  *bind.SharedBind
-	ID          string
-	token       string
-	publicKey   string
-	clientType  string
-	exitNodes   map[string]ExitNode // key is endpoint
-	updateChan  chan struct{}        // signals the goroutine to refresh exit nodes
-	publicDNS []string
+	mu         sync.Mutex
+	running    bool
+	stopChan   chan struct{}
+	sharedBind *bind.SharedBind
+	ID         string
+	token      string
+	publicKey  string
+	clientType string
+	exitNodes  map[string]ExitNode // key is endpoint
+	updateChan chan struct{}       // signals the goroutine to refresh exit nodes
+	publicDNS  []string
 
 	sendHolepunchInterval    time.Duration
 	sendHolepunchIntervalMin time.Duration
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ func NewManager(sharedBind *bind.SharedBind, ID string, clientType string, publi
 		ID:                       ID,
 		clientType:               clientType,
 		publicKey:                publicKey,
-		publicDNS:              publicDNS,
+		publicDNS:                publicDNS,
 		exitNodes:                make(map[string]ExitNode),
 		sendHolepunchInterval:    defaultSendHolepunchIntervalMin,
 		sendHolepunchIntervalMin: defaultSendHolepunchIntervalMin,
@@ -73,6 +73,14 @@ func (m *Manager) SetToken(token string) {
 	m.token = token
 }
 
+// SetPublicDNS replaces the list of DNS servers used to resolve exit-node
+// endpoints.  The servers must be in "host:port" format (e.g. "8.8.8.8:53").
+func (m *Manager) SetPublicDNS(servers []string) {
+	m.mu.Lock()
+	defer m.mu.Unlock()
+	m.publicDNS = servers
+}
+
 // IsRunning returns whether hole punching is currently active
 func (m *Manager) IsRunning() bool {
 	m.mu.Lock()

holepunch/tester.go

@@ -43,17 +43,17 @@ func DefaultTestOptions() TestConnectionOptions {
 
 // cachedAddr holds a cached resolved UDP address
 type cachedAddr struct {
-	addr      *net.UDPAddr
+	addr       *net.UDPAddr
 	resolvedAt time.Time
 }
 
 // HolepunchTester monitors holepunch connectivity using magic packets
 type HolepunchTester struct {
-	sharedBind  *bind.SharedBind
-	publicDNS []string
-	mu          sync.RWMutex
-	running     bool
-	stopChan    chan struct{}
+	sharedBind *bind.SharedBind
+	publicDNS  []string
+	mu         sync.RWMutex
+	running    bool
+	stopChan   chan struct{}
 
 	// Pending requests waiting for responses (key: echo data as string)
 	pendingRequests sync.Map // map[string]*pendingRequest
@@ -88,12 +88,24 @@ type pendingRequest struct {
 func NewHolepunchTester(sharedBind *bind.SharedBind, publicDNS []string) *HolepunchTester {
 	return &HolepunchTester{
 		sharedBind:   sharedBind,
-		publicDNS:  publicDNS,
+		publicDNS:    publicDNS,
 		addrCache:    make(map[string]*cachedAddr),
 		addrCacheTTL: 5 * time.Minute, // Cache addresses for 5 minutes
 	}
 }
 
+// SetPublicDNS replaces the list of DNS servers used to resolve peer endpoints.
+// The servers must be in "host:port" format (e.g. "8.8.8.8:53").
+func (t *HolepunchTester) SetPublicDNS(servers []string) {
+	t.mu.Lock()
+	defer t.mu.Unlock()
+	t.publicDNS = servers
+	// Invalidate the address cache so endpoints are re-resolved with the new DNS.
+	t.addrCacheMu.Lock()
+	t.addrCache = make(map[string]*cachedAddr)
+	t.addrCacheMu.Unlock()
+}
+
 // SetCallback sets the callback for connection status changes
 func (t *HolepunchTester) SetCallback(callback HolepunchStatusCallback) {
 	t.mu.Lock()

nativessh/auth.go

@@ -0,0 +1,158 @@
+package nativessh
+
+import (
+	"bufio"
+	"fmt"
+	"net"
+	"os"
+	"os/user"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/fosrl/newt/logger"
+	"golang.org/x/crypto/ssh"
+)
+
+type staticConnMeta struct {
+	user string
+}
+
+func (m staticConnMeta) User() string          { return m.user }
+func (m staticConnMeta) SessionID() []byte     { return nil }
+func (m staticConnMeta) ClientVersion() []byte { return nil }
+func (m staticConnMeta) ServerVersion() []byte { return nil }
+func (m staticConnMeta) RemoteAddr() net.Addr  { return nil }
+func (m staticConnMeta) LocalAddr() net.Addr   { return nil }
+
+// CheckAuthorizedKeys reports whether key matches any entry in the system
+// user's ~/.ssh/authorized_keys file.  Returns false (not an error) when the
+// user or file does not exist.
+func CheckAuthorizedKeys(username string, key ssh.PublicKey) bool {
+	u, err := user.Lookup(username)
+	if err != nil {
+		return false
+	}
+	f, err := os.Open(filepath.Join(u.HomeDir, ".ssh", "authorized_keys"))
+	if err != nil {
+		return false
+	}
+	defer f.Close()
+
+	want := ssh.FingerprintSHA256(key)
+	scanner := bufio.NewScanner(f)
+	for scanner.Scan() {
+		line := strings.TrimSpace(scanner.Text())
+		if line == "" || strings.HasPrefix(line, "#") {
+			continue
+		}
+		parsed, _, _, _, err := ssh.ParseAuthorizedKey([]byte(line))
+		if err != nil {
+			continue
+		}
+		if ssh.FingerprintSHA256(parsed) == want {
+			return true
+		}
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+// SystemUserExists reports whether a user account with the given name exists
+// on the host OS.
+func SystemUserExists(username string) bool {
+	_, err := user.Lookup(username)
+	return err == nil
+}
+
+// Authenticate authenticates a user for a browser-based native SSH session.
+// It tries, in order:
+//  1. Private key — parses privateKeyPEM and checks it against the user's
+//     ~/.ssh/authorized_keys.
+//  2. Password — verifies password via the host OS PAM stack (Linux only).
+//
+// Returns nil on the first method that succeeds, or an error if all fail.
+func Authenticate(username, password, privateKeyPEM string) error {
+	return AuthenticateWithCertificate(nil, username, password, privateKeyPEM, "")
+}
+
+// AuthenticateWithCertificate authenticates a user for a browser-based native
+// SSH session using the same method ordering as the native SSH server:
+//  1. Private key in host ~/.ssh/authorized_keys.
+//  2. SSH certificate signed by the configured CA (when provided).
+//  3. Password via host PAM stack.
+func AuthenticateWithCertificate(store *CredentialStore, username, password, privateKeyPEM, certificate string) error {
+	logger.Debug("nativessh: authenticating user %q (hasPassword=%v, hasPrivateKey=%v)", username, password != "", privateKeyPEM != "")
+	if !SystemUserExists(username) {
+		logger.Debug("nativessh: user %q not found on system", username)
+		return fmt.Errorf("user %q does not exist", username)
+	}
+
+	var signer ssh.Signer
+	if privateKeyPEM != "" {
+		parsedSigner, err := ssh.ParsePrivateKey([]byte(privateKeyPEM))
+		if err != nil {
+			logger.Debug("nativessh: failed to parse private key for %q: %v", username, err)
+		} else if CheckAuthorizedKeys(username, parsedSigner.PublicKey()) {
+			logger.Debug("nativessh: private key auth succeeded for %q", username)
+			return nil
+		} else {
+			signer = parsedSigner
+			logger.Debug("nativessh: private key not in authorized_keys for %q", username)
+		}
+	}
+
+	if store != nil && certificate != "" {
+		if signer == nil {
+			logger.Debug("nativessh: certificate provided for %q but no matching private key was provided", username)
+		} else {
+			pub, _, _, _, err := ssh.ParseAuthorizedKey([]byte(certificate))
+			if err != nil {
+				logger.Debug("nativessh: failed to parse certificate for %q: %v", username, err)
+			} else {
+				cert, ok := pub.(*ssh.Certificate)
+				if !ok {
+					logger.Debug("nativessh: provided cert data for %q is not an SSH certificate", username)
+				} else if ssh.FingerprintSHA256(cert.Key) != ssh.FingerprintSHA256(signer.PublicKey()) {
+					logger.Debug("nativessh: certificate key mismatch for %q", username)
+				} else {
+					caKey, userPrincipals := store.get(username)
+					if caKey == nil {
+						logger.Debug("nativessh: CA key is not set for certificate auth user %q", username)
+					} else if len(userPrincipals) == 0 {
+						logger.Debug("nativessh: no allowed principals found for certificate auth user %q", username)
+					} else {
+						checker := &ssh.CertChecker{
+							IsUserAuthority: func(auth ssh.PublicKey) bool {
+								return ssh.FingerprintSHA256(auth) == ssh.FingerprintSHA256(caKey)
+							},
+						}
+
+						var lastErr error
+						for principal := range userPrincipals {
+							_, authErr := checker.Authenticate(staticConnMeta{user: principal}, cert)
+							if authErr == nil {
+								logger.Debug("nativessh: certificate auth succeeded for %q (principal=%q)", username, principal)
+								return nil
+							}
+							lastErr = authErr
+						}
+						if lastErr != nil {
+							logger.Debug("nativessh: certificate auth failed for %q: %v", username, lastErr)
+						}
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	if password != "" {
+		if err := VerifySystemPassword(username, password); err != nil {
+			logger.Debug("nativessh: password auth failed for %q: %v", username, err)
+		} else {
+			logger.Debug("nativessh: password auth succeeded for %q", username)
+			return nil
+		}
+	} else {
+		logger.Debug("nativessh: no password provided for %q", username)
+	}
+	return fmt.Errorf("authentication failed for user %q", username)
+}

nativessh/pam_linux.go

@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+//go:build linux
+
+package nativessh
+
+import (
+	"bufio"
+	"bytes"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/fosrl/newt/logger"
+	"github.com/go-crypt/crypt"
+	"github.com/go-crypt/x/yescrypt"
+)
+
+// VerifySystemPassword authenticates username/password by reading /etc/shadow.
+// Supports yescrypt ($y$), bcrypt ($2b$/$2a$/$2y$), SHA-512 ($6$), SHA-256
+// ($5$), argon2, scrypt, and other schemes handled by go-crypt/crypt.
+func VerifySystemPassword(username, password string) error {
+	hash, err := readShadowHash(username)
+	if err != nil {
+		logger.Debug("nativessh/pam: readShadowHash for %q failed: %v", username, err)
+		return fmt.Errorf("shadow: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// Log the scheme prefix only (never the full hash).
+	scheme := "unknown"
+	for _, prefix := range []string{"$y$", "$2a$", "$2b$", "$2y$", "$6$", "$5$", "$1$"} {
+		if strings.HasPrefix(hash, prefix) {
+			scheme = prefix
+			break
+		}
+	}
+	logger.Debug("nativessh/pam: verifying password for %q using scheme %s", username, scheme)
+
+	// Yescrypt ($y$) is not in go-crypt/crypt's default decoder; handle it directly.
+	if strings.HasPrefix(hash, "$y$") {
+		computed, err := yescrypt.Hash([]byte(password), []byte(hash))
+		if err != nil {
+			logger.Debug("nativessh/pam: yescrypt.Hash for %q failed: %v", username, err)
+			return fmt.Errorf("yescrypt: %w", err)
+		}
+		if !bytes.Equal(computed, []byte(hash)) {
+			logger.Debug("nativessh/pam: yescrypt mismatch for %q", username)
+			return errors.New("authentication failed")
+		}
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	decoder, err := crypt.NewDefaultDecoder()
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("crypt decoder: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	digest, err := decoder.Decode(hash)
+	if err != nil {
+		logger.Debug("nativessh/pam: failed to decode hash for %q: %v", username, err)
+		return fmt.Errorf("unsupported password hash scheme %q: %w", scheme, err)
+	}
+
+	match, err := digest.MatchAdvanced(password)
+	if err != nil {
+		logger.Debug("nativessh/pam: MatchAdvanced for %q failed: %v", username, err)
+		return err
+	}
+	if !match {
+		logger.Debug("nativessh/pam: password mismatch for %q", username)
+		return errors.New("authentication failed")
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// readShadowHash reads /etc/shadow and returns the password hash for username.
+func readShadowHash(username string) (string, error) {
+	f, err := os.Open("/etc/shadow")
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+	defer f.Close()
+
+	scanner := bufio.NewScanner(f)
+	for scanner.Scan() {
+		fields := strings.SplitN(scanner.Text(), ":", 3)
+		if len(fields) < 2 || fields[0] != username {
+			continue
+		}
+		h := fields[1]
+		if h == "" || h == "*" || strings.HasPrefix(h, "!") || h == "x" {
+			return "", errors.New("account locked or has no password")
+		}
+		return h, nil
+	}
+	if err := scanner.Err(); err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+	return "", errors.New("user not found in shadow database")
+}

nativessh/pam_other.go

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+//go:build !linux
+
+package nativessh
+
+import "errors"
+
+// VerifySystemPassword is not supported on non-Linux platforms; it always
+// returns an error so that password authentication is never accepted.
+func VerifySystemPassword(username, password string) error {
+	return errors.New("password authentication not supported on this platform")
+}

nativessh/pty.go

@@ -0,0 +1,130 @@
+//go:build !windows
+
+package nativessh
+
+import (
+	"bufio"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
+	"os/exec"
+	"os/user"
+	"strings"
+	"sync"
+
+	"github.com/creack/pty"
+)
+
+// PTYSession is a running shell process attached to a PTY.
+// It implements io.ReadWriteCloser so it can be bridged to any transport.
+type PTYSession struct {
+	ptmx     *os.File
+	cmd      *exec.Cmd
+	waitOnce sync.Once
+	exitCode int
+}
+
+// findShell returns the path to the best available interactive shell by
+// checking preferred shells in order, falling back to /bin/sh.
+func findShell() string {
+	preferred := []string{"zsh", "bash", "fish", "ksh", "sh"}
+	for _, name := range preferred {
+		if path, err := exec.LookPath(name); err == nil {
+			return path
+		}
+	}
+	return "/bin/sh"
+}
+
+// userShell returns the login shell configured for u in /etc/passwd.
+// If the field is empty or the binary does not exist, it falls back to
+// findShell so there is always a usable shell.
+func userShell(u *user.User) string {
+	if shell := passwdShell(u.Username); shell != "" {
+		if _, err := exec.LookPath(shell); err == nil {
+			return shell
+		}
+	}
+	return findShell()
+}
+
+// passwdShell reads /etc/passwd and returns the login shell for the named user.
+// Returns "" if the user is not found or the file cannot be read.
+func passwdShell(username string) string {
+	f, err := os.Open("/etc/passwd")
+	if err != nil {
+		return ""
+	}
+	defer f.Close()
+	scanner := bufio.NewScanner(f)
+	for scanner.Scan() {
+		line := scanner.Text()
+		if line == "" || line[0] == '#' {
+			continue
+		}
+		// Fields: username:password:uid:gid:gecos:home:shell
+		fields := strings.SplitN(line, ":", 7)
+		if len(fields) == 7 && fields[0] == username {
+			return fields[6]
+		}
+	}
+	_ = scanner.Err()
+	return ""
+}
+
+// NewPTYSession spawns the best available shell in a PTY.
+func NewPTYSession() (*PTYSession, error) {
+	shell := findShell()
+	cmd := exec.Command(shell)
+	cmd.Env = append(os.Environ(), "TERM=xterm-256color")
+	ptmx, err := pty.Start(cmd)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("pty start: %w", err)
+	}
+	return &PTYSession{ptmx: ptmx, cmd: cmd}, nil
+}
+
+// Read reads output from the PTY.
+func (p *PTYSession) Read(b []byte) (int, error) {
+	return p.ptmx.Read(b)
+}
+
+// Write writes input to the PTY.
+func (p *PTYSession) Write(b []byte) (int, error) {
+	return p.ptmx.Write(b)
+}
+
+// Resize changes the PTY window size.
+func (p *PTYSession) Resize(cols, rows uint16) error {
+	return pty.Setsize(p.ptmx, &pty.Winsize{Cols: cols, Rows: rows})
+}
+
+// wait waits for the child process to exit exactly once and records its exit
+// code. Safe to call concurrently or multiple times.
+func (p *PTYSession) wait() {
+	p.waitOnce.Do(func() {
+		err := p.cmd.Wait()
+		if err != nil {
+			var exitErr *exec.ExitError
+			if errors.As(err, &exitErr) {
+				p.exitCode = exitErr.ExitCode()
+				return
+			}
+			p.exitCode = 1
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+// ExitCode waits for the shell process to exit and returns its exit code.
+// It is safe to call before or after Close.
+func (p *PTYSession) ExitCode() int {
+	p.wait()
+	return p.exitCode
+}
+
+// Close closes the PTY and waits for the child process to exit.
+func (p *PTYSession) Close() error {
+	err := p.ptmx.Close()
+	p.wait()
+	return err
+}

nativessh/pty_unix.go

@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+//go:build !windows
+
+package nativessh
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
+	"os/exec"
+	"os/user"
+	"strconv"
+	"syscall"
+
+	"github.com/creack/pty"
+)
+
+// NewPTYSessionAs spawns an interactive shell in a PTY running as the given
+// system user.  The calling process must have sufficient privileges (typically
+// root / CAP_SETUID) to switch to a different UID/GID.
+func NewPTYSessionAs(username string) (*PTYSession, error) {
+	u, err := user.Lookup(username)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("user lookup %q: %w", username, err)
+	}
+	uid, err := strconv.ParseUint(u.Uid, 10, 32)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("parse uid: %w", err)
+	}
+	gid, err := strconv.ParseUint(u.Gid, 10, 32)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("parse gid: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// Collect supplementary group IDs.
+	groupIDs, err := u.GroupIds()
+	if err != nil {
+		groupIDs = []string{}
+	}
+	var groups []uint32
+	for _, g := range groupIDs {
+		gval, err := strconv.ParseUint(g, 10, 32)
+		if err == nil {
+			groups = append(groups, uint32(gval))
+		}
+	}
+
+	shell := userShell(u)
+
+	// Prefer the user's home directory as the working directory, but fall back
+	// to / if it does not exist (e.g. useradd was run without -m).
+	homeDir := u.HomeDir
+	if _, err := os.Stat(homeDir); err != nil {
+		homeDir = "/"
+	}
+
+	cmd := exec.Command(shell, "--login")
+	cmd.Env = []string{
+		"TERM=xterm-256color",
+		"HOME=" + u.HomeDir,
+		"USER=" + username,
+		"LOGNAME=" + username,
+		"SHELL=" + shell,
+		"PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin",
+	}
+	cmd.Dir = homeDir
+	cmd.SysProcAttr = &syscall.SysProcAttr{
+		Credential: &syscall.Credential{
+			Uid:    uint32(uid),
+			Gid:    uint32(gid),
+			Groups: groups,
+		},
+	}
+
+	ptmx, err := pty.Start(cmd)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("pty start: %w", err)
+	}
+	return &PTYSession{ptmx: ptmx, cmd: cmd}, nil
+}

nativessh/server.go

@@ -0,0 +1,467 @@
+//go:build !windows
+
+package nativessh
+
+import (
+	"crypto/ed25519"
+	"crypto/rand"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"net"
+	"os"
+	"os/exec"
+	"os/user"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+	"sync"
+	"syscall"
+
+	"github.com/fosrl/newt/logger"
+	"golang.org/x/crypto/ssh"
+)
+
+// CredentialStore holds in-memory SSH credentials that can be updated at runtime.
+// It is safe for concurrent use.
+type CredentialStore struct {
+	mu         sync.RWMutex
+	caKey      ssh.PublicKey
+	principals map[string]map[string]struct{} // username -> set of allowed principals
+}
+
+// connMetaWithUser wraps ConnMetadata while overriding User() for cert checks.
+type connMetaWithUser struct {
+	ssh.ConnMetadata
+	user string
+}
+
+func (m connMetaWithUser) User() string { return m.user }
+
+// NewCredentialStore returns an empty, ready-to-use CredentialStore.
+func NewCredentialStore() *CredentialStore {
+	return &CredentialStore{
+		principals: make(map[string]map[string]struct{}),
+	}
+}
+
+// SetCAKey parses and stores the CA public key from authorized_keys-format data.
+func (s *CredentialStore) SetCAKey(authorizedKeyData string) error {
+	key, _, _, _, err := ssh.ParseAuthorizedKey([]byte(authorizedKeyData))
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("parse CA key: %w", err)
+	}
+	s.mu.Lock()
+	s.caKey = key
+	s.mu.Unlock()
+	return nil
+}
+
+// AddPrincipals records username and niceId as allowed principals for username.
+// Both values are stored; either can appear in the certificate's ValidPrincipals
+// field to satisfy the standard cert-auth principal check.
+func (s *CredentialStore) AddPrincipals(username, niceId string) {
+	username = strings.TrimSpace(username)
+	niceId = strings.TrimSpace(niceId)
+	if username == "" {
+		return
+	}
+	s.mu.Lock()
+	defer s.mu.Unlock()
+	if s.principals[username] == nil {
+		s.principals[username] = make(map[string]struct{})
+	}
+	s.principals[username][username] = struct{}{}
+	if niceId != "" {
+		s.principals[username][niceId] = struct{}{}
+	}
+}
+
+// get returns the CA key and the principal set for username under a read lock.
+func (s *CredentialStore) get(username string) (ssh.PublicKey, map[string]struct{}) {
+	s.mu.RLock()
+	defer s.mu.RUnlock()
+	return s.caKey, s.principals[username]
+}
+
+// ServerConfig holds configuration for the native SSH server.
+type ServerConfig struct {
+	// ListenAddr is the TCP address to listen on. Defaults to ":2222".
+	ListenAddr string
+	// Credentials provides in-memory CA key and per-user principals.
+	// Updates to the store are reflected immediately for new connections.
+	// If nil or the store has no CA key set, all connections are rejected.
+	Credentials *CredentialStore
+}
+
+// Server is a simple SSH server that authenticates clients via SSH certificate
+// auth only. Certificates must be signed by the configured CA and the
+// connecting username must appear in both the certificate's principal list and
+// the local principals file.
+type Server struct {
+	cfg ServerConfig
+}
+
+// NewServer creates a new Server. The ListenAddr defaults to ":2222" when empty.
+func NewServer(cfg ServerConfig) *Server {
+	if cfg.ListenAddr == "" {
+		cfg.ListenAddr = ":2222"
+	}
+	return &Server{cfg: cfg}
+}
+
+// buildSSHConfig builds the ssh.ServerConfig with multi-method authentication:
+//  1. Public key: host ~/.ssh/authorized_keys, then CA certificate.
+//  2. Password: system PAM stack (Linux only).
+func (s *Server) buildSSHConfig() (*ssh.ServerConfig, error) {
+	hostSigner, err := generateHostKey()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("host key: %w", err)
+	}
+	cfg := &ssh.ServerConfig{
+		PublicKeyCallback: makePublicKeyCallback(s.cfg.Credentials),
+		PasswordCallback:  makePasswordCallback(),
+	}
+	cfg.AddHostKey(hostSigner)
+	return cfg, nil
+}
+
+// Serve accepts connections on ln and handles them. It returns when ln is
+// closed or a non-temporary Accept error occurs.
+func (s *Server) Serve(ln net.Listener) error {
+	sshCfg, err := s.buildSSHConfig()
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	logger.Debug("nativessh: server listening on %s", ln.Addr())
+	for {
+		conn, err := ln.Accept()
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		go s.handleConn(conn, sshCfg)
+	}
+}
+
+// ListenAndServe starts the SSH server on the host network and blocks until
+// the listener is closed.
+func (s *Server) ListenAndServe() error {
+	ln, err := net.Listen("tcp", s.cfg.ListenAddr)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("listen %s: %w", s.cfg.ListenAddr, err)
+	}
+	defer ln.Close()
+	return s.Serve(ln)
+}
+
+func (s *Server) handleConn(conn net.Conn, cfg *ssh.ServerConfig) {
+	defer conn.Close()
+	sshConn, chans, reqs, err := ssh.NewServerConn(conn, cfg)
+	if err != nil {
+		logger.Debug("nativessh: handshake failed from %s: %v", conn.RemoteAddr(), err)
+		return
+	}
+	defer sshConn.Close()
+	logger.Debug("nativessh: connection from %s user=%s", conn.RemoteAddr(), sshConn.User())
+
+	go ssh.DiscardRequests(reqs)
+
+	for newChan := range chans {
+		if newChan.ChannelType() != "session" {
+			_ = newChan.Reject(ssh.UnknownChannelType, "unknown channel type")
+			continue
+		}
+		ch, requests, err := newChan.Accept()
+		if err != nil {
+			logger.Debug("nativessh: channel accept error: %v", err)
+			return
+		}
+		go s.handleSession(ch, requests, sshConn.User())
+	}
+}
+
+// handleSession drives a single SSH session channel. It waits for a pty-req
+// followed by a shell request and then bridges the PTY to the channel.
+func (s *Server) handleSession(ch ssh.Channel, requests <-chan *ssh.Request, username string) {
+	defer ch.Close()
+
+	var (
+		sess    *PTYSession
+		started bool
+	)
+
+	for req := range requests {
+		switch req.Type {
+		case "pty-req":
+			var err error
+			if sess == nil {
+				sess, err = NewPTYSessionAs(username)
+				if err != nil {
+					logger.Debug("nativessh: PTY start error: %v", err)
+					if req.WantReply {
+						_ = req.Reply(false, nil)
+					}
+					return
+				}
+			}
+			cols, rows := parsePTYReq(req.Payload)
+			_ = sess.Resize(cols, rows)
+			if req.WantReply {
+				_ = req.Reply(true, nil)
+			}
+
+		case "shell":
+			if req.WantReply {
+				_ = req.Reply(true, nil)
+			}
+			if started || sess == nil {
+				continue
+			}
+			started = true
+			// PTY output → SSH channel.
+			go func() {
+				_, _ = io.Copy(ch, sess)
+				// Notify the client of the shell's exit status so it can
+				// disconnect cleanly instead of requiring a manual disconnect.
+				exitCode := sess.ExitCode()
+				exitStatusPayload := ssh.Marshal(struct{ Status uint32 }{uint32(exitCode)})
+				_, _ = ch.SendRequest("exit-status", false, exitStatusPayload)
+				_ = ch.CloseWrite()
+				sess.Close() //nolint:errcheck
+				// Close the channel so the ssh library closes the requests
+				// channel, which unblocks the for-range loop in handleSession
+				// and allows the deferred ch.Close() to run. Without this,
+				// handleSession blocks forever waiting for requests to drain.
+				_ = ch.Close()
+			}()
+			// SSH channel input → PTY stdin.
+			go func() {
+				_, _ = io.Copy(sess, ch)
+			}()
+
+		case "exec":
+			if req.WantReply {
+				_ = req.Reply(true, nil)
+			}
+			cmd := parseExecPayload(req.Payload)
+			go s.runExecAs(ch, username, cmd)
+			// Drain remaining requests; the goroutine owns the channel now.
+			go ssh.DiscardRequests(requests)
+			return
+
+		case "window-change":
+			if sess != nil {
+				cols, rows := parseWindowChange(req.Payload)
+				_ = sess.Resize(cols, rows)
+			}
+			if req.WantReply {
+				_ = req.Reply(true, nil)
+			}
+
+		default:
+			if req.WantReply {
+				_ = req.Reply(false, nil)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	if sess != nil && !started {
+		sess.Close() //nolint:errcheck
+	}
+}
+
+// runExecAs runs command as username, wiring stdin/stdout/stderr directly to
+// the SSH channel (no PTY). This supports scp, rsync, and plain exec requests.
+func (s *Server) runExecAs(ch ssh.Channel, username, command string) {
+	defer ch.Close()
+
+	u, err := user.Lookup(username)
+	if err != nil {
+		logger.Debug("nativessh: exec user lookup %q: %v", username, err)
+		sendExitStatus(ch, 1)
+		return
+	}
+
+	uid, err := strconv.ParseUint(u.Uid, 10, 32)
+	if err != nil {
+		logger.Debug("nativessh: exec parse uid for %q: %v", username, err)
+		sendExitStatus(ch, 1)
+		return
+	}
+	gid, err := strconv.ParseUint(u.Gid, 10, 32)
+	if err != nil {
+		logger.Debug("nativessh: exec parse gid for %q: %v", username, err)
+		sendExitStatus(ch, 1)
+		return
+	}
+
+	groupIDs, _ := u.GroupIds()
+	var groups []uint32
+	for _, g := range groupIDs {
+		gval, err := strconv.ParseUint(g, 10, 32)
+		if err == nil {
+			groups = append(groups, uint32(gval))
+		}
+	}
+
+	homeDir := u.HomeDir
+	if _, err := os.Stat(homeDir); err != nil {
+		homeDir = "/"
+	}
+
+	cmd := exec.Command("/bin/sh", "-c", command)
+	cmd.Env = []string{
+		"HOME=" + u.HomeDir,
+		"USER=" + username,
+		"LOGNAME=" + username,
+		"PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin",
+	}
+	cmd.Dir = homeDir
+	cmd.SysProcAttr = &syscall.SysProcAttr{
+		Credential: &syscall.Credential{
+			Uid:    uint32(uid),
+			Gid:    uint32(gid),
+			Groups: groups,
+		},
+	}
+	cmd.Stdin = ch
+	cmd.Stdout = ch
+	cmd.Stderr = ch.Stderr()
+
+	exitCode := 0
+	if err := cmd.Run(); err != nil {
+		var exitErr *exec.ExitError
+		if errors.As(err, &exitErr) {
+			exitCode = exitErr.ExitCode()
+		} else {
+			exitCode = 1
+		}
+		logger.Debug("nativessh: exec %q as %q exited: %v", command, username, err)
+	}
+
+	sendExitStatus(ch, exitCode)
+	_ = ch.CloseWrite()
+}
+
+// sendExitStatus sends an SSH exit-status request on ch.
+func sendExitStatus(ch ssh.Channel, code int) {
+	payload := ssh.Marshal(struct{ Status uint32 }{uint32(code)})
+	_, _ = ch.SendRequest("exit-status", false, payload)
+}
+
+// parseExecPayload decodes the command string from an SSH exec request payload.
+func parseExecPayload(payload []byte) string {
+	var msg struct{ Command string }
+	if err := ssh.Unmarshal(payload, &msg); err != nil {
+		return ""
+	}
+	return msg.Command
+}
+
+// makePublicKeyCallback returns a PublicKeyCallback that tries, in order:
+//  1. Host authorized_keys  – matches any key in the OS user's
+//     ~/.ssh/authorized_keys file.
+//  2. CA certificate        – validates an SSH certificate signed by the
+//     configured CA and checks that the user appears in the principals map.
+//
+// store may be nil or empty; those paths are simply skipped.
+func makePublicKeyCallback(store *CredentialStore) func(ssh.ConnMetadata, ssh.PublicKey) (*ssh.Permissions, error) {
+	return func(meta ssh.ConnMetadata, key ssh.PublicKey) (*ssh.Permissions, error) {
+		// 1. Host authorized_keys.
+		if CheckAuthorizedKeys(meta.User(), key) {
+			logger.Debug("nativessh: authorized_keys auth for user %q", meta.User())
+			return &ssh.Permissions{}, nil
+		}
+
+		// 2. CA certificate.
+		if store != nil {
+			caKey, userPrincipals := store.get(meta.User())
+			if caKey != nil {
+				checker := &ssh.CertChecker{
+					IsUserAuthority: func(auth ssh.PublicKey) bool {
+						return ssh.FingerprintSHA256(auth) == ssh.FingerprintSHA256(caKey)
+					},
+				}
+
+				if len(userPrincipals) == 0 {
+					return nil, fmt.Errorf("user %q not in allowed principals list", meta.User())
+				}
+
+				var lastErr error
+				for principal := range userPrincipals {
+					perms, err := checker.Authenticate(connMetaWithUser{ConnMetadata: meta, user: principal}, key)
+					if err == nil {
+						logger.Debug("nativessh: CA cert auth for user %q principal=%q", meta.User(), principal)
+						return perms, nil
+					}
+					lastErr = err
+				}
+
+				if lastErr != nil {
+					logger.Debug("nativessh: CA cert rejected for user %q: %v", meta.User(), lastErr)
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("public key not authorized for user %q", meta.User())
+	}
+}
+
+// makePasswordCallback returns a PasswordCallback that validates the supplied
+// password via the host OS PAM stack.  On non-Linux platforms this always
+// fails (see pam_other.go).
+func makePasswordCallback() func(ssh.ConnMetadata, []byte) (*ssh.Permissions, error) {
+	return func(meta ssh.ConnMetadata, password []byte) (*ssh.Permissions, error) {
+		if err := VerifySystemPassword(meta.User(), string(password)); err != nil {
+			// Return a generic message to the client; log the real reason.
+			logger.Debug("nativessh: password auth failed for user %q: %v", meta.User(), err)
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("permission denied")
+		}
+		logger.Debug("nativessh: password auth for user %q", meta.User())
+		return &ssh.Permissions{}, nil
+	}
+}
+
+// generateHostKey generates a fresh ephemeral Ed25519 host key in memory.
+// A new key is created on every server start; nothing is written to disk.
+func generateHostKey() (ssh.Signer, error) {
+	_, priv, err := ed25519.GenerateKey(rand.Reader)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("generate host key: %w", err)
+	}
+	logger.Debug("nativessh: generated ephemeral Ed25519 host key")
+	return ssh.NewSignerFromKey(priv)
+}
+
+// ptyRequestMsg mirrors the SSH wire format for pty-req (RFC 4254 §6.2).
+type ptyRequestMsg struct {
+	Term     string
+	Columns  uint32
+	Rows     uint32
+	Width    uint32
+	Height   uint32
+	Modelist string
+}
+
+func parsePTYReq(payload []byte) (cols, rows uint16) {
+	var req ptyRequestMsg
+	if err := ssh.Unmarshal(payload, &req); err != nil {
+		return 80, 24
+	}
+	return uint16(req.Columns), uint16(req.Rows)
+}
+
+// windowChangeMsg mirrors the SSH wire format for window-change (RFC 4254 §6.7).
+type windowChangeMsg struct {
+	Columns uint32
+	Rows    uint32
+	Width   uint32
+	Height  uint32
+}
+
+func parseWindowChange(payload []byte) (cols, rows uint16) {
+	var msg windowChangeMsg
+	if err := ssh.Unmarshal(payload, &msg); err != nil {
+		return 80, 24
+	}
+	return uint16(msg.Columns), uint16(msg.Rows)
+}

nativessh/server_windows.go

@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+//go:build windows
+
+package nativessh
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"log"
+	"net"
+	"sync"
+
+	"golang.org/x/crypto/ssh"
+)
+
+// CredentialStore is a stub on Windows. Native SSH is not supported on Windows.
+type CredentialStore struct {
+	mu         sync.RWMutex
+	principals map[string]map[string]struct{}
+}
+
+// NewCredentialStore returns an empty CredentialStore stub.
+// Native SSH is not supported on Windows; a warning is logged.
+func NewCredentialStore() *CredentialStore {
+	log.Println("WARNING: native SSH is not supported on Windows and will be disabled")
+	return &CredentialStore{
+		principals: make(map[string]map[string]struct{}),
+	}
+}
+
+// SetCAKey is a no-op stub on Windows.
+func (s *CredentialStore) SetCAKey(_ string) error {
+	return errors.New("native SSH not supported on Windows")
+}
+
+// AddPrincipals is a no-op stub on Windows.
+func (s *CredentialStore) AddPrincipals(_, _ string) {}
+
+// get returns nil CA key and empty principals on Windows.
+func (s *CredentialStore) get(_ string) (ssh.PublicKey, map[string]struct{}) {
+	return nil, nil
+}
+
+// ServerConfig holds configuration for the native SSH server (stub on Windows).
+type ServerConfig struct {
+	ListenAddr  string
+	Credentials *CredentialStore
+}
+
+// Server is a stub on Windows.
+type Server struct{}
+
+// NewServer returns a stub Server and logs a warning.
+func NewServer(cfg ServerConfig) *Server {
+	return &Server{}
+}
+
+// ListenAndServe always returns an error on Windows.
+func (s *Server) ListenAndServe() error {
+	return errors.New("native SSH not supported on Windows")
+}
+
+// Serve always returns an error on Windows.
+func (s *Server) Serve(_ net.Listener) error {
+	return errors.New("native SSH not supported on Windows")
+}

netstack2/handlers.go

@@ -1,8 +1,3 @@
-/* SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
- *
- * Copyright (C) 2017-2025 WireGuard LLC. All Rights Reserved.
- */
-
 package netstack2
 
 import (
@@ -144,6 +139,13 @@ func (h *TCPHandler) handleTCPConn(netstackConn *gonet.TCPConn, id stack.Transpo
 	dstIP := id.LocalAddress.String()
 	dstPort := id.LocalPort
 
+	// Drop connection if blocking is enabled
+	if h.proxyHandler != nil && h.proxyHandler.IsBlocked() {
+		logger.Debug("TCP Forwarder: connection blocked: %s:%d -> %s:%d", srcIP, srcPort, dstIP, dstPort)
+		netstackConn.Close()
+		return
+	}
+
 	// For HTTP/HTTPS ports, look up the matching subnet rule. If the rule has
 	// Protocol configured, hand the connection off to the HTTP handler which
 	// takes full ownership of the lifecycle (the defer close must not be
@@ -152,24 +154,25 @@ func (h *TCPHandler) handleTCPConn(netstackConn *gonet.TCPConn, id stack.Transpo
 		srcAddr, _ := netip.ParseAddr(srcIP)
 		dstAddr, _ := netip.ParseAddr(dstIP)
 		rule := h.proxyHandler.subnetLookup.Match(srcAddr, dstAddr, dstPort, tcp.ProtocolNumber)
-		if rule != nil {
-			if rule.Protocol != "" {
-				logger.Info("TCP Forwarder: Routing %s:%d -> %s:%d to HTTP handler (%s)",
-					srcIP, srcPort, dstIP, dstPort, rule.Protocol)
-				h.proxyHandler.httpHandler.HandleConn(netstackConn, rule)
-			} else {
-				// A matching HTTP rule exists but has no protocol configured —
-				// do not fall through to the raw TCP handler; drop the connection.
-				logger.Info("TCP Forwarder: Dropping %s:%d -> %s:%d (HTTP rule matched but no protocol set)",
-					srcIP, srcPort, dstIP, dstPort)
-				netstackConn.Close()
-			}
+		if rule != nil && rule.Protocol != "" && len(rule.HTTPTargets) > 0 {
+			logger.Info("TCP Forwarder: Routing %s:%d -> %s:%d to HTTP handler (%s)",
+				srcIP, srcPort, dstIP, dstPort, rule.Protocol)
+			h.proxyHandler.httpHandler.HandleConn(netstackConn, rule)
 			return
 		}
+		// Otherwise fall through to raw TCP forwarding (e.g. CIDR resources
+		// that happen to use port 80/443 without HTTP configuration).
 	}
 
 	defer netstackConn.Close()
 
+	// Release this connection's NAT state once it fully closes, so a rule
+	// change (e.g. RewriteTo) takes effect for the next connection on this
+	// tuple instead of being masked by a stale cached resolution forever.
+	if h.proxyHandler != nil {
+		defer h.proxyHandler.releaseConnectionState(srcIP, srcPort, dstIP, dstPort, uint8(tcp.ProtocolNumber))
+	}
+
 	logger.Info("TCP Forwarder: Handling connection %s:%d -> %s:%d", srcIP, srcPort, dstIP, dstPort)
 
 	// Check if there's a destination rewrite for this connection (e.g., localhost targets)
@@ -319,8 +322,21 @@ func (h *UDPHandler) handleUDPConn(netstackConn *gonet.UDPConn, id stack.Transpo
 	dstIP := id.LocalAddress.String()
 	dstPort := id.LocalPort
 
+	// Release this session's NAT state once it fully closes (session end or
+	// idle timeout), so a rule change takes effect for the next session on
+	// this tuple instead of being masked by a stale cached resolution.
+	if h.proxyHandler != nil {
+		defer h.proxyHandler.releaseConnectionState(srcIP, srcPort, dstIP, dstPort, uint8(udp.ProtocolNumber))
+	}
+
 	logger.Info("UDP Forwarder: Handling connection %s:%d -> %s:%d", srcIP, srcPort, dstIP, dstPort)
 
+	// Drop connection if blocking is enabled
+	if h.proxyHandler != nil && h.proxyHandler.IsBlocked() {
+		logger.Debug("UDP Forwarder: connection blocked: %s:%d -> %s:%d", srcIP, srcPort, dstIP, dstPort)
+		return
+	}
+
 	// Check if there's a destination rewrite for this connection (e.g., localhost targets)
 	actualDstIP := dstIP
 	if h.proxyHandler != nil {

netstack2/http_handler.go

@@ -1,14 +1,17 @@
-/* SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
- *
- * Copyright (C) 2017-2025 WireGuard LLC. All Rights Reserved.
- */
-
 package netstack2
 
 import (
+	"bufio"
 	"context"
+	"crypto/ecdsa"
+	"crypto/elliptic"
+	"crypto/rand"
 	"crypto/tls"
+	"crypto/x509"
+	"crypto/x509/pkix"
+	"errors"
 	"fmt"
+	"math/big"
 	"net"
 	"net/http"
 	"net/http/httputil"
@@ -29,7 +32,7 @@ import (
 type HTTPTarget struct {
 	DestAddr string `json:"destAddr"` // IP address or hostname of the downstream service
 	DestPort uint16 `json:"destPort"` // TCP port of the downstream service
-	Scheme string   `json:"scheme"` // When true the outbound leg uses HTTPS
+	Scheme   string `json:"scheme"`   // When true the outbound leg uses HTTPS
 }
 
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -68,6 +71,13 @@ type HTTPHandler struct {
 	// of the PEM certificate and key. Parsing a keypair is relatively expensive
 	// and the same cert is likely reused across many connections.
 	tlsCache sync.Map // map[string]*tls.Config
+
+	// fallbackTLSOnce/fallbackTLSCfg hold a lazily-generated self-signed
+	// certificate used when a rule's configured cert/key fails to parse, so
+	// that a misconfigured rule degrades to a browser cert warning instead of
+	// silently dropping every connection.
+	fallbackTLSOnce sync.Once
+	fallbackTLSCfg  *tls.Config
 }
 
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -129,18 +139,23 @@ func (l *chanListener) send(conn net.Conn) bool {
 // httpConnCtx – conn wrapper that carries a SubnetRule through the listener
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-// httpConnCtx wraps a net.Conn so the matching SubnetRule can be passed
-// through the chanListener into the http.Server's ConnContext callback,
-// making it available to request handlers via the request context.
+// httpConnCtx wraps a net.Conn so the matching SubnetRule and TLS state can
+// be passed through the chanListener into the http.Server's ConnContext
+// callback, making them available to request handlers via the request context.
 type httpConnCtx struct {
 	net.Conn
-	rule *SubnetRule
+	rule  *SubnetRule
+	isTLS bool // true when the conn was wrapped with tls.Server
 }
 
 // connCtxKey is the unexported context key used to store a *SubnetRule on the
 // per-connection context created by http.Server.ConnContext.
 type connCtxKey struct{}
 
+// connTLSKey is the unexported context key used to store the isTLS flag on
+// the per-connection context created by http.Server.ConnContext.
+type connTLSKey struct{}
+
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 // Constructor and lifecycle
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -173,7 +188,8 @@ func (h *HTTPHandler) Start() error {
 		// that handleRequest can retrieve it without any global state.
 		ConnContext: func(ctx context.Context, c net.Conn) context.Context {
 			if cc, ok := c.(*httpConnCtx); ok {
-				return context.WithValue(ctx, connCtxKey{}, cc.rule)
+				ctx = context.WithValue(ctx, connCtxKey{}, cc.rule)
+				ctx = context.WithValue(ctx, connTLSKey{}, cc.isTLS)
 			}
 			return ctx
 		},
@@ -201,19 +217,28 @@ func (h *HTTPHandler) HandleConn(conn net.Conn, rule *SubnetRule) {
 	var effectiveConn net.Conn = conn
 
 	if rule.Protocol == "https" {
-		tlsCfg, err := h.getTLSConfig(rule)
-		if err != nil {
-			logger.Error("HTTP handler: cannot build TLS config for connection from %s: %v",
-				conn.RemoteAddr(), err)
-			conn.Close()
-			return
+		// Only perform TLS termination for connections arriving on port 443.
+		// Connections on port 80 are passed through as plain HTTP so that
+		// handleRequest can issue the HTTP→HTTPS redirect.
+		doTLS := false
+		if tcpAddr, ok := conn.LocalAddr().(*net.TCPAddr); ok {
+			doTLS = tcpAddr.Port == 443
+		}
+		if doTLS {
+			tlsCfg, err := h.getTLSConfig(rule)
+			if err != nil {
+				logger.Error("HTTP handler: cannot build TLS config for connection from %s: %v",
+					conn.RemoteAddr(), err)
+				conn.Close()
+				return
+			}
+			// tls.Server wraps the raw conn; the TLS handshake is deferred until
+			// the first Read, which the http.Server will trigger naturally.
+			effectiveConn = tls.Server(conn, tlsCfg)
 		}
-		// tls.Server wraps the raw conn; the TLS handshake is deferred until
-		// the first Read, which the http.Server will trigger naturally.
-		effectiveConn = tls.Server(conn, tlsCfg)
 	}
 
-	wrapped := &httpConnCtx{Conn: effectiveConn, rule: rule}
+	wrapped := &httpConnCtx{Conn: effectiveConn, rule: rule, isTLS: effectiveConn != conn}
 	if !h.listener.send(wrapped) {
 		// Listener is already closed — clean up the orphaned connection.
 		effectiveConn.Close()
@@ -250,7 +275,13 @@ func (h *HTTPHandler) getTLSConfig(rule *SubnetRule) (*tls.Config, error) {
 
 	cert, err := tls.X509KeyPair([]byte(rule.TLSCert), []byte(rule.TLSKey))
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to parse TLS keypair: %w", err)
+		// A misconfigured rule (bad/missing PEM data) must not take the whole
+		// connection down: fall back to a self-signed cert so the handshake
+		// still completes and the request reaches handleRequest, which routes
+		// independently of the cert. Clients will see a cert warning instead
+		// of a silent connection reset.
+		logger.Warn("HTTP handler: falling back to self-signed cert for rule (invalid configured keypair): %v", err)
+		return h.getFallbackTLSConfig(), nil
 	}
 	cfg := &tls.Config{
 		Certificates: []tls.Certificate{cert},
@@ -261,6 +292,57 @@ func (h *HTTPHandler) getTLSConfig(rule *SubnetRule) (*tls.Config, error) {
 	return actual.(*tls.Config), nil
 }
 
+// getFallbackTLSConfig returns a *tls.Config backed by a self-signed
+// certificate, generated once and reused for the lifetime of the handler.
+func (h *HTTPHandler) getFallbackTLSConfig() *tls.Config {
+	h.fallbackTLSOnce.Do(func() {
+		cert, err := generateSelfSignedCert()
+		if err != nil {
+			// Generation of an in-memory self-signed cert has no external
+			// dependencies and should never fail; if it somehow does, there
+			// is no sensible fallback left, so surface it loudly.
+			logger.Error("HTTP handler: failed to generate fallback self-signed cert: %v", err)
+			return
+		}
+		h.fallbackTLSCfg = &tls.Config{Certificates: []tls.Certificate{cert}}
+	})
+	return h.fallbackTLSCfg
+}
+
+// generateSelfSignedCert creates a fresh, in-memory self-signed TLS
+// certificate/key pair valid for one year, used as a fallback when a rule's
+// configured certificate cannot be parsed.
+func generateSelfSignedCert() (tls.Certificate, error) {
+	priv, err := ecdsa.GenerateKey(elliptic.P256(), rand.Reader)
+	if err != nil {
+		return tls.Certificate{}, fmt.Errorf("failed to generate private key: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	serialNumber, err := rand.Int(rand.Reader, new(big.Int).Lsh(big.NewInt(1), 128))
+	if err != nil {
+		return tls.Certificate{}, fmt.Errorf("failed to generate serial number: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	template := x509.Certificate{
+		SerialNumber: serialNumber,
+		Subject:      pkix.Name{CommonName: "newt-fallback"},
+		NotBefore:    time.Now().Add(-time.Hour),
+		NotAfter:     time.Now().AddDate(1, 0, 0),
+		KeyUsage:     x509.KeyUsageDigitalSignature | x509.KeyUsageKeyEncipherment,
+		ExtKeyUsage:  []x509.ExtKeyUsage{x509.ExtKeyUsageServerAuth},
+	}
+
+	derBytes, err := x509.CreateCertificate(rand.Reader, &template, &template, &priv.PublicKey, priv)
+	if err != nil {
+		return tls.Certificate{}, fmt.Errorf("failed to create certificate: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	return tls.Certificate{
+		Certificate: [][]byte{derBytes},
+		PrivateKey:  priv,
+	}, nil
+}
+
 // getProxy returns a cached *httputil.ReverseProxy for the given target,
 // creating one on first use. Reusing the proxy preserves its http.Transport
 // connection pool, avoiding repeated TCP/TLS handshakes to the downstream.
@@ -289,12 +371,22 @@ func (h *HTTPHandler) getProxy(target HTTPTarget) *httputil.ReverseProxy {
 	proxy := &httputil.ReverseProxy{
 		Rewrite: func(pr *httputil.ProxyRequest) {
 			pr.SetURL(targetURL)
+			if host := pr.In.Host; host != "" {
+				pr.Out.Host = host
+			}
 			// SetXForwarded sets X-Forwarded-For from the inbound request's
 			// RemoteAddr (the WireGuard/netstack client address), along with
 			// X-Forwarded-Host and X-Forwarded-Proto. Using Rewrite instead of
 			// Director means the proxy does not append its own automatic
 			// X-Forwarded-For entry, so the header is set exactly once.
 			pr.SetXForwarded()
+
+			// SetXForwarded derives X-Forwarded-Proto from pr.In.TLS,
+			// which is nil because httpConnCtx wraps *tls.Conn behind
+			// net.Conn. Override using the context flag set by ConnContext.
+			if isTLS, _ := pr.In.Context().Value(connTLSKey{}).(bool); isTLS {
+				pr.Out.Header.Set("X-Forwarded-Proto", "https")
+			}
 		},
 		Transport: transport,
 	}
@@ -322,6 +414,24 @@ func (sc *statusCapture) WriteHeader(code int) {
 	sc.ResponseWriter.WriteHeader(code)
 }
 
+func (sc *statusCapture) Unwrap() http.ResponseWriter {
+	return sc.ResponseWriter
+}
+
+func (sc *statusCapture) Flush() {
+	if flusher, ok := sc.ResponseWriter.(http.Flusher); ok {
+		flusher.Flush()
+	}
+}
+
+func (sc *statusCapture) Hijack() (net.Conn, *bufio.ReadWriter, error) {
+	hijacker, ok := sc.ResponseWriter.(http.Hijacker)
+	if !ok {
+		return nil, nil, errors.New("underlying response writer does not support hijacking")
+	}
+	return hijacker.Hijack()
+}
+
 // handleRequest is the http.Handler entry point. It retrieves the SubnetRule
 // attached to the connection by ConnContext, selects the first configured
 // downstream target, and forwards the request via the cached ReverseProxy.
@@ -336,16 +446,20 @@ func (h *HTTPHandler) handleRequest(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 		return
 	}
 
-	// If the rule is plain HTTP but has a TLS certificate configured, redirect
-	// the client to the HTTPS equivalent of the requested URL.
-	if rule.Protocol == "http" && rule.TLSCert != "" && rule.TLSKey != "" {
+	// If the rule is HTTPS but the incoming request arrived over plain HTTP
+	// (port 80), redirect to HTTPS. We use the isTLS flag stored on the
+	// connection context rather than r.TLS, because Go's http.Server calls
+	// ConnectionState() before the TLS handshake completes, so r.TLS.Version
+	// is 0 even for genuine TLS connections at that point.
+	isTLS, _ := r.Context().Value(connTLSKey{}).(bool)
+	if rule.Protocol == "https" && !isTLS {
 		host := r.Host
 		if host == "" {
 			host = r.URL.Host
 		}
 		httpsURL := "https://" + host + r.RequestURI
 		logger.Info("HTTP handler: redirecting %s %s -> %s (TLS cert present)", r.Method, r.URL.RequestURI(), httpsURL)
-		http.Redirect(w, r, httpsURL, http.StatusMovedPermanently)
+		http.Redirect(w, r, httpsURL, http.StatusPermanentRedirect)
 		return
 	}
 

netstack2/http_handler_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+package netstack2
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"net"
+	"net/http"
+	"net/http/httptest"
+	"net/url"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/gorilla/websocket"
+)
+
+func TestHTTPHandlerProxiesWebSocketUpgrade(t *testing.T) {
+	upgrader := websocket.Upgrader{}
+	backend := httptest.NewServer(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+		conn, err := upgrader.Upgrade(w, r, nil)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Errorf("upgrade failed: %v", err)
+			return
+		}
+		defer conn.Close()
+
+		messageType, payload, err := conn.ReadMessage()
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Errorf("read failed: %v", err)
+			return
+		}
+		if err := conn.WriteMessage(messageType, append([]byte("echo:"), payload...)); err != nil {
+			t.Errorf("write failed: %v", err)
+		}
+	}))
+	defer backend.Close()
+
+	backendURL, err := url.Parse(backend.URL)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("parse backend URL: %v", err)
+	}
+	backendHost, backendPort, err := net.SplitHostPort(backendURL.Host)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("split backend host: %v", err)
+	}
+	port, err := net.LookupPort("tcp", backendPort)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("parse backend port: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	handler := NewHTTPHandler(nil, nil)
+	rule := &SubnetRule{
+		Protocol: "http",
+		HTTPTargets: []HTTPTarget{
+			{
+				DestAddr: backendHost,
+				DestPort: uint16(port),
+				Scheme:   backendURL.Scheme,
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
+	frontend := httptest.NewServer(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+		ctx := context.WithValue(r.Context(), connCtxKey{}, rule)
+		handler.handleRequest(w, r.WithContext(ctx))
+	}))
+	defer frontend.Close()
+
+	frontendURL, err := url.Parse(frontend.URL)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("parse frontend URL: %v", err)
+	}
+	wsURL := url.URL{
+		Scheme:   "ws",
+		Host:     frontendURL.Host,
+		Path:     "/socket",
+		RawQuery: "token=test",
+	}
+
+	conn, _, err := websocket.DefaultDialer.Dial(wsURL.String(), nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("dial websocket through proxy: %v", err)
+	}
+	defer conn.Close()
+
+	if err := conn.WriteMessage(websocket.TextMessage, []byte("hello")); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("write websocket message: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	messageType, payload, err := conn.ReadMessage()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("read websocket message: %v", err)
+	}
+	if messageType != websocket.TextMessage {
+		t.Fatalf("message type = %d, want %d", messageType, websocket.TextMessage)
+	}
+	if got, want := string(payload), "echo:hello"; got != want {
+		t.Fatalf("payload = %q, want %q", got, want)
+	}
+}

netstack2/proxy.go

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import (
 	"net"
 	"net/netip"
 	"sync"
+	"sync/atomic"
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/fosrl/newt/logger"
@@ -134,6 +135,7 @@ type ProxyHandler struct {
 	notifiable        channel.Notification // Notification handler for triggering reads
 	accessLogger      *AccessLogger        // Access logger for tracking sessions
 	httpRequestLogger *HTTPRequestLogger   // HTTP request logger for proxied HTTP/HTTPS requests
+	blocked           atomic.Bool          // when true, all new connections are dropped
 }
 
 // ProxyHandlerOptions configures the proxy handler
@@ -240,6 +242,28 @@ func (p *ProxyHandler) AddSubnetRule(rule SubnetRule) {
 	p.subnetLookup.AddSubnet(rule)
 }
 
+// SetBlocked enables or disables connection blocking on this proxy handler.
+// When enabled, all new TCP/UDP connections from the tunnel are dropped immediately.
+func (p *ProxyHandler) SetBlocked(v bool) {
+	if p == nil {
+		return
+	}
+	p.blocked.Store(v)
+	if v {
+		logger.Debug("ProxyHandler: connection blocking enabled")
+	} else {
+		logger.Debug("ProxyHandler: connection blocking disabled")
+	}
+}
+
+// IsBlocked returns true if connection blocking is currently enabled.
+func (p *ProxyHandler) IsBlocked() bool {
+	if p == nil {
+		return false
+	}
+	return p.blocked.Load()
+}
+
 // RemoveSubnetRule removes a subnet from the proxy handler
 func (p *ProxyHandler) RemoveSubnetRule(sourcePrefix, destPrefix netip.Prefix) {
 	if p == nil || !p.enabled {
@@ -248,6 +272,18 @@ func (p *ProxyHandler) RemoveSubnetRule(sourcePrefix, destPrefix netip.Prefix) {
 	p.subnetLookup.RemoveSubnet(sourcePrefix, destPrefix)
 }
 
+// ReplaceAllSubnetRules atomically replaces the full set of subnet rules.
+// Intended for full-state syncs where the desired rule set is authoritative,
+// so any stale rule is guaranteed to be cleared even if its key
+// (SourcePrefix, DestPrefix) matches a still-desired rule but its contents
+// (e.g. RewriteTo) have changed.
+func (p *ProxyHandler) ReplaceAllSubnetRules(rules []SubnetRule) {
+	if p == nil || !p.enabled {
+		return
+	}
+	p.subnetLookup.ReplaceAll(rules)
+}
+
 // GetAllRules returns all subnet rules from the proxy handler
 func (p *ProxyHandler) GetAllRules() []SubnetRule {
 	if p == nil || !p.enabled {
@@ -311,6 +347,51 @@ func (p *ProxyHandler) SetHTTPRequestLogSender(fn SendFunc) {
 	p.httpRequestLogger.SetSendFunc(fn)
 }
 
+// releaseConnectionState removes the per-connection NAT state for a single
+// (srcIP, srcPort, dstIP, dstPort, proto) tuple. Callers must only invoke
+// this once that exact connection has fully closed (both directions torn
+// down), since a new connection can never be accepted on the same 5-tuple
+// before then.
+//
+// This intentionally does NOT touch destRewriteTable/resourceTable: those
+// are keyed without srcPort (destKey), so they are shared across every
+// concurrent connection from the same source to the same destination
+// service. They don't need connection-scoped cleanup - each new connection's
+// first packet already refreshes them via HandleIncomingPacket - and
+// deleting them here on a single connection's close could break other
+// connections still in flight to the same destination.
+func (p *ProxyHandler) releaseConnectionState(srcIP string, srcPort uint16, dstIP string, dstPort uint16, proto uint8) {
+	if p == nil || !p.enabled {
+		return
+	}
+
+	key := connKey{
+		srcIP:   srcIP,
+		srcPort: srcPort,
+		dstIP:   dstIP,
+		dstPort: dstPort,
+		proto:   proto,
+	}
+
+	p.natMu.Lock()
+	defer p.natMu.Unlock()
+
+	entry, ok := p.natTable[key]
+	if !ok {
+		return
+	}
+	delete(p.natTable, key)
+
+	reverseKey := reverseConnKey{
+		rewrittenTo:     entry.rewrittenTo.String(),
+		originalSrcIP:   srcIP,
+		originalSrcPort: srcPort,
+		originalDstPort: dstPort,
+		proto:           proto,
+	}
+	delete(p.reverseNatTable, reverseKey)
+}
+
 // LookupDestinationRewrite looks up the rewritten destination for a connection
 // This is used by TCP/UDP handlers to find the actual target address
 func (p *ProxyHandler) LookupDestinationRewrite(srcIP, dstIP string, dstPort uint16, proto uint8) (netip.Addr, bool) {
@@ -572,6 +653,18 @@ func (p *ProxyHandler) HandleIncomingPacket(packet []byte) bool {
 
 				// Store destination rewrite for handler lookups
 				p.destRewriteTable[dKey] = newDst
+
+				// Also store the resource ID under the rewritten destination key so that
+				// TCP/UDP handlers can find it after DNAT (they see the post-NAT dst IP).
+				if matchedRule.ResourceId != 0 {
+					rewrittenKey := destKey{
+						srcIP:   srcAddr.String(),
+						dstIP:   newDst.String(),
+						dstPort: dstPort,
+						proto:   uint8(protocol),
+					}
+					p.resourceTable[rewrittenKey] = matchedRule.ResourceId
+				}
 				p.natMu.Unlock()
 				logger.Debug("New NAT entry for connection: %s -> %s", dstAddr, newDst)
 			}
@@ -600,7 +693,7 @@ func (p *ProxyHandler) HandleIncomingPacket(packet []byte) bool {
 	}
 
 	// logger.Debug("HandleIncomingPacket: No matching rule for %s -> %s (proto=%d, port=%d)",
-		// srcAddr, dstAddr, protocol, dstPort)
+	// srcAddr, dstAddr, protocol, dstPort)
 	return false
 }
 

netstack2/subnet_lookup.go

@@ -52,6 +52,13 @@ func (sl *SubnetLookup) AddSubnet(rule SubnetRule) {
 	sl.mu.Lock()
 	defer sl.mu.Unlock()
 
+	sl.addSubnetLocked(rule)
+}
+
+// addSubnetLocked is the lock-free body of AddSubnet, factored out so
+// ReplaceAll can insert many rules under a single lock acquisition.
+// Callers must hold sl.mu for writing.
+func (sl *SubnetLookup) addSubnetLocked(rule SubnetRule) {
 	rulePtr := &rule
 
 	// Canonicalize source prefix to handle host bits correctly
@@ -89,6 +96,21 @@ func (sl *SubnetLookup) AddSubnet(rule SubnetRule) {
 	destTriePtr.rules = newRules
 }
 
+// ReplaceAll atomically replaces the entire rule set with the given rules.
+// This guarantees no stale rule can survive a sync, even when a rule's key
+// (SourcePrefix, DestPrefix) is unchanged but other fields (e.g. RewriteTo)
+// differ - a case that an add/remove diff keyed only on prefixes would miss.
+func (sl *SubnetLookup) ReplaceAll(rules []SubnetRule) {
+	sl.mu.Lock()
+	defer sl.mu.Unlock()
+
+	sl.sourceTrie = &bart.Table[*destTrie]{}
+
+	for _, rule := range rules {
+		sl.addSubnetLocked(rule)
+	}
+}
+
 // RemoveSubnet removes a subnet rule from the lookup table
 func (sl *SubnetLookup) RemoveSubnet(sourcePrefix, destPrefix netip.Prefix) {
 	sl.mu.Lock()

netstack2/tun.go

@@ -1,8 +1,3 @@
-/* SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
- *
- * Copyright (C) 2017-2025 WireGuard LLC. All Rights Reserved.
- */
-
 package netstack2
 
 import (
@@ -369,6 +364,15 @@ func (net *Net) RemoveProxySubnetRule(sourcePrefix, destPrefix netip.Prefix) {
 	}
 }
 
+// ReplaceProxySubnetRules atomically replaces the full set of subnet rules
+// on the proxy handler with the given rules.
+func (net *Net) ReplaceProxySubnetRules(rules []SubnetRule) {
+	tun := (*netTun)(net)
+	if tun.proxyHandler != nil {
+		tun.proxyHandler.ReplaceAllSubnetRules(rules)
+	}
+}
+
 // GetProxySubnetRules returns all subnet rules from the proxy handler
 func (net *Net) GetProxySubnetRules() []SubnetRule {
 	tun := (*netTun)(net)

network/interface.go

@@ -167,3 +167,95 @@ func configureLinux(interfaceName string, ip net.IP, ipNet *net.IPNet) error {
 
 	return nil
 }
+
+// AddSecondaryAddress adds an additional IP address (given as CIDR, e.g. "10.10.0.5/32")
+// to an already-configured interface. It also records the address in the shared
+// NetworkSettings (see AddIPv4Address) so mobile (iOS/Android) packet-tunnel providers
+// pick it up on their next settings poll - those platforms have no OS-level interface
+// to configure directly, so this is the only way they learn about the address.
+func AddSecondaryAddress(interfaceName string, addr string) error {
+	ip, ipNet, err := net.ParseCIDR(addr)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("invalid IP address: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	mask := net.IP(ipNet.Mask).String()
+	AddIPv4Address(ip.String(), mask)
+
+	if interfaceName == "" {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	switch runtime.GOOS {
+	case "linux":
+		return configureLinux(interfaceName, ip, ipNet)
+	case "darwin":
+		return configureDarwin(interfaceName, ip, ipNet)
+	case "windows":
+		return configureWindows(interfaceName, ip, ipNet)
+	default:
+		return nil
+	}
+}
+
+// RemoveSecondaryAddress removes an IP address (given as CIDR) previously added with
+// AddSecondaryAddress, including from the shared NetworkSettings used by mobile
+// packet-tunnel providers.
+func RemoveSecondaryAddress(interfaceName string, addr string) error {
+	ip, ipNet, err := net.ParseCIDR(addr)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("invalid IP address: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	RemoveIPv4Address(ip.String())
+
+	if interfaceName == "" {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	switch runtime.GOOS {
+	case "linux":
+		return removeLinuxAddress(interfaceName, ip, ipNet)
+	case "darwin":
+		return removeDarwinAddress(interfaceName, ip, ipNet)
+	case "windows":
+		return removeWindowsAddress(interfaceName, ip, ipNet)
+	default:
+		return nil
+	}
+}
+
+func removeLinuxAddress(interfaceName string, ip net.IP, ipNet *net.IPNet) error {
+	link, err := netlink.LinkByName(interfaceName)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to get interface %s: %v", interfaceName, err)
+	}
+
+	addr := &netlink.Addr{
+		IPNet: &net.IPNet{
+			IP:   ip,
+			Mask: ipNet.Mask,
+		},
+	}
+
+	if err := netlink.AddrDel(link, addr); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to remove IP address: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func removeDarwinAddress(interfaceName string, ip net.IP, ipNet *net.IPNet) error {
+	prefix, _ := ipNet.Mask.Size()
+	ipStr := fmt.Sprintf("%s/%d", ip.String(), prefix)
+
+	cmd := exec.Command("/sbin/ifconfig", interfaceName, "inet", ipStr, "-alias")
+	logger.Info("Running command: %v", cmd)
+
+	out, err := cmd.CombinedOutput()
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("ifconfig command failed: %v, output: %s", err, out)
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}

network/interface_notwindows.go

@@ -10,3 +10,7 @@ import (
 func configureWindows(interfaceName string, ip net.IP, ipNet *net.IPNet) error {
 	return fmt.Errorf("configureWindows called on non-Windows platform")
 }
+
+func removeWindowsAddress(interfaceName string, ip net.IP, ipNet *net.IPNet) error {
+	return fmt.Errorf("removeWindowsAddress called on non-Windows platform")
+}

network/interface_windows.go

@@ -61,3 +61,35 @@ func configureWindows(interfaceName string, ip net.IP, ipNet *net.IPNet) error {
 
 	return nil
 }
+
+func removeWindowsAddress(interfaceName string, ip net.IP, ipNet *net.IPNet) error {
+	iface, err := net.InterfaceByName(interfaceName)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to get interface %s: %v", interfaceName, err)
+	}
+
+	luid, err := winipcfg.LUIDFromIndex(uint32(iface.Index))
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to get LUID for interface %s: %v", interfaceName, err)
+	}
+
+	maskBits, _ := ipNet.Mask.Size()
+
+	var addr netip.Addr
+	if ip4 := ip.To4(); ip4 != nil {
+		addr, _ = netip.AddrFromSlice(ip4)
+	} else {
+		addr, _ = netip.AddrFromSlice(ip)
+	}
+	if !addr.IsValid() {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to convert IP address")
+	}
+	prefix := netip.PrefixFrom(addr, maskBits)
+
+	logger.Info("Removing IP address %s from interface %s", prefix.String(), interfaceName)
+	if err := luid.DeleteIPAddress(prefix); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to remove IP address: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}

network/localendpoints.go

@@ -0,0 +1,164 @@
+package network
+
+import (
+	"net"
+	"regexp"
+	"sort"
+	"strconv"
+
+	"github.com/fosrl/newt/logger"
+)
+
+// Interface name patterns used to rank candidate local endpoints. Interfaces
+// matching physicalInterfacePatterns are tried first, interfaces matching
+// virtualInterfacePatterns (container/VPN/hypervisor bridges and the like)
+// are tried last, and everything else falls in between.
+var (
+	physicalInterfacePatterns = []*regexp.Regexp{
+		regexp.MustCompile(`(?i)^eth\d+$`),
+		regexp.MustCompile(`(?i)^en\d+$`),
+		regexp.MustCompile(`(?i)^eno\d+$`),
+		regexp.MustCompile(`(?i)^ens\d+$`),
+		regexp.MustCompile(`(?i)^enp\d+s\d+`),
+		regexp.MustCompile(`(?i)^wlan\d*$`),
+		regexp.MustCompile(`(?i)^wlp\d+s\d+`),
+		regexp.MustCompile(`(?i)^wl\d+$`),
+		regexp.MustCompile(`(?i)ethernet`),
+		regexp.MustCompile(`(?i)wi-?fi`),
+		regexp.MustCompile(`(?i)wireless`),
+	}
+
+	virtualInterfacePatterns = []*regexp.Regexp{
+		regexp.MustCompile(`(?i)docker`),
+		regexp.MustCompile(`(?i)podman`),
+		regexp.MustCompile(`(?i)^veth`),
+		regexp.MustCompile(`(?i)^virbr`),
+		regexp.MustCompile(`(?i)vmnet`),
+		regexp.MustCompile(`(?i)vboxnet`),
+		regexp.MustCompile(`(?i)virtualbox`),
+		regexp.MustCompile(`(?i)^vbox`),
+		regexp.MustCompile(`(?i)vmware`),
+		regexp.MustCompile(`(?i)hyper-?v`),
+		regexp.MustCompile(`(?i)vethernet`),
+		regexp.MustCompile(`(?i)npcap`),
+		regexp.MustCompile(`(?i)^tun\d*$`),
+		regexp.MustCompile(`(?i)^tap\d*$`),
+		regexp.MustCompile(`(?i)^wg\d*$`),
+		regexp.MustCompile(`(?i)^utun\d*$`),
+		regexp.MustCompile(`(?i)zerotier`),
+		regexp.MustCompile(`(?i)^zt`),
+		regexp.MustCompile(`(?i)tailscale`),
+		regexp.MustCompile(`(?i)^ppp\d*$`),
+		regexp.MustCompile(`(?i)bridge`),
+		regexp.MustCompile(`(?i)^br-`),
+		regexp.MustCompile(`(?i)^br\d+$`),
+		regexp.MustCompile(`(?i)^cni`),
+		regexp.MustCompile(`(?i)flannel`),
+		regexp.MustCompile(`(?i)weave`),
+		regexp.MustCompile(`(?i)kube`),
+		regexp.MustCompile(`(?i)isatap`),
+		regexp.MustCompile(`(?i)teredo`),
+		regexp.MustCompile(`(?i)bluetooth`),
+		regexp.MustCompile(`(?i)^awdl\d*$`),
+		regexp.MustCompile(`(?i)^llw\d*$`),
+		regexp.MustCompile(`(?i)p2p`),
+	}
+)
+
+const (
+	scorePhysical = 0
+	scoreUnknown  = 10
+	scoreVirtual  = 20
+)
+
+// interfaceScore ranks an interface name by how likely it is to be a
+// real, usable network interface. Lower scores are tried first.
+func interfaceScore(name string) int {
+	for _, re := range physicalInterfacePatterns {
+		if re.MatchString(name) {
+			return scorePhysical
+		}
+	}
+	for _, re := range virtualInterfacePatterns {
+		if re.MatchString(name) {
+			return scoreVirtual
+		}
+	}
+	return scoreUnknown
+}
+
+// GetLocalEndpoints returns "ip:port" strings (bracketed for IPv6, e.g.
+// "[fe80::1]:51820") for every usable, non-loopback IP address bound to a
+// network interface on this host. The list is ordered with interfaces most
+// likely to be a genuine host network (wired/Wi-Fi) first, and interfaces
+// that are typically synthetic (Docker, VPN tunnels, hypervisor bridges,
+// etc.) last, so callers should try the results roughly in order.
+//
+// excludeInterface, if non-empty, is skipped entirely - this is normally the
+// name of our own WireGuard/TUN interface, whose address is the tunnel IP
+// and not a useful endpoint to advertise.
+//
+// If interfaces cannot be enumerated (e.g. insufficient OS permissions),
+// an info message is logged and an empty slice is returned.
+func GetLocalEndpoints(port uint16, excludeInterface string) []string {
+	ifaces, err := net.Interfaces()
+	if err != nil {
+		logger.Info("Unable to enumerate local network interfaces, localEndpoints will not be reported: %v", err)
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	type candidate struct {
+		score int
+		ip    string
+	}
+	var candidates []candidate
+
+	for _, iface := range ifaces {
+		if excludeInterface != "" && iface.Name == excludeInterface {
+			continue
+		}
+		if iface.Flags&net.FlagUp == 0 || iface.Flags&net.FlagLoopback != 0 {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		addrs, err := iface.Addrs()
+		if err != nil {
+			logger.Debug("Unable to read addresses for interface %s: %v", iface.Name, err)
+			continue
+		}
+
+		baseScore := interfaceScore(iface.Name)
+
+		for _, addr := range addrs {
+			var ip net.IP
+			switch v := addr.(type) {
+			case *net.IPNet:
+				ip = v.IP
+			case *net.IPAddr:
+				ip = v.IP
+			}
+			if ip == nil || ip.IsLoopback() || ip.IsUnspecified() {
+				continue
+			}
+			if ip.IsLinkLocalUnicast() || ip.IsLinkLocalMulticast() {
+				// Link-local addresses (169.254.0.0/16, fe80::/10) aren't
+				// routable off the local segment, so they're never a
+				// reachable endpoint for a peer.
+				continue
+			}
+
+			candidates = append(candidates, candidate{score: baseScore, ip: ip.String()})
+		}
+	}
+
+	sort.SliceStable(candidates, func(i, j int) bool {
+		return candidates[i].score < candidates[j].score
+	})
+
+	portStr := strconv.Itoa(int(port))
+	endpoints := make([]string, 0, len(candidates))
+	for _, c := range candidates {
+		endpoints = append(endpoints, net.JoinHostPort(c.ip, portStr))
+	}
+	return endpoints
+}

network/route.go

@@ -11,6 +11,33 @@ import (
 	"github.com/vishvananda/netlink"
 )
 
+// VPNRouteMetric is the route metric/priority assigned to routes we add for
+// the tunnel, so that an overlapping local/connected route is always
+// preferred over the VPN route to the same destination rather than the two
+// silently racing based on insertion order. It needs to be higher than any
+// metric a local route is realistically going to have: on Linux, automatic
+// metrics assigned by NetworkManager (which also apply to the connected
+// subnet route, not just the default route) go up to 600 for Wi-Fi; on
+// Windows, automatic interface metrics plus route metric rarely exceed a few
+// hundred. 9999 comfortably clears both without needing to query the local
+// routing table at add-time.
+const VPNRouteMetric = 9999
+
+// PreferLocalRoutes controls whether routes added by AddRoutes are given the
+// explicit high VPNRouteMetric priority, so that an overlapping local/
+// connected route always takes precedence over the VPN route to the same
+// destination. Defaults to false (routes are added with the OS default
+// metric/priority, matching behavior prior to the introduction of
+// VPNRouteMetric); callers that want local routes to win opt in by setting
+// this to true (e.g. from a config value) before routes are added.
+var PreferLocalRoutes = false
+
+// DarwinAddRoute adds a route via the BSD routing table. Unlike Linux/Windows,
+// BSD's routing table has no per-route metric - preference between an
+// overlapping local route and this VPN route is instead resolved by
+// longest-prefix-match, and `route add` (as opposed to `route change`) fails
+// rather than replacing an existing route to the same destination, so a local
+// route is never displaced by one we add here.
 func DarwinAddRoute(destination string, gateway string, interfaceName string) error {
 	if runtime.GOOS != "darwin" {
 		return nil
@@ -65,10 +92,16 @@ func LinuxAddRoute(destination string, gateway string, interfaceName string) err
 		return fmt.Errorf("invalid destination address: %v", err)
 	}
 
-	// Create route
+	// Create route. When PreferLocalRoutes is enabled, Priority is set
+	// explicitly (rather than left at the default of 0) so that this route
+	// never outranks a local/connected route to the same destination - see
+	// VPNRouteMetric.
 	route := &netlink.Route{
 		Dst: ipNet,
 	}
+	if PreferLocalRoutes {
+		route.Priority = VPNRouteMetric
+	}
 
 	if gateway != "" {
 		// Route with specific gateway
@@ -98,7 +131,7 @@ func LinuxAddRoute(destination string, gateway string, interfaceName string) err
 	return nil
 }
 
-func LinuxRemoveRoute(destination string) error {
+func LinuxRemoveRoute(destination string, interfaceName string) error {
 	if runtime.GOOS != "linux" {
 		return nil
 	}
@@ -109,12 +142,26 @@ func LinuxRemoveRoute(destination string) error {
 		return fmt.Errorf("invalid destination address: %v", err)
 	}
 
-	// Create route to delete
+	// Create route to delete. LinkIndex and Priority are set to match the
+	// route we added exactly, so this only ever deletes the route we own -
+	// a local/native route to the same destination on a different
+	// interface (or with a different metric) must never be touched.
 	route := &netlink.Route{
 		Dst: ipNet,
 	}
+	if PreferLocalRoutes {
+		route.Priority = VPNRouteMetric
+	}
 
-	logger.Info("Removing route to %s", destination)
+	if interfaceName != "" {
+		link, err := netlink.LinkByName(interfaceName)
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("failed to get interface %s: %v", interfaceName, err)
+		}
+		route.LinkIndex = link.Attrs().Index
+	}
+
+	logger.Info("Removing route to %s via interface %s", destination, interfaceName)
 
 	// Delete the route
 	if err := netlink.RouteDel(route); err != nil {
@@ -157,9 +204,9 @@ func RemoveRouteForServerIP(serverIP string, interfaceName string) error {
 		return DarwinRemoveRoute(serverIP)
 	}
 	// else if runtime.GOOS == "windows" {
-	// 	return WindowsRemoveRoute(serverIP)
+	// 	return WindowsRemoveRoute(serverIP, interfaceName)
 	// } else if runtime.GOOS == "linux" {
-	// 	return LinuxRemoveRoute(serverIP)
+	// 	return LinuxRemoveRoute(serverIP, interfaceName)
 	// }
 	return nil
 }
@@ -242,8 +289,11 @@ func AddRoutes(remoteSubnets []string, interfaceName string) error {
 	return nil
 }
 
-// removeRoutesForRemoteSubnets removes routes for each subnet in RemoteSubnets
-func RemoveRoutes(remoteSubnets []string) error {
+// removeRoutesForRemoteSubnets removes routes for each subnet in RemoteSubnets.
+// interfaceName must match the interface the routes were added on (see
+// AddRoutes) so that only the routes we own are deleted, never an unrelated
+// local/native route to the same destination on another interface.
+func RemoveRoutes(remoteSubnets []string, interfaceName string) error {
 	if len(remoteSubnets) == 0 {
 		return nil
 	}
@@ -267,11 +317,11 @@ func RemoveRoutes(remoteSubnets []string) error {
 				logger.Error("Failed to remove Darwin route for subnet %s: %v", subnet, err)
 			}
 		case "windows":
-			if err := WindowsRemoveRoute(subnet); err != nil {
+			if err := WindowsRemoveRoute(subnet, interfaceName); err != nil {
 				logger.Error("Failed to remove Windows route for subnet %s: %v", subnet, err)
 			}
 		case "linux":
-			if err := LinuxRemoveRoute(subnet); err != nil {
+			if err := LinuxRemoveRoute(subnet, interfaceName); err != nil {
 				logger.Error("Failed to remove Linux route for subnet %s: %v", subnet, err)
 			}
 		case "android", "ios":

network/route_notwindows.go

@@ -6,6 +6,6 @@ func WindowsAddRoute(destination string, gateway string, interfaceName string) e
 	return nil
 }
 
-func WindowsRemoveRoute(destination string) error {
+func WindowsRemoveRoute(destination string, interfaceName string) error {
 	return nil
 }

network/route_windows.go

@@ -84,8 +84,15 @@ func WindowsAddRoute(destination string, gateway string, interfaceName string) e
 		return fmt.Errorf("either gateway or interface must be specified")
 	}
 
-	// Add the route using winipcfg
-	err = luid.AddRoute(prefix, nextHop, 1)
+	// Add the route using winipcfg. When PreferLocalRoutes is enabled,
+	// metric is set explicitly (rather than a low value like 1, which would
+	// nearly always outrank local routes) so that an overlapping local/
+	// connected route is preferred over this VPN route - see VPNRouteMetric.
+	var metric uint32
+	if PreferLocalRoutes {
+		metric = VPNRouteMetric
+	}
+	err = luid.AddRoute(prefix, nextHop, metric)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to add route: %v", err)
 	}
@@ -93,7 +100,7 @@ func WindowsAddRoute(destination string, gateway string, interfaceName string) e
 	return nil
 }
 
-func WindowsRemoveRoute(destination string) error {
+func WindowsRemoveRoute(destination string, interfaceName string) error {
 	// Parse destination CIDR
 	_, ipNet, err := net.ParseCIDR(destination)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -117,8 +124,25 @@ func WindowsRemoveRoute(destination string) error {
 	}
 	prefix := netip.PrefixFrom(addr, maskBits)
 
+	// Resolve the LUID of the interface we added the route on, so we only
+	// ever delete the route we own rather than any route matching the
+	// destination - a local/native route to the same destination on a
+	// different interface must never be touched.
+	var luid winipcfg.LUID
+	var haveLuid bool
+	if interfaceName != "" {
+		iface, err := net.InterfaceByName(interfaceName)
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("failed to get interface %s: %v", interfaceName, err)
+		}
+		luid, err = winipcfg.LUIDFromIndex(uint32(iface.Index))
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("failed to get LUID for interface %s: %v", interfaceName, err)
+		}
+		haveLuid = true
+	}
+
 	// Get all routes and find the one to delete
-	// We need to get the LUID from the existing route
 	var family winipcfg.AddressFamily
 	if addr.Is4() {
 		family = 2 // AF_INET
@@ -131,17 +155,27 @@ func WindowsRemoveRoute(destination string) error {
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to get route table: %v", err)
 	}
 
-	// Find and delete matching route
+	// Find and delete matching route. When we know which interface we added
+	// the route on, only delete the entry on that interface with the metric
+	// we added it with (see PreferLocalRoutes) so we never remove an
+	// unrelated local/native route to the same destination.
+	var wantMetric uint32
+	if PreferLocalRoutes {
+		wantMetric = VPNRouteMetric
+	}
 	for _, route := range routes {
 		routePrefix := route.DestinationPrefix.Prefix()
-		if routePrefix == prefix {
-			logger.Info("Removing route to %s", destination)
-			err = route.Delete()
-			if err != nil {
-				return fmt.Errorf("failed to delete route: %v", err)
-			}
-			return nil
+		if routePrefix != prefix {
+			continue
 		}
+		if haveLuid && (route.InterfaceLUID != luid || route.Metric != wantMetric) {
+			continue
+		}
+		logger.Info("Removing route to %s on interface %s", destination, interfaceName)
+		if err := route.Delete(); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("failed to delete route: %v", err)
+		}
+		return nil
 	}
 
 	return fmt.Errorf("route to %s not found", destination)

network/settings.go

@@ -81,6 +81,45 @@ func SetIPv4Settings(addresses []string, subnetMasks []string) {
 	logger.Info("Set IPv4 addresses: %v, subnet masks: %v", addresses, subnetMasks)
 }
 
+// AddIPv4Address appends an additional IPv4 address/subnet mask pair to the
+// tunnel's network settings. This is how a secondary interface address gets
+// exposed to mobile (iOS/Android) packet-tunnel providers, which read the
+// full IPv4Addresses/IPv4SubnetMasks arrays (not just the first entry) and
+// re-apply them on every settings poll.
+func AddIPv4Address(address string, subnetMask string) {
+	networkSettingsMutex.Lock()
+	defer networkSettingsMutex.Unlock()
+
+	for _, a := range networkSettings.IPv4Addresses {
+		if a == address {
+			logger.Info("IPv4 address already exists: %s", address)
+			return
+		}
+	}
+
+	networkSettings.IPv4Addresses = append(networkSettings.IPv4Addresses, address)
+	networkSettings.IPv4SubnetMasks = append(networkSettings.IPv4SubnetMasks, subnetMask)
+	incrementor++
+	logger.Info("Added IPv4 address: %s/%s", address, subnetMask)
+}
+
+// RemoveIPv4Address removes a previously added secondary IPv4 address.
+func RemoveIPv4Address(address string) {
+	networkSettingsMutex.Lock()
+	defer networkSettingsMutex.Unlock()
+
+	for i, a := range networkSettings.IPv4Addresses {
+		if a == address {
+			networkSettings.IPv4Addresses = append(networkSettings.IPv4Addresses[:i], networkSettings.IPv4Addresses[i+1:]...)
+			networkSettings.IPv4SubnetMasks = append(networkSettings.IPv4SubnetMasks[:i], networkSettings.IPv4SubnetMasks[i+1:]...)
+			incrementor++
+			logger.Info("Removed IPv4 address: %s", address)
+			return
+		}
+	}
+	logger.Info("IPv4 address not found for removal: %s", address)
+}
+
 // SetIPv4IncludedRoutes sets the included IPv4 routes
 func SetIPv4IncludedRoutes(routes []IPv4Route) {
 	networkSettingsMutex.Lock()

newt/authdaemon.go

@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+package newt
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
+	"runtime"
+
+	"github.com/fosrl/newt/authdaemon"
+	"github.com/fosrl/newt/logger"
+)
+
+const (
+	defaultPrincipalsPath = "/var/run/auth-daemon/principals"
+	defaultCACertPath     = "/etc/ssh/ca.pem"
+)
+
+func (n *Newt) startAuthDaemon(ctx context.Context) error {
+	if runtime.GOOS != "linux" {
+		return fmt.Errorf("auth-daemon is only supported on Linux, not %s", runtime.GOOS)
+	}
+	if os.Geteuid() != 0 {
+		return fmt.Errorf("auth-daemon must be run as root (use sudo)")
+	}
+
+	principalsFile := n.config.AuthDaemonPrincipalsFile
+	if principalsFile == "" {
+		principalsFile = defaultPrincipalsPath
+	}
+	caCertPath := n.config.AuthDaemonCACertPath
+	if caCertPath == "" {
+		caCertPath = defaultCACertPath
+	}
+
+	cfg := authdaemon.Config{
+		DisableHTTPS:           true,
+		PresharedKey:           "this-key-is-not-used",
+		PrincipalsFilePath:     principalsFile,
+		CACertPath:             caCertPath,
+		Force:                  true,
+		GenerateRandomPassword: n.config.AuthDaemonGenerateRandomPassword,
+	}
+
+	srv, err := authdaemon.NewServer(cfg)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("create auth daemon server: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	n.authDaemonServer = srv
+
+	go func() {
+		logger.Debug("Auth daemon starting (native mode, no HTTP server)")
+		if err := srv.Run(ctx); err != nil {
+			logger.Error("Auth daemon error: %v", err)
+		}
+		logger.Info("Auth daemon stopped")
+	}()
+
+	return nil
+}

newt/blueprint.go

@@ -0,0 +1,127 @@
+package newt
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"os"
+	"regexp"
+	"strings"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/fosrl/newt/logger"
+	"github.com/fosrl/newt/websocket"
+	"github.com/fsnotify/fsnotify"
+	"gopkg.in/yaml.v3"
+)
+
+// interpolateBlueprint replaces {{env.VAR}} tokens with their environment variable values.
+func interpolateBlueprint(data []byte) []byte {
+	re := regexp.MustCompile(`\{\{([^}]+)\}\}`)
+	return re.ReplaceAllFunc(data, func(match []byte) []byte {
+		inner := strings.TrimSpace(string(match[2 : len(match)-2]))
+
+		if strings.HasPrefix(inner, "env.") {
+			varName := strings.TrimPrefix(inner, "env.")
+			return []byte(os.Getenv(varName))
+		}
+
+		return match
+	})
+}
+
+func sendBlueprint(client *websocket.Client, file string) error {
+	if file == "" {
+		return nil
+	}
+	blueprintData, err := os.ReadFile(file)
+	if err != nil {
+		logger.Error("Failed to read blueprint file: %v", err)
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	blueprintData = interpolateBlueprint(blueprintData)
+
+	var yamlObj interface{}
+	if err := yaml.Unmarshal(blueprintData, &yamlObj); err != nil {
+		logger.Error("Failed to parse blueprint YAML: %v", err)
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	jsonBytes, err := json.Marshal(yamlObj)
+	if err != nil {
+		logger.Error("Failed to convert blueprint to JSON: %v", err)
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	blueprintJsonData := string(jsonBytes)
+	logger.Debug("Converted blueprint to JSON: %s", blueprintJsonData)
+
+	if blueprintJsonData == "" {
+		logger.Error("No valid blueprint JSON data to send to server")
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	logger.Info("Sending blueprint to server for application")
+
+	return client.SendMessage("newt/blueprint/apply", map[string]interface{}{
+		"blueprint": blueprintJsonData,
+	})
+}
+
+func watchBlueprintFile(ctx context.Context, filePath string, send func() error) {
+	watcher, err := fsnotify.NewWatcher()
+	if err != nil {
+		logger.Error("blueprint watcher: failed to create: %v", err)
+		return
+	}
+	defer watcher.Close()
+
+	if err := watcher.Add(filePath); err != nil {
+		logger.Error("blueprint watcher: failed to watch %s: %v", filePath, err)
+		return
+	}
+
+	logger.Info("Watching blueprint file for changes: %s", filePath)
+
+	var debounce *time.Timer
+	scheduleSend := func() {
+		if debounce != nil {
+			debounce.Stop()
+		}
+		debounce = time.AfterFunc(500*time.Millisecond, func() {
+			logger.Info("Blueprint file changed, resending...")
+			if err := send(); err != nil {
+				logger.Error("blueprint watcher: resend failed: %v", err)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+
+	for {
+		select {
+		case <-ctx.Done():
+			if debounce != nil {
+				debounce.Stop()
+			}
+			return
+		case event, ok := <-watcher.Events:
+			if !ok {
+				return
+			}
+			switch {
+			case event.Has(fsnotify.Write) || event.Has(fsnotify.Create):
+				if event.Has(fsnotify.Create) {
+					_ = watcher.Add(filePath)
+				}
+				scheduleSend()
+			case event.Has(fsnotify.Remove) || event.Has(fsnotify.Rename):
+				_ = watcher.Add(filePath)
+				scheduleSend()
+			}
+		case err, ok := <-watcher.Errors:
+			if !ok {
+				return
+			}
+			logger.Error("blueprint watcher: %v", err)
+		}
+	}
+}

newt/clients.go

@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+package newt
+
+import (
+	"strings"
+
+	wgnetstack "github.com/fosrl/newt/clients"
+	"github.com/fosrl/newt/clients/permissions"
+	"github.com/fosrl/newt/logger"
+	"golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard/tun/netstack"
+)
+
+func checkNativeMainPermissions() error {
+	return permissions.CheckNativeInterfacePermissions()
+}
+
+func (n *Newt) setupClients() {
+	host := n.config.Endpoint
+	if strings.HasPrefix(host, "http://") {
+		host = strings.TrimPrefix(host, "http://")
+	} else if strings.HasPrefix(host, "https://") {
+		host = strings.TrimPrefix(host, "https://")
+	}
+	host = strings.TrimSuffix(host, "/")
+
+	logger.Debug("Setting up clients with netstack2...")
+
+	if n.config.UseNativeInterface {
+		logger.Debug("Checking permissions for native interface")
+		if err := permissions.CheckNativeInterfacePermissions(); err != nil {
+			logger.Fatal("Insufficient permissions to create native TUN interface: %v", err)
+			return
+		}
+	}
+
+	var err error
+	n.wgService, err = wgnetstack.NewWireGuardService(
+		n.config.InterfaceName,
+		n.config.Port,
+		n.config.MTU,
+		host,
+		n.config.ID,
+		n.client,
+		n.config.DNS,
+		n.config.UseNativeInterface,
+	)
+	if err != nil {
+		logger.Fatal("Failed to create WireGuard service: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	n.wgService.SetCredentialStore(n.sshCredStore)
+
+	n.client.OnTokenUpdate(func(token string) {
+		n.wgService.SetToken(token)
+	})
+
+	n.ready = true
+}
+
+func (n *Newt) setDownstreamTNetstack(tnet *netstack.Net) {
+	if n.wgService != nil {
+		n.wgService.SetOthertnet(tnet)
+	}
+}
+
+func (n *Newt) closeClients() {
+	logger.Info("Closing clients...")
+	if n.wgService != nil {
+		n.wgService.Close()
+		n.wgService = nil
+	}
+}
+
+func (n *Newt) setClientsBlocked(v bool) {
+	if n.wgService != nil {
+		n.wgService.SetBlocked(v)
+	}
+}
+
+func (n *Newt) clientsHandleNewtConnection(publicKey string, endpoint string, relayPort uint16) {
+	if !n.ready {
+		return
+	}
+
+	parts := strings.Split(endpoint, ":")
+	if len(parts) < 2 {
+		logger.Error("Invalid endpoint format: %s", endpoint)
+		return
+	}
+	endpoint = strings.Join(parts[:len(parts)-1], ":")
+
+	if n.wgService != nil {
+		n.wgService.StartHolepunch(publicKey, endpoint, relayPort)
+	}
+}
+
+func (n *Newt) clientsOnConnect() {
+	if !n.ready {
+		return
+	}
+	if n.wgService != nil {
+		n.wgService.LoadRemoteConfig()
+	}
+}
+
+func (n *Newt) clientsStartDirectRelay(tunnelIP string) {
+	if !n.ready {
+		return
+	}
+	if n.wgService != nil {
+		if err := n.wgService.StartDirectUDPRelay(tunnelIP); err != nil {
+			logger.Error("Failed to start direct UDP relay: %v", err)
+		}
+	}
+}

newt/config.go

@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+package newt
+
+import "time"
+
+// Config holds all runtime configuration for a Newt instance.
+type Config struct {
+	// Build info
+	Version  string
+	Platform string
+
+	// Logging
+	LogLevel string
+
+	// Connection
+	Endpoint        string
+	ID              string
+	Secret          string
+	ProvisioningKey string
+	NewtName        string
+	ConfigFile      string
+
+	// Network
+	MTU                     int
+	DNS                     string
+	InterfaceName           string
+	Port                    uint16
+	UseNativeInterface      bool
+	UseNativeMainInterface  bool
+	NativeMainInterfaceName string
+	NoCloud                 bool
+	PreferEndpoint          string
+
+	// Timing
+	PingInterval        time.Duration
+	PingTimeout         time.Duration
+	UDPProxyIdleTimeout time.Duration
+
+	// Features
+	DisableClients            bool
+	DisableSSH                bool
+	EnforceHealthcheckCert    bool
+	HealthFile                string
+	BlueprintFile             string
+	ProvisioningBlueprintFile string
+	UpdownScript              string
+
+	// Docker
+	DockerSocket                   string
+	DockerEnforceNetworkValidation bool
+
+	// Auth daemon
+	AuthDaemonKey                    string
+	AuthDaemonPrincipalsFile         string
+	AuthDaemonCACertPath             string
+	AuthDaemonGenerateRandomPassword bool
+
+	// TLS (mTLS)
+	TLSClientCert string
+	TLSClientKey  string
+	TLSClientCAs  []string
+	TLSPrivateKey string
+
+	// Metrics/observability
+	MetricsEnabled    bool
+	OTLPEnabled       bool
+	AdminAddr         string
+	Region            string
+	MetricsAsyncBytes bool
+	PprofEnabled      bool
+
+	// Callbacks
+	OnRestart func() error
+}

newt/connect.go

@@ -0,0 +1,351 @@
+package newt
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"fmt"
+	"net"
+	"net/netip"
+	"runtime"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/fosrl/newt/browsergateway"
+	newtDevice "github.com/fosrl/newt/device"
+	"github.com/fosrl/newt/internal/telemetry"
+	"github.com/fosrl/newt/logger"
+	"github.com/fosrl/newt/network"
+	"github.com/fosrl/newt/proxy"
+	"github.com/fosrl/newt/util"
+	"github.com/fosrl/newt/websocket"
+	"golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard/conn"
+	"golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard/device"
+	wtun "golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard/tun"
+	"golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard/tun/netstack"
+)
+
+func (n *Newt) handleConnect(ctx context.Context, msg websocket.WSMessage) {
+	logger.Debug("Received registration message")
+	regResult := "success"
+	defer func() {
+		telemetry.IncSiteRegistration(ctx, regResult)
+	}()
+
+	var chainData struct {
+		ChainId string `json:"chainId"`
+	}
+	if jsonBytes, err := json.Marshal(msg.Data); err == nil {
+		_ = json.Unmarshal(jsonBytes, &chainData)
+	}
+	if chainData.ChainId != "" {
+		if chainData.ChainId != n.pendingRegisterChainId {
+			logger.Debug("Discarding duplicate/stale newt/wg/connect (chainId=%s, expected=%s)", chainData.ChainId, n.pendingRegisterChainId)
+			return
+		}
+		n.pendingRegisterChainId = ""
+	}
+
+	if n.stopFunc != nil {
+		n.stopFunc()
+		n.stopFunc = nil
+	}
+
+	if n.connected {
+		n.closeWgTunnel()
+		n.connected = false
+	}
+
+	logger.Debug("Received registration message data: %+v", msg.Data)
+
+	jsonData, err := json.Marshal(msg.Data)
+	if err != nil {
+		logger.Info(fmtErrMarshaling, err)
+		regResult = "failure"
+		return
+	}
+
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(jsonData, &n.wgData); err != nil {
+		logger.Info("Error unmarshaling target data: %v", err)
+		regResult = "failure"
+		return
+	}
+
+	logger.Debug(fmtReceivedMsg, msg)
+
+	if n.config.UseNativeMainInterface {
+		mainIfName := n.config.NativeMainInterfaceName
+		if runtime.GOOS == "darwin" {
+			mainIfName, err = network.FindUnusedUTUN()
+			if err != nil {
+				logger.Error("Failed to find unused utun for main tunnel: %v", err)
+				regResult = "failure"
+				return
+			}
+		}
+		n.tun, err = wtun.CreateTUN(mainIfName, n.config.MTU)
+		if err != nil {
+			logger.Error("Failed to create native main TUN device: %v", err)
+			regResult = "failure"
+			return
+		}
+		if realName, nameErr := n.tun.Name(); nameErr == nil {
+			mainIfName = realName
+		}
+		n.tnet = nil
+		n.config.NativeMainInterfaceName = mainIfName
+	} else {
+		n.tun, n.tnet, err = netstack.CreateNetTUN(
+			[]netip.Addr{netip.MustParseAddr(n.wgData.TunnelIP)},
+			[]netip.Addr{netip.MustParseAddr(n.config.DNS)},
+			n.config.MTU)
+		if err != nil {
+			logger.Error("Failed to create TUN device: %v", err)
+			regResult = "failure"
+		}
+	}
+
+	n.setDownstreamTNetstack(n.tnet)
+
+	n.dev = device.NewDevice(n.tun, conn.NewDefaultBind(), device.NewLogger(
+		util.MapToWireGuardLogLevel(n.loggerLevel),
+		"gerbil-wireguard: ",
+	))
+
+	host, _, err := net.SplitHostPort(n.wgData.Endpoint)
+	if err != nil {
+		logger.Error("Failed to split endpoint: %v", err)
+		regResult = "failure"
+		return
+	}
+
+	logger.Info("Connecting to endpoint: %s", host)
+
+	resolvedEndpoint, err := util.ResolveDomain(n.wgData.Endpoint)
+	if err != nil {
+		logger.Error("Failed to resolve endpoint: %v", err)
+		regResult = "failure"
+		return
+	}
+
+	relayPort := n.wgData.RelayPort
+	if relayPort == 0 {
+		relayPort = 21820
+	}
+
+	n.clientsHandleNewtConnection(n.wgData.PublicKey, resolvedEndpoint, relayPort)
+
+	wgConfig := fmt.Sprintf(`private_key=%s
+public_key=%s
+allowed_ip=%s/32
+endpoint=%s
+persistent_keepalive_interval=5`, util.FixKey(n.privateKey.String()), util.FixKey(n.wgData.PublicKey), n.wgData.ServerIP, resolvedEndpoint)
+
+	if err = n.dev.IpcSet(wgConfig); err != nil {
+		logger.Error("Failed to configure WireGuard device: %v", err)
+		regResult = "failure"
+	}
+
+	if err = n.dev.Up(); err != nil {
+		logger.Error("Failed to bring up WireGuard device: %v", err)
+		regResult = "failure"
+	}
+
+	if n.config.UseNativeMainInterface {
+		if cfgErr := network.ConfigureInterface(n.config.NativeMainInterfaceName, n.wgData.TunnelIP+"/32", n.config.MTU); cfgErr != nil {
+			logger.Error("Failed to configure native main tunnel interface: %v", cfgErr)
+		}
+		if routeErr := network.AddRoutes([]string{n.wgData.ServerIP + "/32"}, n.config.NativeMainInterfaceName); routeErr != nil {
+			logger.Warn("Failed to add route for main tunnel server IP: %v", routeErr)
+		}
+		if fileUAPI, uapiErr := newtDevice.UapiOpen(n.config.NativeMainInterfaceName); uapiErr != nil {
+			logger.Warn("Main tunnel UAPI open error: %v", uapiErr)
+		} else if uapiListener, uapiListenErr := newtDevice.UapiListen(n.config.NativeMainInterfaceName, fileUAPI); uapiListenErr != nil {
+			logger.Warn("Main tunnel UAPI listen error: %v", uapiListenErr)
+		} else {
+			go func() {
+				for {
+					c, aErr := uapiListener.Accept()
+					if aErr != nil {
+						return
+					}
+					go n.dev.IpcHandle(c)
+				}
+			}()
+			logger.Debug("Main tunnel UAPI listener started on %s", n.config.NativeMainInterfaceName)
+		}
+	}
+
+	n.activeRemoteSubnets = nil
+	if len(n.wgData.RemoteExitNodeSubnets) > 0 {
+		for _, subnet := range n.wgData.RemoteExitNodeSubnets {
+			subnetCfg := fmt.Sprintf("public_key=%s\nallowed_ip=%s", util.FixKey(n.wgData.PublicKey), subnet)
+			if err := n.dev.IpcSet(subnetCfg); err != nil {
+				logger.Warn("Failed to add AllowedIP %s to main tunnel: %v", subnet, err)
+			}
+		}
+		if n.config.UseNativeMainInterface {
+			if routeErr := network.AddRoutes(n.wgData.RemoteExitNodeSubnets, n.config.NativeMainInterfaceName); routeErr != nil {
+				logger.Warn("Failed to add routes for remote exit node subnets: %v", routeErr)
+			}
+		}
+		n.activeRemoteSubnets = append([]string{}, n.wgData.RemoteExitNodeSubnets...)
+		logger.Debug("Added %d remote exit node subnets", len(n.wgData.RemoteExitNodeSubnets))
+	}
+
+	logger.Debug("WireGuard device created. Lets ping the server now...")
+
+	if n.pingWithRetryStopChan != nil {
+		close(n.pingWithRetryStopChan)
+		n.pingWithRetryStopChan = nil
+	}
+
+	var pinger pingFunc
+	if n.config.UseNativeMainInterface {
+		pinger = pingNative
+	} else {
+		pinger = func(dst string, timeout time.Duration) (time.Duration, error) {
+			return ping(n.tnet, dst, timeout)
+		}
+	}
+
+	logger.Debug("Testing initial connection with reliable ping...")
+	lat, err := reliablePing(pinger, n.wgData.ServerIP, n.config.PingTimeout, 5)
+	if err == nil && n.wgData.PublicKey != "" {
+		telemetry.ObserveTunnelLatency(ctx, n.wgData.PublicKey, "wireguard", lat.Seconds())
+	}
+	if err != nil {
+		logger.Warn("Initial reliable ping failed, but continuing: %v", err)
+		regResult = "failure"
+	} else {
+		logger.Debug("Initial connection test successful")
+	}
+
+	n.pingWithRetryStopChan, _ = n.pingWithRetry(pinger, n.wgData.ServerIP, n.config.PingTimeout)
+
+	if !n.connected {
+		logger.Debug("Starting ping check")
+		n.pingStopChan = n.startPingCheck(pinger, n.wgData.ServerIP, n.wgData.PublicKey)
+	}
+
+	if n.config.UseNativeMainInterface {
+		n.pm = proxy.NewProxyManagerNative(n.wgData.TunnelIP)
+	} else {
+		n.pm = proxy.NewProxyManager(n.tnet)
+	}
+	n.pm.SetAsyncBytes(n.config.MetricsAsyncBytes)
+	n.pm.SetUDPIdleTimeout(n.config.UDPProxyIdleTimeout)
+	n.pm.SetTunnelID(n.wgData.PublicKey)
+	n.pm.SetBlocked(n.connectionBlocked.Load())
+	n.currentPM.Store(n.pm)
+
+	n.connected = true
+
+	if len(n.wgData.Targets.TCP) > 0 {
+		n.updateTargets(n.pm, "add", n.wgData.TunnelIP, "tcp", TargetData{Targets: n.wgData.Targets.TCP})
+	}
+	if len(n.wgData.Targets.UDP) > 0 {
+		n.updateTargets(n.pm, "add", n.wgData.TunnelIP, "udp", TargetData{Targets: n.wgData.Targets.UDP})
+	}
+
+	if !n.config.UseNativeMainInterface {
+		n.clientsStartDirectRelay(n.wgData.TunnelIP)
+	}
+
+	if err := n.healthMonitor.AddTargets(n.wgData.HealthCheckTargets); err != nil {
+		logger.Error("Failed to bulk add health check targets: %v", err)
+	} else {
+		logger.Debug("Successfully added %d health check targets", len(n.wgData.HealthCheckTargets))
+	}
+
+	if err = n.pm.Start(); err != nil {
+		logger.Error("Failed to start proxy manager: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if len(n.wgData.BrowserGatewayTargets) > 0 {
+		// The netstack is fresh on (re)connect, so any previously running
+		// gateway listener is bound to a now-defunct interface - tear it down.
+		if n.browserGatewayStop != nil {
+			n.browserGatewayStop()
+			n.browserGatewayStop = nil
+			n.browserGateway = nil
+		}
+
+		if err := n.startBrowserGateway(); err != nil {
+			logger.Error("Failed to start browser gateway listener: %v", err)
+		} else {
+			n.browserGateway.SetTargets(toBrowserGatewayTargets(n.wgData.BrowserGatewayTargets))
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// startBrowserGateway creates the browser gateway and its listener if one
+// isn't already running. Callers that need to rebind to a fresh netstack
+// (e.g. on reconnect) must stop and clear any existing gateway first.
+func (n *Newt) startBrowserGateway() error {
+	if n.browserGateway != nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	if n.tnet == nil && !n.config.UseNativeMainInterface {
+		return fmt.Errorf("netstack not ready")
+	}
+
+	gateway := browsergateway.New(browsergateway.Config{SSHCredentials: n.sshCredStore})
+
+	var ln net.Listener
+	var err error
+	if n.config.UseNativeMainInterface {
+		ln, err = net.Listen("tcp", fmt.Sprintf("%s:%d", n.wgData.TunnelIP, browsergateway.ListenPort))
+	} else {
+		ln, err = n.tnet.ListenTCP(&net.TCPAddr{Port: browsergateway.ListenPort})
+	}
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	n.browserGateway = gateway
+	n.browserGatewayStop = func() { _ = ln.Close() }
+	go func() {
+		logger.Debug("Browser gateway started on port %d", browsergateway.ListenPort)
+		if startErr := gateway.Start(ln); startErr != nil {
+			logger.Error("Browser gateway stopped with error: %v", startErr)
+		}
+	}()
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// syncBrowserGatewayTargets reconciles the browser gateway's allowed
+// destinations with the desired state received from a sync message.
+// It lazily starts the gateway if targets are present and it isn't running
+// yet, and clears the allow-list (without tearing down the listener) when
+// no targets are desired.
+func (n *Newt) syncBrowserGatewayTargets(targets []BrowserGatewayTarget) {
+	bgTargets := toBrowserGatewayTargets(targets)
+
+	if len(bgTargets) == 0 {
+		if n.browserGateway != nil {
+			n.browserGateway.SetTargets(nil)
+		}
+		return
+	}
+
+	if err := n.startBrowserGateway(); err != nil {
+		logger.Error("Failed to start browser gateway: %v", err)
+		return
+	}
+
+	n.browserGateway.SetTargets(bgTargets)
+}
+
+func toBrowserGatewayTargets(targets []BrowserGatewayTarget) []browsergateway.Target {
+	bgTargets := make([]browsergateway.Target, 0, len(targets))
+	for _, t := range targets {
+		bgTargets = append(bgTargets, browsergateway.Target{
+			ID:              t.ID,
+			Type:            t.Type,
+			Destination:     t.Destination,
+			DestinationPort: t.DestinationPort,
+			AuthToken:       t.AuthToken,
+		})
+	}
+	return bgTargets
+}

newt/data.go

@@ -0,0 +1,162 @@
+package newt
+
+import (
+	"encoding/json"
+	"fmt"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/fosrl/newt/logger"
+	"github.com/fosrl/newt/websocket"
+)
+
+func (n *Newt) handleSync(msg websocket.WSMessage) {
+	logger.Info("Received sync message")
+
+	// if there is no wgData or pm, we can't sync targets
+	if n.wgData.TunnelIP == "" || n.pm == nil {
+		logger.Info(msgNoTunnelOrProxy)
+		return
+	}
+
+	var syncData SyncData
+	jsonData, err := json.Marshal(msg.Data)
+	if err != nil {
+		logger.Error("Error marshaling sync data: %v", err)
+		return
+	}
+
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(jsonData, &syncData); err != nil {
+		logger.Error("Error unmarshaling sync data: %v", err)
+		return
+	}
+
+	logger.Debug("Sync data received: TCP targets=%d, UDP targets=%d, health check targets=%d",
+		len(syncData.Targets.TCP), len(syncData.Targets.UDP), len(syncData.HealthCheckTargets))
+
+	// Build sets of desired targets (port -> target string)
+	desiredTCP := make(map[int]string)
+	for _, t := range syncData.Targets.TCP {
+		parts := strings.Split(t, ":")
+		if len(parts) != 3 {
+			logger.Warn("Invalid TCP target format: %s", t)
+			continue
+		}
+		port := 0
+		if _, err := fmt.Sscanf(parts[0], "%d", &port); err != nil {
+			logger.Warn("Invalid port in TCP target: %s", parts[0])
+			continue
+		}
+		desiredTCP[port] = parts[1] + ":" + parts[2]
+	}
+
+	desiredUDP := make(map[int]string)
+	for _, t := range syncData.Targets.UDP {
+		parts := strings.Split(t, ":")
+		if len(parts) != 3 {
+			logger.Warn("Invalid UDP target format: %s", t)
+			continue
+		}
+		port := 0
+		if _, err := fmt.Sscanf(parts[0], "%d", &port); err != nil {
+			logger.Warn("Invalid port in UDP target: %s", parts[0])
+			continue
+		}
+		desiredUDP[port] = parts[1] + ":" + parts[2]
+	}
+
+	// Get current targets from proxy manager
+	currentTCP, currentUDP := n.pm.GetTargets()
+
+	// Sync TCP targets
+	// Remove TCP targets not in desired set
+	if tcpForIP, ok := currentTCP[n.wgData.TunnelIP]; ok {
+		for port := range tcpForIP {
+			if _, exists := desiredTCP[port]; !exists {
+				logger.Info("Sync: removing TCP target on port %d", port)
+				targetStr := fmt.Sprintf("%d:%s", port, tcpForIP[port])
+				n.updateTargets(n.pm, "remove", n.wgData.TunnelIP, "tcp", TargetData{Targets: []string{targetStr}})
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Add TCP targets that are missing
+	for port, target := range desiredTCP {
+		needsAdd := true
+		if tcpForIP, ok := currentTCP[n.wgData.TunnelIP]; ok {
+			if currentTarget, exists := tcpForIP[port]; exists {
+				// Check if target address changed
+				if currentTarget == target {
+					needsAdd = false
+				} else {
+					// Target changed, remove old one first
+					logger.Info("Sync: updating TCP target on port %d", port)
+					targetStr := fmt.Sprintf("%d:%s", port, currentTarget)
+					n.updateTargets(n.pm, "remove", n.wgData.TunnelIP, "tcp", TargetData{Targets: []string{targetStr}})
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		if needsAdd {
+			logger.Info("Sync: adding TCP target on port %d -> %s", port, target)
+			targetStr := fmt.Sprintf("%d:%s", port, target)
+			n.updateTargets(n.pm, "add", n.wgData.TunnelIP, "tcp", TargetData{Targets: []string{targetStr}})
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Sync UDP targets
+	// Remove UDP targets not in desired set
+	if udpForIP, ok := currentUDP[n.wgData.TunnelIP]; ok {
+		for port := range udpForIP {
+			if _, exists := desiredUDP[port]; !exists {
+				logger.Info("Sync: removing UDP target on port %d", port)
+				targetStr := fmt.Sprintf("%d:%s", port, udpForIP[port])
+				n.updateTargets(n.pm, "remove", n.wgData.TunnelIP, "udp", TargetData{Targets: []string{targetStr}})
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Add UDP targets that are missing
+	for port, target := range desiredUDP {
+		needsAdd := true
+		if udpForIP, ok := currentUDP[n.wgData.TunnelIP]; ok {
+			if currentTarget, exists := udpForIP[port]; exists {
+				// Check if target address changed
+				if currentTarget == target {
+					needsAdd = false
+				} else {
+					// Target changed, remove old one first
+					logger.Info("Sync: updating UDP target on port %d", port)
+					targetStr := fmt.Sprintf("%d:%s", port, currentTarget)
+					n.updateTargets(n.pm, "remove", n.wgData.TunnelIP, "udp", TargetData{Targets: []string{targetStr}})
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		if needsAdd {
+			logger.Info("Sync: adding UDP target on port %d -> %s", port, target)
+			targetStr := fmt.Sprintf("%d:%s", port, target)
+			n.updateTargets(n.pm, "add", n.wgData.TunnelIP, "udp", TargetData{Targets: []string{targetStr}})
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Sync remote exit node subnets
+	if n.dev != nil {
+		n.updateRemoteExitNodeSubnets(syncData.RemoteExitNodeSubnets)
+	}
+
+	// Sync clients WireGuard peers and targets, if clients are set up
+	if n.wgService != nil {
+		n.wgService.SetCerts(syncData.Certs)
+		n.wgService.Sync(syncData.Peers, syncData.ClientTargets)
+	}
+
+	// Sync browser gateway targets
+	n.syncBrowserGatewayTargets(syncData.BrowserGatewayTargets)
+
+	// Sync health check targets
+	if err := n.healthMonitor.SyncTargets(syncData.HealthCheckTargets); err != nil {
+		logger.Error("Failed to sync health check targets: %v", err)
+	} else {
+		logger.Info("Successfully synced health check targets")
+	}
+
+	logger.Info("Sync complete")
+}

newt/handlers.go

@@ -0,0 +1,960 @@
+package newt
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"context"
+	"crypto/tls"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"fmt"
+	"net"
+	"net/http"
+	"os"
+	"os/signal"
+	"syscall"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/fosrl/newt/authdaemon"
+	"github.com/fosrl/newt/browsergateway"
+	"github.com/fosrl/newt/docker"
+	"github.com/fosrl/newt/exitnode"
+	"github.com/fosrl/newt/healthcheck"
+	"github.com/fosrl/newt/internal/state"
+	"github.com/fosrl/newt/internal/telemetry"
+	"github.com/fosrl/newt/logger"
+	"github.com/fosrl/newt/network"
+	"github.com/fosrl/newt/util"
+	"github.com/fosrl/newt/websocket"
+)
+
+const (
+	fmtErrMarshaling        = "Error marshaling data: %v"
+	fmtReceivedMsg          = "Received: %+v"
+	topicWGRegister         = "newt/wg/register"
+	msgNoTunnelOrProxy      = "No tunnel IP or proxy manager available"
+	fmtErrParsingTargetData = "Error parsing target data: %v"
+)
+
+func (n *Newt) registerHandlers(ctx context.Context) {
+	//TODO: MOVE MORE OF THESE HANDLERS TO STANDALONE FUNCTIONS IN THE DATA.GO AND CONNECT.GO FILES
+
+	n.client.RegisterHandler("newt/wg/connect", func(msg websocket.WSMessage) {
+		n.handleConnect(ctx, msg)
+	})
+
+	n.client.RegisterHandler("newt/wg/reconnect", func(msg websocket.WSMessage) {
+		logger.Info("Received reconnect message")
+		if n.wgData.PublicKey != "" {
+			telemetry.IncReconnect(ctx, n.wgData.PublicKey, "server", telemetry.ReasonServerRequest)
+		}
+
+		n.closeWgTunnel()
+
+		if n.pm != nil {
+			n.pm.ClearTunnelID()
+			state.Global().ClearTunnel(n.wgData.PublicKey)
+		}
+
+		n.connected = false
+
+		if n.stopFunc != nil {
+			n.stopFunc()
+			n.stopFunc = nil
+		}
+
+		pingChainId := generateChainId()
+		n.pendingPingChainId = pingChainId
+		n.stopFunc = n.client.SendMessageInterval("newt/ping/request", map[string]interface{}{
+			"noCloud": n.config.NoCloud,
+			"chainId": pingChainId,
+		}, 3*time.Second)
+
+		logger.Info("Tunnel destroyed, ready for reconnection")
+	})
+
+	n.client.RegisterHandler("newt/wg/restart", func(msg websocket.WSMessage) {
+		logger.Info("Received restart message")
+		n.closeWgTunnel()
+		n.closeClients()
+		if n.healthMonitor != nil {
+			n.healthMonitor.Stop()
+		}
+		n.client.Close()
+		if n.config.OnRestart != nil {
+			if err := n.config.OnRestart(); err != nil {
+				logger.Error("Failed to restart: %v", err)
+				os.Exit(1)
+			}
+		}
+	})
+
+	n.client.RegisterHandler("newt/wg/terminate", func(msg websocket.WSMessage) {
+		logger.Info("Received termination message")
+		if n.wgData.PublicKey != "" {
+			telemetry.IncReconnect(ctx, n.wgData.PublicKey, "server", telemetry.ReasonServerRequest)
+		}
+
+		n.closeWgTunnel()
+		n.closeClients()
+
+		if n.stopFunc != nil {
+			n.stopFunc()
+			n.stopFunc = nil
+		}
+
+		n.connected = false
+
+		logger.Info("Tunnel destroyed")
+	})
+
+	n.client.RegisterHandler("newt/ping/exitNodes", func(msg websocket.WSMessage) {
+		logger.Debug("Received ping message")
+
+		if n.stopFunc != nil {
+			n.stopFunc()
+			n.stopFunc = nil
+		}
+
+		var exitNodeData ExitNodeData
+
+		jsonData, err := json.Marshal(msg.Data)
+		if err != nil {
+			logger.Info(fmtErrMarshaling, err)
+			return
+		}
+		if err := json.Unmarshal(jsonData, &exitNodeData); err != nil {
+			logger.Info("Error unmarshaling exit node data: %v", err)
+			return
+		}
+		exitNodes := exitNodeData.ExitNodes
+
+		if exitNodeData.ChainId != "" {
+			if exitNodeData.ChainId != n.pendingPingChainId {
+				logger.Debug("Discarding duplicate/stale newt/ping/exitNodes (chainId=%s, expected=%s)", exitNodeData.ChainId, n.pendingPingChainId)
+				return
+			}
+			n.pendingPingChainId = ""
+		}
+
+		if len(exitNodes) == 0 {
+			logger.Info("No exit nodes provided")
+			return
+		}
+
+		pingResults := exitnode.PingExitNodes(exitNodes, n.config.PreferEndpoint, n.connected)
+
+		chainId := generateChainId()
+		n.pendingRegisterChainId = chainId
+		n.stopFunc = n.client.SendMessageInterval(topicWGRegister, map[string]interface{}{
+			"publicKey":   n.publicKey.String(),
+			"pingResults": pingResults,
+			"newtVersion": n.config.Version,
+			"chainId":     chainId,
+		}, 2*time.Second)
+
+		logger.Debug("Sent exit node ping results to cloud for selection: pingResults=%+v", pingResults)
+	})
+
+	n.client.RegisterHandler("newt/sync", n.handleSync)
+
+	n.client.RegisterHandler("newt/tcp/add", func(msg websocket.WSMessage) {
+		logger.Debug(fmtReceivedMsg, msg)
+
+		if n.wgData.TunnelIP == "" || n.pm == nil {
+			logger.Info(msgNoTunnelOrProxy)
+			return
+		}
+
+		targetData, err := parseTargetData(msg.Data)
+		if err != nil {
+			logger.Info(fmtErrParsingTargetData, err)
+			return
+		}
+
+		if len(targetData.Targets) > 0 {
+			n.updateTargets(n.pm, "add", n.wgData.TunnelIP, "tcp", targetData)
+		}
+	})
+
+	n.client.RegisterHandler("newt/udp/add", func(msg websocket.WSMessage) {
+		logger.Info(fmtReceivedMsg, msg)
+
+		if n.wgData.TunnelIP == "" || n.pm == nil {
+			logger.Info(msgNoTunnelOrProxy)
+			return
+		}
+
+		targetData, err := parseTargetData(msg.Data)
+		if err != nil {
+			logger.Info(fmtErrParsingTargetData, err)
+			return
+		}
+
+		if len(targetData.Targets) > 0 {
+			n.updateTargets(n.pm, "add", n.wgData.TunnelIP, "udp", targetData)
+		}
+	})
+
+	n.client.RegisterHandler("newt/udp/remove", func(msg websocket.WSMessage) {
+		logger.Info(fmtReceivedMsg, msg)
+
+		if n.wgData.TunnelIP == "" || n.pm == nil {
+			logger.Info(msgNoTunnelOrProxy)
+			return
+		}
+
+		targetData, err := parseTargetData(msg.Data)
+		if err != nil {
+			logger.Info(fmtErrParsingTargetData, err)
+			return
+		}
+
+		if len(targetData.Targets) > 0 {
+			n.updateTargets(n.pm, "remove", n.wgData.TunnelIP, "udp", targetData)
+		}
+	})
+
+	n.client.RegisterHandler("newt/tcp/remove", func(msg websocket.WSMessage) {
+		logger.Info(fmtReceivedMsg, msg)
+
+		if n.wgData.TunnelIP == "" || n.pm == nil {
+			logger.Info(msgNoTunnelOrProxy)
+			return
+		}
+
+		targetData, err := parseTargetData(msg.Data)
+		if err != nil {
+			logger.Info(fmtErrParsingTargetData, err)
+			return
+		}
+
+		if len(targetData.Targets) > 0 {
+			n.updateTargets(n.pm, "remove", n.wgData.TunnelIP, "tcp", targetData)
+		}
+	})
+
+	n.client.RegisterHandler("newt/wg/subnets/add", func(msg websocket.WSMessage) {
+		logger.Debug("Received subnet add message")
+
+		var data struct {
+			Subnets []string `json:"subnets"`
+		}
+		jsonData, err := json.Marshal(msg.Data)
+		if err != nil {
+			logger.Error("Error marshaling subnet add data: %v", err)
+			return
+		}
+		if err := json.Unmarshal(jsonData, &data); err != nil {
+			logger.Error("Error unmarshaling subnet add data: %v", err)
+			return
+		}
+		if len(data.Subnets) == 0 || n.dev == nil {
+			return
+		}
+
+		for _, subnet := range data.Subnets {
+			subnetCfg := fmt.Sprintf("public_key=%s\nallowed_ip=%s", util.FixKey(n.wgData.PublicKey), subnet)
+			if err := n.dev.IpcSet(subnetCfg); err != nil {
+				logger.Warn("Failed to add AllowedIP %s to main tunnel: %v", subnet, err)
+			}
+		}
+		if n.config.UseNativeMainInterface {
+			if err := network.AddRoutes(data.Subnets, n.config.NativeMainInterfaceName); err != nil {
+				logger.Warn("Failed to add routes for subnets: %v", err)
+			}
+		}
+		n.activeRemoteSubnets = append(n.activeRemoteSubnets, data.Subnets...)
+		logger.Info("Added %d remote exit node subnets", len(data.Subnets))
+	})
+
+	n.client.RegisterHandler("newt/wg/subnets/update", func(msg websocket.WSMessage) {
+		logger.Debug("Received subnet update message")
+
+		var data struct {
+			Subnets []string `json:"subnets"`
+		}
+		jsonData, err := json.Marshal(msg.Data)
+		if err != nil {
+			logger.Error("Error marshaling subnet update data: %v", err)
+			return
+		}
+		if err := json.Unmarshal(jsonData, &data); err != nil {
+			logger.Error("Error unmarshaling subnet update data: %v", err)
+			return
+		}
+		if n.dev == nil {
+			return
+		}
+
+		n.updateRemoteExitNodeSubnets(data.Subnets)
+	})
+
+	n.client.RegisterHandler("newt/wg/subnets/remove", func(msg websocket.WSMessage) {
+		logger.Debug("Received subnet remove message")
+
+		var data struct {
+			Subnets []string `json:"subnets"`
+		}
+		jsonData, err := json.Marshal(msg.Data)
+		if err != nil {
+			logger.Error("Error marshaling subnet remove data: %v", err)
+			return
+		}
+		if err := json.Unmarshal(jsonData, &data); err != nil {
+			logger.Error("Error unmarshaling subnet remove data: %v", err)
+			return
+		}
+		if len(data.Subnets) == 0 {
+			return
+		}
+
+		if n.config.UseNativeMainInterface {
+			if err := network.RemoveRoutes(data.Subnets, n.config.NativeMainInterfaceName); err != nil {
+				logger.Warn("Failed to remove routes for subnets: %v", err)
+			}
+		}
+
+		toRemove := make(map[string]bool, len(data.Subnets))
+		for _, s := range data.Subnets {
+			toRemove[s] = true
+		}
+		remaining := n.activeRemoteSubnets[:0]
+		for _, s := range n.activeRemoteSubnets {
+			if !toRemove[s] {
+				remaining = append(remaining, s)
+			}
+		}
+		n.activeRemoteSubnets = remaining
+
+		if n.dev != nil && n.wgData.PublicKey != "" {
+			lines := fmt.Sprintf("public_key=%s\nreplace_allowed_ips=true\nallowed_ip=%s/32",
+				util.FixKey(n.wgData.PublicKey), n.wgData.ServerIP)
+			for _, s := range remaining {
+				lines += "\nallowed_ip=" + s
+			}
+			if err := n.dev.IpcSet(lines); err != nil {
+				logger.Warn("Failed to update WireGuard AllowedIPs after subnet removal: %v", err)
+			}
+		}
+		logger.Info("Removed %d remote exit node subnets", len(data.Subnets))
+	})
+
+	n.client.RegisterHandler("newt/socket/check", func(msg websocket.WSMessage) {
+		logger.Debug("Received Docker socket check request")
+
+		if n.config.DockerSocket == "" {
+			logger.Debug("Docker socket path is not set")
+			if err := n.client.SendMessage("newt/socket/status", map[string]interface{}{
+				"available":  false,
+				"socketPath": n.config.DockerSocket,
+			}); err != nil {
+				logger.Error("Failed to send Docker socket check response: %v", err)
+			}
+			return
+		}
+
+		isAvailable := docker.CheckSocket(n.config.DockerSocket)
+
+		if err := n.client.SendMessage("newt/socket/status", map[string]interface{}{
+			"available":  isAvailable,
+			"socketPath": n.config.DockerSocket,
+		}); err != nil {
+			logger.Error("Failed to send Docker socket check response: %v", err)
+		} else {
+			logger.Debug("Docker socket check response sent: available=%t", isAvailable)
+		}
+	})
+
+	n.client.RegisterHandler("newt/socket/fetch", func(msg websocket.WSMessage) {
+		logger.Debug("Received Docker container fetch request")
+
+		if n.config.DockerSocket == "" {
+			logger.Debug("Docker socket path is not set")
+			return
+		}
+
+		containers, err := docker.ListContainers(n.config.DockerSocket, n.config.DockerEnforceNetworkValidation)
+		if err != nil {
+			logger.Error("Failed to list Docker containers: %v", err)
+			return
+		}
+
+		if err := n.client.SendMessage("newt/socket/containers", map[string]interface{}{
+			"containers": containers,
+		}); err != nil {
+			logger.Error("Failed to send Docker container list: %v", err)
+		} else {
+			logger.Debug("Docker container list sent, count: %d", len(containers))
+		}
+	})
+
+	n.client.RegisterHandler("newt/healthcheck/add", func(msg websocket.WSMessage) {
+		logger.Debug("Received health check add request: %+v", msg)
+
+		type HealthCheckConfig struct {
+			Targets []healthcheck.Config `json:"targets"`
+		}
+
+		var config HealthCheckConfig
+		jsonData, err := json.Marshal(msg.Data)
+		if err != nil {
+			logger.Error("Error marshaling health check data: %v", err)
+			return
+		}
+
+		if err := json.Unmarshal(jsonData, &config); err != nil {
+			logger.Error("Error unmarshaling health check config: %v", err)
+			return
+		}
+
+		if err := n.healthMonitor.AddTargets(config.Targets); err != nil {
+			logger.Error("Failed to add health check targets: %v", err)
+		} else {
+			logger.Debug("Added %d health check targets", len(config.Targets))
+		}
+
+		logger.Debug("Health check targets added: %+v", config.Targets)
+	})
+
+	n.client.RegisterHandler("newt/healthcheck/remove", func(msg websocket.WSMessage) {
+		logger.Debug("Received health check remove request: %+v", msg)
+
+		type HealthCheckConfig struct {
+			IDs []int `json:"ids"`
+		}
+
+		var requestData HealthCheckConfig
+		jsonData, err := json.Marshal(msg.Data)
+		if err != nil {
+			logger.Error("Error marshaling health check remove data: %v", err)
+			return
+		}
+
+		if err := json.Unmarshal(jsonData, &requestData); err != nil {
+			logger.Error("Error unmarshaling health check remove request: %v", err)
+			return
+		}
+
+		if err := n.healthMonitor.RemoveTargets(requestData.IDs); err != nil {
+			logger.Error("Failed to remove health check targets %v: %v", requestData.IDs, err)
+		} else {
+			logger.Info("Removed %d health check targets: %v", len(requestData.IDs), requestData.IDs)
+		}
+	})
+
+	n.client.RegisterHandler("newt/healthcheck/enable", func(msg websocket.WSMessage) {
+		logger.Debug("Received health check enable request: %+v", msg)
+
+		var requestData struct {
+			ID int `json:"id"`
+		}
+		jsonData, err := json.Marshal(msg.Data)
+		if err != nil {
+			logger.Error("Error marshaling health check enable data: %v", err)
+			return
+		}
+
+		if err := json.Unmarshal(jsonData, &requestData); err != nil {
+			logger.Error("Error unmarshaling health check enable request: %v", err)
+			return
+		}
+
+		if err := n.healthMonitor.EnableTarget(requestData.ID); err != nil {
+			logger.Error("Failed to enable health check target %d: %v", requestData.ID, err)
+		} else {
+			logger.Info("Enabled health check target: %d", requestData.ID)
+		}
+	})
+
+	n.client.RegisterHandler("newt/healthcheck/disable", func(msg websocket.WSMessage) {
+		logger.Debug("Received health check disable request: %+v", msg)
+
+		var requestData struct {
+			ID int `json:"id"`
+		}
+		jsonData, err := json.Marshal(msg.Data)
+		if err != nil {
+			logger.Error("Error marshaling health check disable data: %v", err)
+			return
+		}
+
+		if err := json.Unmarshal(jsonData, &requestData); err != nil {
+			logger.Error("Error unmarshaling health check disable request: %v", err)
+			return
+		}
+
+		if err := n.healthMonitor.DisableTarget(requestData.ID); err != nil {
+			logger.Error("Failed to disable health check target %d: %v", requestData.ID, err)
+		} else {
+			logger.Info("Disabled health check target: %d", requestData.ID)
+		}
+	})
+
+	n.client.RegisterHandler("newt/healthcheck/status/request", func(msg websocket.WSMessage) {
+		logger.Debug("Received health check status request")
+
+		targets := n.healthMonitor.GetTargets()
+		healthStatuses := make(map[int]interface{})
+		for id, target := range targets {
+			healthStatuses[id] = map[string]interface{}{
+				"status":     target.Status.String(),
+				"lastCheck":  target.LastCheck.Format(time.RFC3339),
+				"checkCount": target.CheckCount,
+				"lastError":  target.LastError,
+				"config":     target.Config,
+			}
+		}
+
+		if err := n.client.SendMessage("newt/healthcheck/status", map[string]interface{}{
+			"targets": healthStatuses,
+		}); err != nil {
+			logger.Error("Failed to send health check status response: %v", err)
+		}
+	})
+
+	n.client.RegisterHandler("newt/blueprint/results", func(msg websocket.WSMessage) {
+		logger.Debug("Received blueprint results message")
+
+		var blueprintResult BlueprintResult
+
+		jsonData, err := json.Marshal(msg.Data)
+		if err != nil {
+			logger.Info("Error marshaling data: %v", err)
+			return
+		}
+		if err := json.Unmarshal(jsonData, &blueprintResult); err != nil {
+			logger.Info("Error unmarshaling config results data: %v", err)
+			return
+		}
+
+		if blueprintResult.Success {
+			logger.Debug("Blueprint applied successfully!")
+		} else {
+			logger.Warn("Blueprint application failed: %s", blueprintResult.Message)
+		}
+	})
+
+	n.client.RegisterHandler("newt/pam/connection", func(msg websocket.WSMessage) {
+		logger.Debug("Received SSH certificate issued message")
+
+		type SSHCertData struct {
+			MessageId          int    `json:"messageId"`
+			AgentPort          int    `json:"agentPort"`
+			AgentHost          string `json:"agentHost"`
+			ExternalAuthDaemon bool   `json:"externalAuthDaemon"`
+			AuthDaemonMode     string `json:"authDaemonMode"`
+			CACert             string `json:"caCert"`
+			Username           string `json:"username"`
+			NiceID             string `json:"niceId"`
+			Metadata           struct {
+				SudoMode     string   `json:"sudoMode"`
+				SudoCommands []string `json:"sudoCommands"`
+				Homedir      bool     `json:"homedir"`
+				Groups       []string `json:"groups"`
+			} `json:"metadata"`
+		}
+
+		var certData SSHCertData
+		jsonData, err := json.Marshal(msg.Data)
+		if err != nil {
+			logger.Error("Error marshaling SSH cert data: %v", err)
+			return
+		}
+
+		logger.Debug("Received SSH cert data: %s", string(jsonData))
+
+		if err := json.Unmarshal(jsonData, &certData); err != nil {
+			logger.Error("Error unmarshaling SSH cert data: %v", err)
+			return
+		}
+
+		authDaemonMode := "site"
+		if certData.AuthDaemonMode != "" {
+			authDaemonMode = certData.AuthDaemonMode
+		} else if certData.ExternalAuthDaemon {
+			authDaemonMode = "remote"
+		}
+
+		switch authDaemonMode {
+		case "site":
+			logger.Debug("Calling internal auth daemon ProcessConnection for user %s", certData.Username)
+
+			if n.authDaemonServer != nil {
+				n.authDaemonServer.ProcessConnection(authdaemon.ConnectionRequest{
+					CaCert:   certData.CACert,
+					NiceId:   certData.NiceID,
+					Username: certData.Username,
+					Metadata: authdaemon.ConnectionMetadata{
+						SudoMode:     certData.Metadata.SudoMode,
+						SudoCommands: certData.Metadata.SudoCommands,
+						Homedir:      certData.Metadata.Homedir,
+						Groups:       certData.Metadata.Groups,
+					},
+				})
+				err = n.client.SendMessage("ws/round-trip/complete", map[string]interface{}{
+					"messageId": certData.MessageId,
+					"complete":  true,
+				})
+			} else {
+				logger.Error("Auth daemon server is not initialized, cannot process connection")
+				err = n.client.SendMessage("ws/round-trip/complete", map[string]interface{}{
+					"messageId": certData.MessageId,
+					"complete":  true,
+					"error":     "auth daemon server not initialized (enable by running Newt site connector as root)",
+				})
+				if err != nil {
+					logger.Error("Failed to send SSH cert failure response: %v", err)
+				}
+				return
+			}
+
+			logger.Info("Successfully processed connection via internal auth daemon for user %s", certData.Username)
+
+		case "remote":
+			if n.config.AuthDaemonKey == "" {
+				logger.Error("Auth daemon key not configured, cannot communicate with daemon")
+				if err := n.client.SendMessage("ws/round-trip/complete", map[string]interface{}{
+					"messageId": certData.MessageId,
+					"complete":  true,
+					"error":     "auth daemon key not configured",
+				}); err != nil {
+					logger.Error("Failed to send SSH cert failure response: %v", err)
+				}
+				return
+			}
+
+			requestBody := map[string]interface{}{
+				"caCert":   certData.CACert,
+				"niceId":   certData.NiceID,
+				"username": certData.Username,
+				"metadata": map[string]interface{}{
+					"sudoMode":     certData.Metadata.SudoMode,
+					"sudoCommands": certData.Metadata.SudoCommands,
+					"homedir":      certData.Metadata.Homedir,
+					"groups":       certData.Metadata.Groups,
+				},
+			}
+
+			requestJSON, err := json.Marshal(requestBody)
+			if err != nil {
+				logger.Error("Failed to marshal auth daemon request: %v", err)
+				n.client.SendMessage("ws/round-trip/complete", map[string]interface{}{
+					"messageId": certData.MessageId,
+					"complete":  true,
+					"error":     fmt.Sprintf("failed to marshal request: %v", err),
+				})
+				return
+			}
+
+			httpClient := &http.Client{
+				Transport: &http.Transport{
+					TLSClientConfig: &tls.Config{
+						InsecureSkipVerify: true,
+					},
+				},
+				Timeout: 10 * time.Second,
+			}
+
+			url := fmt.Sprintf("https://%s:%d/connection", certData.AgentHost, certData.AgentPort)
+			req, err := http.NewRequest("POST", url, bytes.NewBuffer(requestJSON))
+			if err != nil {
+				logger.Error("Failed to create auth daemon request: %v", err)
+				n.client.SendMessage("ws/round-trip/complete", map[string]interface{}{
+					"messageId": certData.MessageId,
+					"complete":  true,
+					"error":     fmt.Sprintf("failed to create request: %v", err),
+				})
+				return
+			}
+
+			req.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
+			req.Header.Set("Authorization", "Bearer "+n.config.AuthDaemonKey)
+
+			logger.Debug("Sending SSH cert to auth daemon at %s", url)
+
+			resp, err := httpClient.Do(req)
+			if err != nil {
+				logger.Error("Failed to connect to auth daemon: %v", err)
+				n.client.SendMessage("ws/round-trip/complete", map[string]interface{}{
+					"messageId": certData.MessageId,
+					"complete":  true,
+					"error":     fmt.Sprintf("failed to connect to auth daemon: %v", err),
+				})
+				return
+			}
+			defer resp.Body.Close()
+
+			if resp.StatusCode != http.StatusOK {
+				logger.Error("Auth daemon returned non-OK status: %d", resp.StatusCode)
+				n.client.SendMessage("ws/round-trip/complete", map[string]interface{}{
+					"messageId": certData.MessageId,
+					"complete":  true,
+					"error":     fmt.Sprintf("auth daemon returned status %d", resp.StatusCode),
+				})
+				return
+			}
+
+			logger.Info("Successfully registered SSH certificate with external auth daemon for user %s", certData.Username)
+
+		case "native":
+			logger.Debug("Processing SSH cert for native SSH server for user %s", certData.Username)
+			if n.authDaemonServer != nil && n.sshCredStore != nil {
+				n.authDaemonServer.ProcessConnection(authdaemon.ConnectionRequest{
+					CaCert:   "",
+					NiceId:   "",
+					Username: certData.Username,
+					Metadata: authdaemon.ConnectionMetadata{
+						SudoMode:     certData.Metadata.SudoMode,
+						SudoCommands: certData.Metadata.SudoCommands,
+						Homedir:      certData.Metadata.Homedir,
+						Groups:       certData.Metadata.Groups,
+					},
+				})
+
+				if err := n.sshCredStore.SetCAKey(certData.CACert); err != nil {
+					logger.Error("nativessh: failed to set CA key: %v", err)
+				}
+				n.sshCredStore.AddPrincipals(certData.Username, certData.NiceID)
+				logger.Info("nativessh: updated credentials for user %s (niceId=%s)", certData.Username, certData.NiceID)
+			} else {
+				logger.Error("Auth daemon server or SSH credential store not initialized, cannot process connection")
+				err = n.client.SendMessage("ws/round-trip/complete", map[string]interface{}{
+					"messageId": certData.MessageId,
+					"complete":  true,
+					"error":     "auth daemon server or SSH credential store not initialized",
+				})
+				if err != nil {
+					logger.Error("Failed to send SSH cert failure response: %v", err)
+				}
+				return
+			}
+
+		default:
+			logger.Error("Unknown auth daemon mode: %s", certData.AuthDaemonMode)
+			n.client.SendMessage("ws/round-trip/complete", map[string]interface{}{
+				"messageId": certData.MessageId,
+				"complete":  true,
+				"error":     fmt.Sprintf("unknown auth daemon mode: %s", certData.AuthDaemonMode),
+			})
+			return
+		}
+
+		if err = n.client.SendMessage("ws/round-trip/complete", map[string]interface{}{
+			"messageId": certData.MessageId,
+			"complete":  true,
+		}); err != nil {
+			logger.Error("Failed to send SSH cert success response: %v", err)
+		}
+	})
+
+	n.client.RegisterHandler("newt/browsergateway/add", func(msg websocket.WSMessage) {
+		logger.Debug("Received browser gateway add message")
+
+		type BrowserGatewayAddData struct {
+			Targets []BrowserGatewayTarget `json:"targets"`
+		}
+
+		var addData BrowserGatewayAddData
+		jsonData, err := json.Marshal(msg.Data)
+		if err != nil {
+			logger.Error("Error marshaling browser gateway add data: %v", err)
+			return
+		}
+		if err := json.Unmarshal(jsonData, &addData); err != nil {
+			logger.Error("Error unmarshaling browser gateway add data: %v", err)
+			return
+		}
+
+		if len(addData.Targets) == 0 {
+			return
+		}
+
+		if n.browserGateway == nil && (n.tnet != nil || n.config.UseNativeMainInterface) {
+			n.browserGateway = browsergateway.New(browsergateway.Config{SSHCredentials: n.sshCredStore})
+			var ln net.Listener
+			var bgErr error
+			if n.config.UseNativeMainInterface {
+				ln, bgErr = net.Listen("tcp", fmt.Sprintf("%s:%d", n.wgData.TunnelIP, browsergateway.ListenPort))
+			} else {
+				ln, bgErr = n.tnet.ListenTCP(&net.TCPAddr{Port: browsergateway.ListenPort})
+			}
+			if bgErr != nil {
+				logger.Error("Failed to start browser gateway listener: %v", bgErr)
+				n.browserGateway = nil
+			} else {
+				n.browserGatewayStop = func() { _ = ln.Close() }
+				go func() {
+					logger.Debug("Browser gateway started on port %d", browsergateway.ListenPort)
+					if startErr := n.browserGateway.Start(ln); startErr != nil {
+						logger.Error("Browser gateway stopped with error: %v", startErr)
+					}
+				}()
+			}
+		}
+
+		if n.browserGateway == nil {
+			logger.Warn("Browser gateway not available, cannot add targets")
+			return
+		}
+
+		for _, t := range addData.Targets {
+			n.browserGateway.AddTarget(browsergateway.Target{
+				ID:              t.ID,
+				Type:            t.Type,
+				Destination:     t.Destination,
+				DestinationPort: t.DestinationPort,
+				AuthToken:       t.AuthToken,
+			})
+			logger.Debug("Added browser gateway target %d", t.ID)
+		}
+	})
+
+	n.client.RegisterHandler("newt/browsergateway/remove", func(msg websocket.WSMessage) {
+		logger.Debug("Received browser gateway remove message")
+
+		type BrowserGatewayRemoveData struct {
+			IDs []int `json:"ids"`
+		}
+
+		var removeData BrowserGatewayRemoveData
+		jsonData, err := json.Marshal(msg.Data)
+		if err != nil {
+			logger.Error("Error marshaling browser gateway remove data: %v", err)
+			return
+		}
+		if err := json.Unmarshal(jsonData, &removeData); err != nil {
+			logger.Error("Error unmarshaling browser gateway remove data: %v", err)
+			return
+		}
+
+		if n.browserGateway == nil {
+			logger.Warn("Browser gateway not available, cannot remove targets")
+			return
+		}
+
+		for _, id := range removeData.IDs {
+			n.browserGateway.RemoveTarget(id)
+			logger.Debug("Removed browser gateway target %d", id)
+		}
+	})
+
+	n.client.OnConnect(func() error {
+		n.publicKey = n.privateKey.PublicKey()
+		logger.Debug("Public key: %s", n.publicKey)
+		logger.Info("Websocket connected")
+
+		if !n.connected {
+			if n.stopFunc != nil {
+				n.stopFunc()
+			}
+			pingChainId := generateChainId()
+			n.pendingPingChainId = pingChainId
+			n.stopFunc = n.client.SendMessageInterval("newt/ping/request", map[string]interface{}{
+				"noCloud": n.config.NoCloud,
+				"chainId": pingChainId,
+			}, 3*time.Second)
+			logger.Debug("Requesting exit nodes from server")
+
+			if n.client.GetServerVersion() != "" {
+				n.clientsOnConnect()
+			} else {
+				logger.Warn("CLIENTS WILL NOT WORK ON THIS VERSION OF NEWT WITH THIS VERSION OF PANGOLIN, PLEASE UPDATE THE SERVER TO 1.13 OR HIGHER OR DOWNGRADE NEWT")
+			}
+
+			sendBlueprint(n.client, n.config.BlueprintFile)
+			if n.client.WasJustProvisioned() {
+				logger.Info("Provisioning detected – sending provisioning blueprint")
+				sendBlueprint(n.client, n.config.ProvisioningBlueprintFile)
+			}
+		} else {
+			targets := n.healthMonitor.GetTargets()
+			if len(targets) > 0 {
+				healthStatuses := make(map[int]interface{})
+				for id, target := range targets {
+					healthStatuses[id] = map[string]interface{}{
+						"status":     target.Status.String(),
+						"lastCheck":  target.LastCheck.Format(time.RFC3339),
+						"checkCount": target.CheckCount,
+						"lastError":  target.LastError,
+						"config":     target.Config,
+					}
+				}
+				logger.Debug("Reconnected: resending health check status for %d targets", len(healthStatuses))
+				if err := n.client.SendMessage("newt/healthcheck/status", map[string]interface{}{
+					"targets": healthStatuses,
+				}); err != nil {
+					logger.Error("Failed to resend health check status on reconnect: %v", err)
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		bcChainId := generateChainId()
+		n.pendingRegisterChainId = bcChainId
+		if err := n.client.SendMessage(topicWGRegister, map[string]interface{}{
+			"publicKey":           n.publicKey.String(),
+			"newtVersion":         n.config.Version,
+			"backwardsCompatible": true,
+			"chainId":             bcChainId,
+		}); err != nil {
+			logger.Error("Failed to send registration message: %v", err)
+			return err
+		}
+
+		return nil
+	})
+
+	// SIGHUP: reload config file and apply credential changes in place
+	sighupChan := make(chan os.Signal, 1)
+	signal.Notify(sighupChan, syscall.SIGHUP)
+	go func() {
+		defer signal.Stop(sighupChan)
+		for {
+			select {
+			case <-sighupChan:
+				logger.Info("SIGHUP received, reloading config...")
+				cfgPath := n.client.GetConfigFilePath()
+				data, err := os.ReadFile(cfgPath)
+				if err != nil {
+					logger.Error("Failed to read config file on SIGHUP: %v", err)
+					continue
+				}
+				var newCfg websocket.Config
+				if err := json.Unmarshal(data, &newCfg); err != nil {
+					logger.Error("Failed to parse config file on SIGHUP: %v", err)
+					continue
+				}
+				oldCfg := n.client.GetConfig()
+				if newCfg.Endpoint != oldCfg.Endpoint || newCfg.ID != oldCfg.ID || newCfg.Secret != oldCfg.Secret {
+					logger.Info("Config credentials changed (endpoint/id/secret), restarting...")
+					n.closeWgTunnel()
+					n.closeClients()
+					if n.healthMonitor != nil {
+						n.healthMonitor.Stop()
+					}
+					n.client.Close()
+					if n.config.OnRestart != nil {
+						if err := n.config.OnRestart(); err != nil {
+							logger.Error("Failed to restart: %v", err)
+							os.Exit(1)
+						}
+					}
+				}
+				if newCfg.Blocked != n.connectionBlocked.Load() {
+					n.connectionBlocked.Store(newCfg.Blocked)
+					if newCfg.Blocked {
+						logger.Debug("Config reload: connection blocking enabled")
+					} else {
+						logger.Debug("Config reload: connection blocking disabled")
+					}
+					if p := n.currentPM.Load(); p != nil {
+						p.SetBlocked(newCfg.Blocked)
+					}
+					n.setClientsBlocked(newCfg.Blocked)
+				} else {
+					logger.Debug("Config reload: no relevant changes detected")
+				}
+			case <-ctx.Done():
+				return
+			}
+		}
+	}()
+}

newt/newt.go

@@ -0,0 +1,291 @@
+package newt
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"crypto/rand"
+	"encoding/hex"
+	"fmt"
+	"sync/atomic"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/fosrl/newt/authdaemon"
+	"github.com/fosrl/newt/browsergateway"
+	wgclients "github.com/fosrl/newt/clients"
+	"github.com/fosrl/newt/docker"
+	"github.com/fosrl/newt/healthcheck"
+	"github.com/fosrl/newt/logger"
+	"github.com/fosrl/newt/nativessh"
+	"github.com/fosrl/newt/proxy"
+	"github.com/fosrl/newt/util"
+	"github.com/fosrl/newt/websocket"
+	"golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard/device"
+	wtun "golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard/tun"
+	"golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard/tun/netstack"
+	"golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard/wgctrl/wgtypes"
+)
+
+// Newt holds all runtime state for a newt tunnel instance.
+type Newt struct {
+	config      Config
+	client      *websocket.Client
+	privateKey  wgtypes.Key
+	publicKey   wgtypes.Key
+	loggerLevel logger.LogLevel
+	tlsOpt      websocket.ClientOption
+
+	// WireGuard tunnel state
+	tun  wtun.Device
+	tnet *netstack.Net
+	dev  *device.Device
+
+	// Proxy / networking
+	pm                  *proxy.ProxyManager
+	currentPM           atomic.Pointer[proxy.ProxyManager]
+	connectionBlocked   atomic.Bool
+	activeRemoteSubnets []string
+
+	// Ping state
+	pingStopChan          chan struct{}
+	pingWithRetryStopChan chan struct{}
+
+	// Connection / messaging state
+	connected              bool
+	stopFunc               func()
+	pendingRegisterChainId string
+	pendingPingChainId     string
+
+	// Browser gateway
+	browserGateway     *browsergateway.Gateway
+	browserGatewayStop func()
+
+	// Health monitoring
+	healthMonitor *healthcheck.Monitor
+
+	// Downstream WireGuard client management
+	wgService    *wgclients.WireGuardService
+	ready        bool
+	sshCredStore *nativessh.CredentialStore
+
+	// Auth daemon (Linux only)
+	authDaemonServer *authdaemon.Server
+
+	// Docker monitoring
+	dockerEventMonitor *docker.EventMonitor
+
+	// Current tunnel data
+	wgData WgData
+}
+
+// Init creates and initialises a Newt instance. It sets up the websocket
+// client, generates WireGuard keys, and starts the auth daemon if enabled.
+// Callers should invoke Start after any additional setup (telemetry, etc.).
+func Init(ctx context.Context, cfg Config) (*Newt, error) {
+	n := &Newt{config: cfg}
+
+	n.loggerLevel = util.ParseLogLevel(cfg.LogLevel)
+
+	if !cfg.DisableSSH {
+		if err := n.startAuthDaemon(ctx); err != nil {
+			logger.Warn("Did not start on site auth daemon: %v", err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	logger.GetLogger().SetLevel(n.loggerLevel)
+
+	if cfg.TLSPrivateKey != "" {
+		logger.Warn("Using deprecated PKCS12 format for mTLS. Consider migrating to separate certificate files using --tls-client-cert-file, --tls-client-key, and --tls-client-ca")
+	}
+
+	privateKey, err := wgtypes.GeneratePrivateKey()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("generate private key: %w", err)
+	}
+	n.privateKey = privateKey
+
+	if cfg.TLSClientCert != "" && cfg.TLSClientKey != "" {
+		n.tlsOpt = websocket.WithTLSConfig(websocket.TLSConfig{
+			ClientCertFile: cfg.TLSClientCert,
+			ClientKeyFile:  cfg.TLSClientKey,
+			CAFiles:        cfg.TLSClientCAs,
+		})
+		logger.Debug("Using separate certificate files for mTLS")
+		logger.Debug("Client cert: %s", cfg.TLSClientCert)
+		logger.Debug("Client key: %s", cfg.TLSClientKey)
+		logger.Debug("CA files: %v", cfg.TLSClientCAs)
+	} else if cfg.TLSPrivateKey != "" {
+		n.tlsOpt = websocket.WithTLSConfig(websocket.TLSConfig{
+			PKCS12File: cfg.TLSPrivateKey,
+		})
+		logger.Debug("Using PKCS12 file for mTLS: %s", cfg.TLSPrivateKey)
+	}
+
+	client, err := websocket.NewClient(
+		"newt",
+		cfg.ID,
+		cfg.Secret,
+		cfg.Endpoint,
+		30*time.Second,
+		n.tlsOpt,
+		websocket.WithConfigFile(cfg.ConfigFile),
+	)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("create websocket client: %w", err)
+	}
+	n.client = client
+
+	client.GetConfig().ProvisioningKey = cfg.ProvisioningKey
+	client.GetConfig().Name = cfg.NewtName
+
+	// Resolve provisioning synchronously so ID/Secret are final before
+	// setupClients() bakes them into the WireGuard service / hole-punch
+	// manager. Connect() only provisions lazily in the background, which
+	// would otherwise race setupClients() on first run.
+	if err := client.EnsureProvisioned(); err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("provision newt credentials: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// Update config from resolved client values (provisioning / config file).
+	n.config.Endpoint = client.GetConfig().Endpoint
+	n.config.ID = client.GetConfig().ID
+	n.config.Secret = client.GetConfig().Secret
+
+	if !cfg.DisableSSH {
+		n.sshCredStore = nativessh.NewCredentialStore()
+	}
+
+	return n, nil
+}
+
+// GetConfig returns the (potentially resolved) configuration.
+func (n *Newt) GetConfig() Config {
+	return n.config
+}
+
+// GetTLSClientOpt returns the websocket TLS option, so callers can reuse the
+// same TLS configuration for other HTTP clients (e.g. self-update).
+func (n *Newt) GetTLSClientOpt() websocket.ClientOption {
+	return n.tlsOpt
+}
+
+// Start sets up all WebSocket handlers, connects to the server, and blocks
+// until ctx is cancelled.
+func (n *Newt) Start(ctx context.Context) {
+	if !n.config.DisableClients {
+		n.setupClients()
+	}
+
+	n.connectionBlocked.Store(n.client.GetConfig().Blocked)
+	if n.connectionBlocked.Load() {
+		logger.Info("Connection blocking is enabled (from config)")
+		n.setClientsBlocked(true)
+	}
+
+	n.healthMonitor = healthcheck.NewMonitor(func(targets map[int]*healthcheck.Target) {
+		logger.Debug("Health check status update for %d targets", len(targets))
+
+		healthStatuses := make(map[int]interface{})
+		for id, target := range targets {
+			healthStatuses[id] = map[string]interface{}{
+				"status":     target.Status.String(),
+				"lastCheck":  target.LastCheck.Format(time.RFC3339),
+				"checkCount": target.CheckCount,
+				"lastError":  target.LastError,
+				"config":     target.Config,
+			}
+		}
+
+		logger.Debug("Health check status: %+v", healthStatuses)
+
+		if err := n.client.SendMessage("newt/healthcheck/status", map[string]interface{}{
+			"targets": healthStatuses,
+		}); err != nil {
+			logger.Error("Failed to send health check status update: %v", err)
+		}
+	}, n.config.EnforceHealthcheckCert)
+
+	n.registerHandlers(ctx)
+
+	if err := n.client.Connect(); err != nil {
+		logger.Fatal("Failed to connect to server: %v", err)
+	}
+	defer n.client.Close()
+
+	if n.config.DockerSocket != "" {
+		logger.Debug("Initializing Docker event monitoring")
+		var err error
+		n.dockerEventMonitor, err = docker.NewEventMonitor(
+			n.config.DockerSocket,
+			n.config.DockerEnforceNetworkValidation,
+			func(containers []docker.Container) {
+				logger.Debug("Docker event detected, sending updated container list (%d containers)", len(containers))
+				if err := n.client.SendMessage("newt/socket/containers", map[string]interface{}{
+					"containers": containers,
+				}); err != nil {
+					logger.Error("Failed to send updated container list after Docker event: %v", err)
+				} else {
+					logger.Debug("Updated container list sent successfully")
+				}
+			})
+		if err != nil {
+			logger.Error("Failed to create Docker event monitor: %v", err)
+		} else {
+			if err := n.dockerEventMonitor.Start(); err != nil {
+				logger.Error("Failed to start Docker event monitoring: %v", err)
+			} else {
+				logger.Debug("Docker event monitoring started successfully")
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	if n.config.BlueprintFile != "" {
+		go watchBlueprintFile(ctx, n.config.BlueprintFile, func() error {
+			return sendBlueprint(n.client, n.config.BlueprintFile)
+		})
+	}
+
+	<-ctx.Done()
+
+	n.closeClients()
+
+	if n.dockerEventMonitor != nil {
+		n.dockerEventMonitor.Stop()
+	}
+
+	if n.healthMonitor != nil {
+		n.healthMonitor.Stop()
+	}
+
+	if n.dev != nil {
+		n.dev.Close()
+	}
+
+	if n.pm != nil {
+		n.pm.Stop()
+	}
+
+	n.client.SendMessage("newt/disconnecting", map[string]any{})
+
+	if n.client != nil {
+		n.client.Close()
+	}
+	logger.Info("Exiting...")
+}
+
+// Close performs an emergency shutdown: closes the tunnel, clients, health
+// monitor, and websocket connection. Typically used before re-exec.
+func (n *Newt) Close() {
+	n.closeWgTunnel()
+	n.closeClients()
+	if n.healthMonitor != nil {
+		n.healthMonitor.Stop()
+	}
+	if n.client != nil {
+		n.client.Close()
+	}
+}
+
+func generateChainId() string {
+	b := make([]byte, 8)
+	_, _ = rand.Read(b)
+	return hex.EncodeToString(b)
+}

newt/newt_test.go

@@ -1,10 +1,151 @@
-package main
+package newt
 
 import (
+	"context"
 	"net"
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"sync/atomic"
 	"testing"
+	"time"
 )
 
+func TestWatchBlueprintFile_WriteTriggersSend(t *testing.T) {
+	f, err := os.CreateTemp(t.TempDir(), "blueprint-*.yaml")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	f.Close()
+
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
+	defer cancel()
+
+	var calls atomic.Int32
+	go watchBlueprintFile(ctx, f.Name(), func() error {
+		calls.Add(1)
+		return nil
+	})
+
+	time.Sleep(50 * time.Millisecond)
+
+	if err := os.WriteFile(f.Name(), []byte("content"), 0644); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	time.Sleep(700 * time.Millisecond)
+
+	if calls.Load() != 1 {
+		t.Errorf("expected 1 send call, got %d", calls.Load())
+	}
+}
+
+func TestWatchBlueprintFile_DebounceCoalescesEvents(t *testing.T) {
+	f, err := os.CreateTemp(t.TempDir(), "blueprint-*.yaml")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	f.Close()
+
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
+	defer cancel()
+
+	var calls atomic.Int32
+	go watchBlueprintFile(ctx, f.Name(), func() error {
+		calls.Add(1)
+		return nil
+	})
+
+	time.Sleep(50 * time.Millisecond)
+
+	for i := 0; i < 5; i++ {
+		if err := os.WriteFile(f.Name(), []byte("change"), 0644); err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		time.Sleep(50 * time.Millisecond)
+	}
+
+	time.Sleep(700 * time.Millisecond)
+
+	if calls.Load() != 1 {
+		t.Errorf("expected 1 send call after debounce, got %d", calls.Load())
+	}
+}
+
+func TestWatchBlueprintFile_ContextCancellationStops(t *testing.T) {
+	f, err := os.CreateTemp(t.TempDir(), "blueprint-*.yaml")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	f.Close()
+
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
+
+	done := make(chan struct{})
+	go func() {
+		watchBlueprintFile(ctx, f.Name(), func() error { return nil })
+		close(done)
+	}()
+
+	time.Sleep(50 * time.Millisecond)
+	cancel()
+
+	select {
+	case <-done:
+	case <-time.After(2 * time.Second):
+		t.Error("watchBlueprintFile did not exit after context cancellation")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestWatchBlueprintFile_AtomicWriteTriggersSend(t *testing.T) {
+	dir := t.TempDir()
+	target := filepath.Join(dir, "blueprint.yaml")
+	if err := os.WriteFile(target, []byte("initial"), 0644); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
+	defer cancel()
+
+	var calls atomic.Int32
+	go watchBlueprintFile(ctx, target, func() error {
+		calls.Add(1)
+		return nil
+	})
+
+	time.Sleep(50 * time.Millisecond)
+
+	tmp := filepath.Join(dir, "blueprint.yaml.tmp")
+	if err := os.WriteFile(tmp, []byte("updated"), 0644); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if err := os.Rename(tmp, target); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	time.Sleep(700 * time.Millisecond)
+
+	if calls.Load() < 1 {
+		t.Errorf("expected at least 1 send call after atomic write, got %d", calls.Load())
+	}
+}
+
+func TestWatchBlueprintFile_MissingFileReturnsGracefully(t *testing.T) {
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
+	defer cancel()
+
+	done := make(chan struct{})
+	go func() {
+		watchBlueprintFile(ctx, "/nonexistent/path/blueprint.yaml", func() error { return nil })
+		close(done)
+	}()
+
+	select {
+	case <-done:
+	case <-time.After(2 * time.Second):
+		t.Error("watchBlueprintFile did not return for missing file")
+	}
+}
+
 func TestParseTargetString(t *testing.T) {
 	tests := []struct {
 		name           string
@@ -13,7 +154,6 @@ func TestParseTargetString(t *testing.T) {
 		wantTargetAddr string
 		wantErr        bool
 	}{
-		// IPv4 test cases
 		{
 			name:           "valid IPv4 basic",
 			input:          "3001:192.168.1.1:80",
@@ -35,8 +175,6 @@ func TestParseTargetString(t *testing.T) {
 			wantTargetAddr: "10.0.0.1:443",
 			wantErr:        false,
 		},
-
-		// IPv6 test cases
 		{
 			name:           "valid IPv6 loopback",
 			input:          "3001:[::1]:8080",
@@ -72,8 +210,6 @@ func TestParseTargetString(t *testing.T) {
 			wantTargetAddr: "[::ffff:192.168.1.1]:6000",
 			wantErr:        false,
 		},
-
-		// Hostname test cases
 		{
 			name:           "valid hostname",
 			input:          "8080:example.com:80",
@@ -95,8 +231,6 @@ func TestParseTargetString(t *testing.T) {
 			wantTargetAddr: "localhost:3000",
 			wantErr:        false,
 		},
-
-		// Error cases
 		{
 			name:    "invalid - no colons",
 			input:   "invalid",
@@ -169,7 +303,7 @@ func TestParseTargetString(t *testing.T) {
 			}
 
 			if tt.wantErr {
-				return // Don't check other values if we expected an error
+				return
 			}
 
 			if listenPort != tt.wantListenPort {
@@ -183,7 +317,6 @@ func TestParseTargetString(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
-// TestParseTargetStringNetDialCompatibility verifies that the output is compatible with net.Dial
 func TestParseTargetStringNetDialCompatibility(t *testing.T) {
 	tests := []struct {
 		name  string
@@ -201,8 +334,6 @@ func TestParseTargetStringNetDialCompatibility(t *testing.T) {
 				t.Fatalf("parseTargetString(%q) unexpected error: %v", tt.input, err)
 			}
 
-			// Verify the format is valid for net.Dial by checking it can be split back
-			// This doesn't actually dial, just validates the format
 			_, _, err = net.SplitHostPort(targetAddr)
 			if err != nil {
 				t.Errorf("parseTargetString(%q) produced invalid net.Dial format %q: %v", tt.input, targetAddr, err)
@@ -210,3 +341,31 @@ func TestParseTargetStringNetDialCompatibility(t *testing.T) {
 		})
 	}
 }
+
+// TestShouldFireRecovery is the regression guard for the broken trigger gate
+// that prevented data-plane recovery from ever firing under default settings
+// (fosrl/newt#284, #310, pangolin#1004).
+func TestShouldFireRecovery(t *testing.T) {
+	const threshold = 4
+	cases := []struct {
+		name           string
+		failures       int
+		connectionLost bool
+		want           bool
+	}{
+		{"below threshold, fresh", 3, false, false},
+		{"below threshold, already lost", 3, true, false},
+		{"at threshold, fresh — recovery must fire", threshold, false, true},
+		{"at threshold, already lost — gate prevents re-fire", threshold, true, false},
+		{"far above threshold, fresh", 100, false, true},
+		{"far above threshold, already lost", 100, true, false},
+	}
+	for _, c := range cases {
+		t.Run(c.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			if got := shouldFireRecovery(c.failures, threshold, c.connectionLost); got != c.want {
+				t.Errorf("shouldFireRecovery(failures=%d, threshold=%d, lost=%v) = %v, want %v",
+					c.failures, threshold, c.connectionLost, got, c.want)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}

newt/ping.go

@@ -0,0 +1,339 @@
+package newt
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"math/rand"
+	"os"
+	"os/exec"
+	"runtime"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/fosrl/newt/internal/telemetry"
+	"github.com/fosrl/newt/logger"
+	"golang.org/x/net/icmp"
+	"golang.org/x/net/ipv4"
+	"golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard/tun/netstack"
+)
+
+type pingFunc func(dst string, timeout time.Duration) (time.Duration, error)
+
+const msgHealthFileWriteFailed = "Failed to write health file: %v"
+
+func pingNative(dst string, timeout time.Duration) (time.Duration, error) {
+	timeoutSecs := int(timeout.Seconds())
+	if timeoutSecs < 1 {
+		timeoutSecs = 1
+	}
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), timeout+time.Second)
+	defer cancel()
+
+	var cmd *exec.Cmd
+	switch runtime.GOOS {
+	case "windows":
+		cmd = exec.CommandContext(ctx, "ping", "-n", "1", "-w", fmt.Sprintf("%d", int(timeout.Milliseconds())), dst)
+	case "darwin":
+		cmd = exec.CommandContext(ctx, "ping", "-c", "1", "-W", fmt.Sprintf("%d", int(timeout.Milliseconds())), dst)
+	default:
+		cmd = exec.CommandContext(ctx, "ping", "-c", "1", "-W", fmt.Sprintf("%d", timeoutSecs), dst)
+	}
+
+	start := time.Now()
+	if err := cmd.Run(); err != nil {
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("native ping to %s failed: %w", dst, err)
+	}
+	return time.Since(start), nil
+}
+
+func ping(tnet *netstack.Net, dst string, timeout time.Duration) (time.Duration, error) {
+	socket, err := tnet.Dial("ping4", dst)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("failed to create ICMP socket: %w", err)
+	}
+	defer socket.Close()
+
+	if tcpConn, ok := socket.(interface{ SetReadBuffer(int) error }); ok {
+		tcpConn.SetReadBuffer(64 * 1024)
+	}
+	if tcpConn, ok := socket.(interface{ SetWriteBuffer(int) error }); ok {
+		tcpConn.SetWriteBuffer(64 * 1024)
+	}
+
+	requestPing := icmp.Echo{
+		Seq:  rand.Intn(1 << 16),
+		Data: []byte("newtping"),
+	}
+
+	icmpBytes, err := (&icmp.Message{Type: ipv4.ICMPTypeEcho, Code: 0, Body: &requestPing}).Marshal(nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("failed to marshal ICMP message: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	if err := socket.SetReadDeadline(time.Now().Add(timeout)); err != nil {
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("failed to set read deadline: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	start := time.Now()
+	_, err = socket.Write(icmpBytes)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("failed to write ICMP packet: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	readBuffer := make([]byte, 1500)
+	n, err := socket.Read(readBuffer)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("failed to read ICMP packet: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	replyPacket, err := icmp.ParseMessage(1, readBuffer[:n])
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("failed to parse ICMP packet: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	replyPing, ok := replyPacket.Body.(*icmp.Echo)
+	if !ok {
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("invalid reply type: got %T, want *icmp.Echo", replyPacket.Body)
+	}
+
+	if !bytes.Equal(replyPing.Data, requestPing.Data) || replyPing.Seq != requestPing.Seq {
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("invalid ping reply: got seq=%d data=%q, want seq=%d data=%q",
+			replyPing.Seq, replyPing.Data, requestPing.Seq, requestPing.Data)
+	}
+
+	return time.Since(start), nil
+}
+
+func reliablePing(fn pingFunc, dst string, baseTimeout time.Duration, maxAttempts int) (time.Duration, error) {
+	var lastErr error
+	var totalLatency time.Duration
+	successCount := 0
+
+	for attempt := 1; attempt <= maxAttempts; attempt++ {
+		timeout := baseTimeout + time.Duration(attempt-1)*500*time.Millisecond
+		jitter := time.Duration(rand.Intn(100)) * time.Millisecond
+		timeout += jitter
+
+		latency, err := fn(dst, timeout)
+		if err != nil {
+			lastErr = err
+			logger.Debug("Ping attempt %d/%d failed: %v", attempt, maxAttempts, err)
+
+			if attempt < maxAttempts {
+				backoff := time.Duration(attempt) * 50 * time.Millisecond
+				time.Sleep(backoff)
+			}
+			continue
+		}
+
+		totalLatency += latency
+		successCount++
+		return totalLatency / time.Duration(successCount), nil
+	}
+
+	return 0, fmt.Errorf("all %d ping attempts failed, last error: %v", maxAttempts, lastErr)
+}
+
+// shouldFireRecovery decides whether the data-plane recovery flow should run on
+// this tick. See startPingCheck for the rationale behind separating recovery
+// from the backoff ramp.
+func shouldFireRecovery(consecutiveFailures, failureThreshold int, connectionLost bool) bool {
+	return consecutiveFailures >= failureThreshold && !connectionLost
+}
+
+func (n *Newt) pingWithRetry(fn pingFunc, dst string, timeout time.Duration) (stopChan chan struct{}, err error) {
+	if n.config.HealthFile != "" {
+		err = os.Remove(n.config.HealthFile)
+		if err != nil {
+			logger.Error("Failed to remove health file: %v", err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	const (
+		initialRetryDelay = 2 * time.Second
+		maxRetryDelay     = 60 * time.Second
+	)
+
+	stopChan = make(chan struct{})
+	attempt := 1
+	retryDelay := initialRetryDelay
+
+	logger.Debug("Ping attempt %d", attempt)
+	if latency, err := fn(dst, timeout); err == nil {
+		logger.Debug("Ping latency: %v", latency)
+		logger.Info("Tunnel connection to server established successfully!")
+		if n.config.HealthFile != "" {
+			if err := os.WriteFile(n.config.HealthFile, []byte("ok"), 0644); err != nil {
+				logger.Warn(msgHealthFileWriteFailed, err)
+			}
+		}
+		return stopChan, nil
+	} else {
+		logger.Warn("Ping attempt %d failed: %v", attempt, err)
+	}
+
+	go func() {
+		attempt = 2
+
+		for {
+			select {
+			case <-stopChan:
+				return
+			default:
+				logger.Debug("Ping attempt %d", attempt)
+
+				if latency, err := fn(dst, timeout); err != nil {
+					logger.Warn("Ping attempt %d failed: %v", attempt, err)
+
+					if attempt%5 == 0 && retryDelay < maxRetryDelay {
+						retryDelay = time.Duration(float64(retryDelay) * 1.5)
+						if retryDelay > maxRetryDelay {
+							retryDelay = maxRetryDelay
+						}
+						logger.Info("Increasing ping retry delay to %v", retryDelay)
+					}
+
+					time.Sleep(retryDelay)
+					attempt++
+				} else {
+					logger.Debug("Ping succeeded after %d attempts", attempt)
+					logger.Debug("Ping latency: %v", latency)
+					logger.Info("Tunnel connection to server established successfully!")
+					if n.config.HealthFile != "" {
+						if err := os.WriteFile(n.config.HealthFile, []byte("ok"), 0644); err != nil {
+							logger.Warn(msgHealthFileWriteFailed, err)
+						}
+					}
+					return
+				}
+			case <-n.pingStopChan:
+				return
+			}
+		}
+	}()
+
+	return stopChan, fmt.Errorf("initial ping attempts failed, continuing in background")
+}
+
+func (n *Newt) startPingCheck(fn pingFunc, serverIP, tunnelID string) chan struct{} {
+	maxInterval := 6 * time.Second
+	currentInterval := n.config.PingInterval
+	consecutiveFailures := 0
+	connectionLost := false
+
+	recentLatencies := make([]time.Duration, 0, 10)
+
+	pingStopChan := make(chan struct{})
+
+	go func() {
+		ticker := time.NewTicker(currentInterval)
+		defer ticker.Stop()
+		for {
+			select {
+			case <-ticker.C:
+				adaptiveTimeout := n.config.PingTimeout
+				if len(recentLatencies) > 0 {
+					var sum time.Duration
+					for _, lat := range recentLatencies {
+						sum += lat
+					}
+					avgLatency := sum / time.Duration(len(recentLatencies))
+					adaptiveTimeout = avgLatency * 3
+					if adaptiveTimeout < n.config.PingTimeout {
+						adaptiveTimeout = n.config.PingTimeout
+					}
+					if adaptiveTimeout > 15*time.Second {
+						adaptiveTimeout = 15 * time.Second
+					}
+				}
+
+				maxAttempts := 2
+				if consecutiveFailures > 4 {
+					maxAttempts = 4
+				}
+
+				latency, err := reliablePing(fn, serverIP, adaptiveTimeout, maxAttempts)
+				if err != nil {
+					consecutiveFailures++
+
+					recentLatencies = append(recentLatencies, adaptiveTimeout)
+					if len(recentLatencies) > 10 {
+						recentLatencies = recentLatencies[1:]
+					}
+
+					if consecutiveFailures < 2 {
+						logger.Debug("Periodic ping failed (%d consecutive failures): %v", consecutiveFailures, err)
+					} else {
+						logger.Warn("Periodic ping failed (%d consecutive failures): %v", consecutiveFailures, err)
+					}
+
+					failureThreshold := 4
+					if shouldFireRecovery(consecutiveFailures, failureThreshold, connectionLost) {
+						connectionLost = true
+						logger.Warn("Connection to server lost after %d failures. Continuous reconnection attempts will be made.", consecutiveFailures)
+						if tunnelID != "" {
+							telemetry.IncReconnect(context.Background(), tunnelID, "client", telemetry.ReasonTimeout)
+						}
+						pingChainId := generateChainId()
+						n.pendingPingChainId = pingChainId
+						n.stopFunc = n.client.SendMessageInterval("newt/ping/request", map[string]interface{}{
+							"chainId": pingChainId,
+						}, 3*time.Second)
+						bcChainId := generateChainId()
+						n.pendingRegisterChainId = bcChainId
+						if err := n.client.SendMessage("newt/wg/register", map[string]interface{}{
+							"publicKey":           n.publicKey.String(),
+							"backwardsCompatible": true,
+							"chainId":             bcChainId,
+						}); err != nil {
+							logger.Error("Failed to send registration message: %v", err)
+						}
+						if n.config.HealthFile != "" {
+							if err := os.Remove(n.config.HealthFile); err != nil {
+								logger.Error("Failed to remove health file: %v", err)
+							}
+						}
+					}
+					if consecutiveFailures >= failureThreshold && currentInterval < maxInterval {
+						currentInterval = time.Duration(float64(currentInterval) * 1.3)
+						if currentInterval > maxInterval {
+							currentInterval = maxInterval
+						}
+					}
+				} else {
+					recentLatencies = append(recentLatencies, latency)
+					if tunnelID != "" {
+						telemetry.ObserveTunnelLatency(context.Background(), tunnelID, "wireguard", latency.Seconds())
+					}
+					if len(recentLatencies) > 10 {
+						recentLatencies = recentLatencies[1:]
+					}
+
+					if connectionLost {
+						connectionLost = false
+						logger.Info("Connection to server restored after %d failures!", consecutiveFailures)
+						if n.config.HealthFile != "" {
+							if err := os.WriteFile(n.config.HealthFile, []byte("ok"), 0644); err != nil {
+								logger.Warn("Failed to write health file: %v", err)
+							}
+						}
+					}
+					if currentInterval > n.config.PingInterval {
+						currentInterval = time.Duration(float64(currentInterval) * 0.9)
+						if currentInterval < n.config.PingInterval {
+							currentInterval = n.config.PingInterval
+						}
+						ticker.Reset(currentInterval)
+						logger.Debug("Decreased ping check interval to %v after successful ping", currentInterval)
+					}
+					consecutiveFailures = 0
+				}
+			case <-pingStopChan:
+				logger.Info("Stopping ping check")
+				return
+			}
+		}
+	}()
+
+	return pingStopChan
+}

newt/targets.go

@@ -0,0 +1,150 @@
+package newt
+
+import (
+	"encoding/json"
+	"fmt"
+	"net"
+	"os/exec"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/fosrl/newt/logger"
+	"github.com/fosrl/newt/proxy"
+)
+
+func parseTargetData(data interface{}) (TargetData, error) {
+	var targetData TargetData
+	jsonData, err := json.Marshal(data)
+	if err != nil {
+		logger.Info("Error marshaling data: %v", err)
+		return targetData, err
+	}
+
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(jsonData, &targetData); err != nil {
+		logger.Info("Error unmarshaling target data: %v", err)
+		return targetData, err
+	}
+	return targetData, nil
+}
+
+// parseTargetString parses "listenPort:host:targetPort", handling IPv6 brackets.
+func parseTargetString(target string) (int, string, error) {
+	firstColon := strings.Index(target, ":")
+	if firstColon == -1 {
+		return 0, "", fmt.Errorf("invalid target format, no colon found: %s", target)
+	}
+
+	listenPortStr := target[:firstColon]
+	var listenPort int
+	_, err := fmt.Sscanf(listenPortStr, "%d", &listenPort)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, "", fmt.Errorf("invalid listen port: %s", listenPortStr)
+	}
+	if listenPort <= 0 || listenPort > 65535 {
+		return 0, "", fmt.Errorf("listen port out of range: %d", listenPort)
+	}
+
+	remainder := target[firstColon+1:]
+	host, targetPort, err := net.SplitHostPort(remainder)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, "", fmt.Errorf("invalid host:port format '%s': %w", remainder, err)
+	}
+
+	if host == "" {
+		return 0, "", fmt.Errorf("empty host in target: %s", target)
+	}
+	if targetPort == "" {
+		return 0, "", fmt.Errorf("empty target port in target: %s", target)
+	}
+
+	return listenPort, net.JoinHostPort(host, targetPort), nil
+}
+
+func (n *Newt) updateTargets(pm *proxy.ProxyManager, action string, tunnelIP string, proto string, targetData TargetData) error {
+	for _, t := range targetData.Targets {
+		port, target, err := parseTargetString(t)
+		if err != nil {
+			logger.Info("Invalid target format: %s (%v)", t, err)
+			continue
+		}
+
+		switch action {
+		case "add":
+			processedTarget := target
+			if n.config.UpdownScript != "" {
+				newTarget, err := n.executeUpdownScript(action, proto, target)
+				if err != nil {
+					logger.Warn("Updown script error: %v", err)
+				} else if newTarget != "" {
+					processedTarget = newTarget
+				}
+			}
+
+			err := pm.RemoveTarget(proto, tunnelIP, port)
+			if err != nil {
+				if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "target not found") {
+					logger.Error("Failed to remove existing target: %v", err)
+				}
+			}
+
+			pm.AddTarget(proto, tunnelIP, port, processedTarget)
+
+		case "remove":
+			logger.Info("Removing target with port %d", port)
+
+			if n.config.UpdownScript != "" {
+				_, err := n.executeUpdownScript(action, proto, target)
+				if err != nil {
+					logger.Warn("Updown script error: %v", err)
+				}
+			}
+
+			err = pm.RemoveTarget(proto, tunnelIP, port)
+			if err != nil {
+				logger.Error("Failed to remove target: %v", err)
+				return err
+			}
+		default:
+			logger.Info("Unknown action: %s", action)
+		}
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (n *Newt) executeUpdownScript(action, proto, target string) (string, error) {
+	if n.config.UpdownScript == "" {
+		return target, nil
+	}
+
+	parts := strings.Fields(n.config.UpdownScript)
+	if len(parts) == 0 {
+		return target, fmt.Errorf("invalid updown script command")
+	}
+
+	var cmd *exec.Cmd
+	if len(parts) == 1 {
+		logger.Info("Executing updown script: %s %s %s %s", n.config.UpdownScript, action, proto, target)
+		cmd = exec.Command(parts[0], action, proto, target)
+	} else {
+		args := append(parts[1:], action, proto, target)
+		logger.Info("Executing updown script: %s %s %s %s %s", parts[0], strings.Join(parts[1:], " "), action, proto, target)
+		cmd = exec.Command(parts[0], args...)
+	}
+
+	output, err := cmd.Output()
+	if err != nil {
+		if exitErr, ok := err.(*exec.ExitError); ok {
+			return "", fmt.Errorf("updown script execution failed (exit code %d): %s",
+				exitErr.ExitCode(), string(exitErr.Stderr))
+		}
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("updown script execution failed: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	newTarget := strings.TrimSpace(string(output))
+	if newTarget != "" {
+		logger.Info("Updown script returned new target: %s", newTarget)
+		return newTarget, nil
+	}
+
+	return target, nil
+}

newt/tunnel.go

@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+package newt
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+
+	"github.com/fosrl/newt/logger"
+	"github.com/fosrl/newt/network"
+	"github.com/fosrl/newt/util"
+)
+
+// updateRemoteExitNodeSubnets replaces the set of active remote exit node
+// subnets with the given list, updating WireGuard AllowedIPs and native
+// routes to match.
+func (n *Newt) updateRemoteExitNodeSubnets(subnets []string) {
+	if n.config.UseNativeMainInterface && len(n.activeRemoteSubnets) > 0 {
+		toRemove := make([]string, 0)
+		newSet := make(map[string]bool, len(subnets))
+		for _, s := range subnets {
+			newSet[s] = true
+		}
+		for _, s := range n.activeRemoteSubnets {
+			if !newSet[s] {
+				toRemove = append(toRemove, s)
+			}
+		}
+		if len(toRemove) > 0 {
+			if err := network.RemoveRoutes(toRemove, n.config.NativeMainInterfaceName); err != nil {
+				logger.Warn("Failed to remove old subnet routes: %v", err)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	if n.dev != nil && n.wgData.PublicKey != "" {
+		lines := fmt.Sprintf("public_key=%s\nreplace_allowed_ips=true\nallowed_ip=%s/32",
+			util.FixKey(n.wgData.PublicKey), n.wgData.ServerIP)
+		for _, s := range subnets {
+			lines += "\nallowed_ip=" + s
+		}
+		if err := n.dev.IpcSet(lines); err != nil {
+			logger.Warn("Failed to update WireGuard AllowedIPs: %v", err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	if n.config.UseNativeMainInterface && len(subnets) > 0 {
+		existing := make(map[string]bool, len(n.activeRemoteSubnets))
+		for _, s := range n.activeRemoteSubnets {
+			existing[s] = true
+		}
+		toAdd := make([]string, 0)
+		for _, s := range subnets {
+			if !existing[s] {
+				toAdd = append(toAdd, s)
+			}
+		}
+		if len(toAdd) > 0 {
+			if err := network.AddRoutes(toAdd, n.config.NativeMainInterfaceName); err != nil {
+				logger.Warn("Failed to add new subnet routes: %v", err)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	n.activeRemoteSubnets = append([]string{}, subnets...)
+	logger.Info("Updated remote exit node subnets: %d total", len(subnets))
+}
+
+func (n *Newt) closeWgTunnel() {
+	if n.pingStopChan != nil {
+		close(n.pingStopChan)
+		n.pingStopChan = nil
+	}
+
+	if n.browserGatewayStop != nil {
+		n.browserGatewayStop()
+		n.browserGatewayStop = nil
+		n.browserGateway = nil
+	}
+
+	if n.pm != nil {
+		n.pm.Stop()
+		n.currentPM.Store(nil)
+		n.pm = nil
+	}
+
+	if n.config.UseNativeMainInterface {
+		toRemove := make([]string, 0, len(n.activeRemoteSubnets)+1)
+		if n.wgData.ServerIP != "" {
+			toRemove = append(toRemove, n.wgData.ServerIP+"/32")
+		}
+		toRemove = append(toRemove, n.activeRemoteSubnets...)
+		if len(toRemove) > 0 {
+			if err := network.RemoveRoutes(toRemove, n.config.NativeMainInterfaceName); err != nil {
+				logger.Warn("Failed to remove native main tunnel routes: %v", err)
+			}
+		}
+		n.activeRemoteSubnets = nil
+	}
+
+	if n.dev != nil {
+		n.dev.Close()
+		n.dev = nil
+	}
+
+	if n.tnet != nil {
+		n.tnet = nil
+	}
+	if n.tun != nil {
+		n.tun = nil
+	}
+}

newt/types.go

@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+package newt
+
+import (
+	wgclients "github.com/fosrl/newt/clients"
+	"github.com/fosrl/newt/exitnode"
+	"github.com/fosrl/newt/healthcheck"
+)
+
+type BrowserGatewayTarget struct {
+	ID              int    `json:"id"`
+	Type            string `json:"type"`
+	Destination     string `json:"destination"`
+	DestinationPort int    `json:"destinationPort"`
+	AuthToken       string `json:"authToken"`
+}
+
+type WgData struct {
+	Endpoint              string                 `json:"endpoint"`
+	RelayPort             uint16                 `json:"relayPort"`
+	PublicKey             string                 `json:"publicKey"`
+	ServerIP              string                 `json:"serverIP"`
+	TunnelIP              string                 `json:"tunnelIP"`
+	Targets               TargetsByType          `json:"targets"`
+	HealthCheckTargets    []healthcheck.Config   `json:"healthCheckTargets"`
+	BrowserGatewayTargets []BrowserGatewayTarget `json:"browserGatewayTargets"`
+	RemoteExitNodeSubnets []string               `json:"remoteExitNodeSubnets"`
+	ChainId               string                 `json:"chainId"`
+}
+
+type TargetsByType struct {
+	UDP []string `json:"udp"`
+	TCP []string `json:"tcp"`
+}
+
+type TargetData struct {
+	Targets []string `json:"targets"`
+}
+
+// ExitNodeData, ExitNode and ExitNodePingResult are aliases for the shared
+// exit-node ping dance types in package exitnode, kept here so existing code
+// in this package can keep referring to them unqualified.
+type (
+	ExitNodeData       = exitnode.ExitNodeData
+	ExitNode           = exitnode.ExitNode
+	ExitNodePingResult = exitnode.ExitNodePingResult
+)
+
+type BlueprintResult struct {
+	Success bool   `json:"success"`
+	Message string `json:"message,omitempty"`
+}
+
+// Define the sync data structure
+type SyncData struct {
+	Targets               TargetsByType          `json:"proxyTargets"`
+	HealthCheckTargets    []healthcheck.Config   `json:"healthCheckTargets"`
+	RemoteExitNodeSubnets []string               `json:"remoteExitNodeSubnets"`
+	Peers                 []wgclients.Peer       `json:"peers"`
+	ClientTargets         []wgclients.Target     `json:"clientTargets"`
+	Certs                 []wgclients.CertData   `json:"certs"`
+	BrowserGatewayTargets []BrowserGatewayTarget `json:"browserGatewayTargets"`
+}

packages/advantech/.gitignore

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+.build
+*.tgz
+bin

packages/advantech/Makefile

@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+MODNAME     := newt
+VERSION     := 1.12.5
+RELEASE_URL := https://github.com/fosrl/newt/releases/download/$(VERSION)
+PLATFORM    ?= v4
+
+# Map Advantech platform to newt release binary name
+arch_v4  := arm64
+arch_v4i := arm64
+arch_v3  := arm32
+arch_v2  := arm32
+arch_v2i := arm32
+
+NEWT_ARCH := $(arch_$(PLATFORM))
+ifeq ($(NEWT_ARCH),)
+$(error Unknown platform '$(PLATFORM)'. Supported: v4, v4i, v3, v2, v2i)
+endif
+
+BINARY   := newt_linux_$(NEWT_ARCH)
+BINDIR   := bin
+OUTFILE  := $(MODNAME).$(PLATFORM).tgz
+STAGEDIR := .build/$(MODNAME)
+
+.PHONY: all clean
+
+all: $(OUTFILE)
+
+# Cache the downloaded binary in bin/ (re-download only if missing)
+$(BINDIR)/$(BINARY):
+	mkdir -p $(BINDIR)
+	@echo "Downloading $(BINARY) $(VERSION) for platform $(PLATFORM)..."
+	wget -q -O $@ "$(RELEASE_URL)/$(BINARY)" 2>/dev/null || \
+		curl -fsSL -o $@ "$(RELEASE_URL)/$(BINARY)"
+	chmod +x $@
+	@echo "Binary ready: $@"
+
+# Build the package
+$(OUTFILE): $(BINDIR)/$(BINARY) $(shell find merge -type f 2>/dev/null)
+	@rm -rf $(STAGEDIR)
+	@mkdir -p $(STAGEDIR)/bin
+	@cp $(BINDIR)/$(BINARY) $(STAGEDIR)/bin/newt
+	@chmod +x $(STAGEDIR)/bin/newt
+	@cp -r merge/. $(STAGEDIR)/
+	@chmod +x \
+		$(STAGEDIR)/etc/init \
+		$(STAGEDIR)/etc/install \
+		$(STAGEDIR)/etc/uninstall \
+		$(STAGEDIR)/www/index.cgi
+	tar -c --owner=0 --group=0 --mtime="2001-01-01 UTC" \
+		-C .build $(MODNAME) | gzip -n > $@
+	@echo "Created: $@"
+
+clean:
+	rm -rf .build $(MODNAME).*.tgz
+	@echo "Cleaned."

packages/advantech/merge/etc/defaults

@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+MOD_PANGOLIN_SITE_ENABLED=0
+MOD_PANGOLIN_SITE_ENDPOINT=
+MOD_PANGOLIN_SITE_ID=
+MOD_PANGOLIN_SITE_SECRET=
+
+# Core networking
+MOD_PANGOLIN_SITE_MTU=
+MOD_PANGOLIN_SITE_DNS=
+MOD_PANGOLIN_SITE_INTERFACE=
+MOD_PANGOLIN_SITE_PORT=
+MOD_PANGOLIN_SITE_UPDOWN_SCRIPT=
+MOD_PANGOLIN_SITE_PREFER_ENDPOINT=
+
+# Logging
+MOD_PANGOLIN_SITE_LOG_LEVEL=
+
+# Behavior toggles (true/false)
+MOD_PANGOLIN_SITE_DISABLE_CLIENTS=
+MOD_PANGOLIN_SITE_USE_NATIVE_INTERFACE=
+MOD_PANGOLIN_SITE_ENFORCE_HC_CERT=
+MOD_PANGOLIN_SITE_NO_CLOUD=
+
+# Timers
+MOD_PANGOLIN_SITE_PING_INTERVAL=
+MOD_PANGOLIN_SITE_PING_TIMEOUT=
+MOD_PANGOLIN_SITE_UDP_PROXY_IDLE_TIMEOUT=
+
+# Docker integration
+MOD_PANGOLIN_SITE_DOCKER_SOCKET=
+MOD_PANGOLIN_SITE_DOCKER_ENFORCE_NETWORK_VALIDATION=
+
+# Health / files
+MOD_PANGOLIN_SITE_HEALTH_FILE=
+MOD_PANGOLIN_SITE_BLUEPRINT_FILE=
+MOD_PANGOLIN_SITE_PROVISIONING_BLUEPRINT_FILE=
+MOD_PANGOLIN_SITE_CONFIG_FILE=
+
+# Provisioning
+MOD_PANGOLIN_SITE_PROVISIONING_KEY=
+MOD_PANGOLIN_SITE_NAME=
+
+# Auth daemon
+MOD_PANGOLIN_SITE_AUTH_DAEMON_ENABLED=
+MOD_PANGOLIN_SITE_AD_GENERATE_RANDOM_PASSWORD=
+MOD_PANGOLIN_SITE_AD_KEY=
+MOD_PANGOLIN_SITE_AD_PRINCIPALS_FILE=
+MOD_PANGOLIN_SITE_AD_CA_CERT_PATH=
+
+# Metrics / observability
+MOD_PANGOLIN_SITE_METRICS_PROMETHEUS_ENABLED=
+MOD_PANGOLIN_SITE_METRICS_OTLP_ENABLED=
+MOD_PANGOLIN_SITE_ADMIN_ADDR=
+MOD_PANGOLIN_SITE_REGION=
+MOD_PANGOLIN_SITE_METRICS_ASYNC_BYTES=
+MOD_PANGOLIN_SITE_PPROF_ENABLED=
+
+# mTLS
+MOD_PANGOLIN_SITE_TLS_CLIENT_CERT=
+MOD_PANGOLIN_SITE_TLS_CLIENT_KEY=
+MOD_PANGOLIN_SITE_TLS_CLIENT_CAS=
+MOD_PANGOLIN_SITE_TLS_CLIENT_CERT_PKCS12=

packages/advantech/merge/etc/description

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+Pangolin Site (newt) is a WireGuard-based tunnel client that connects this router to a
+Pangolin server, enabling secure remote access to local resources without opening
+firewall ports. Configure the server endpoint, ID, and secret via the web
+interface to establish the tunnel automatically on startup.

packages/advantech/merge/etc/init

@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+
+MODNAME=newt
+PIDFILE=/tmp/newt.pid
+LOGFILE=/tmp/newt.log
+
+set_setting_raw() {
+    key="$1"
+    value="$2"
+    [ -f "/opt/$MODNAME/etc/settings" ] || cp "/opt/$MODNAME/etc/defaults" "/opt/$MODNAME/etc/settings" 2>/dev/null
+    awk -v k="$key" -v v="$value" '
+        BEGIN { done=0 }
+        index($0, k "=") == 1 { print k "=" v; done=1; next }
+        { print }
+        END { if (!done) print k "=" v }
+    ' "/opt/$MODNAME/etc/settings" > "/tmp/${MODNAME}.settings.tmp" && mv "/tmp/${MODNAME}.settings.tmp" "/opt/$MODNAME/etc/settings"
+}
+
+/usr/bin/logger -t $MODNAME "DEBUG: $0 $@"
+
+case "$1" in
+    start)
+        . /opt/$MODNAME/etc/settings
+        if [ "$MOD_PANGOLIN_SITE_ENABLED" != "1" ]; then
+            echo "$MODNAME is disabled in settings, skipping start"
+            exit 0
+        fi
+        if [ -f "$PIDFILE" ] && kill -0 "$(cat "$PIDFILE" 2>/dev/null)" 2>/dev/null; then
+            echo "$MODNAME is already running (PID: $(cat "$PIDFILE"))"
+            exit 0
+        fi
+
+        # Starting newt implies enable at boot.
+        set_setting_raw "MOD_PANGOLIN_SITE_ENABLED" "1"
+
+        # Map module settings to Newt environment variables.
+        [ -n "$MOD_PANGOLIN_SITE_ENDPOINT" ] && export PANGOLIN_ENDPOINT="$MOD_PANGOLIN_SITE_ENDPOINT"
+        [ -n "$MOD_PANGOLIN_SITE_ID" ] && export NEWT_ID="$MOD_PANGOLIN_SITE_ID"
+        [ -n "$MOD_PANGOLIN_SITE_SECRET" ] && export NEWT_SECRET="$MOD_PANGOLIN_SITE_SECRET"
+        [ -n "$MOD_PANGOLIN_SITE_MTU" ] && export MTU="$MOD_PANGOLIN_SITE_MTU"
+        [ -n "$MOD_PANGOLIN_SITE_DNS" ] && export DNS="$MOD_PANGOLIN_SITE_DNS"
+        [ -n "$MOD_PANGOLIN_SITE_LOG_LEVEL" ] && export LOG_LEVEL="$MOD_PANGOLIN_SITE_LOG_LEVEL"
+        [ -n "$MOD_PANGOLIN_SITE_UPDOWN_SCRIPT" ] && export UPDOWN_SCRIPT="$MOD_PANGOLIN_SITE_UPDOWN_SCRIPT"
+        [ -n "$MOD_PANGOLIN_SITE_INTERFACE" ] && export INTERFACE="$MOD_PANGOLIN_SITE_INTERFACE"
+        [ -n "$MOD_PANGOLIN_SITE_PORT" ] && export PORT="$MOD_PANGOLIN_SITE_PORT"
+        [ -n "$MOD_PANGOLIN_SITE_DISABLE_CLIENTS" ] && export DISABLE_CLIENTS="$MOD_PANGOLIN_SITE_DISABLE_CLIENTS"
+        [ -n "$MOD_PANGOLIN_SITE_USE_NATIVE_INTERFACE" ] && export USE_NATIVE_INTERFACE="$MOD_PANGOLIN_SITE_USE_NATIVE_INTERFACE"
+        [ -n "$MOD_PANGOLIN_SITE_ENFORCE_HC_CERT" ] && export ENFORCE_HC_CERT="$MOD_PANGOLIN_SITE_ENFORCE_HC_CERT"
+        [ -n "$MOD_PANGOLIN_SITE_DOCKER_SOCKET" ] && export DOCKER_SOCKET="$MOD_PANGOLIN_SITE_DOCKER_SOCKET"
+        [ -n "$MOD_PANGOLIN_SITE_PING_INTERVAL" ] && export PING_INTERVAL="$MOD_PANGOLIN_SITE_PING_INTERVAL"
+        [ -n "$MOD_PANGOLIN_SITE_PING_TIMEOUT" ] && export PING_TIMEOUT="$MOD_PANGOLIN_SITE_PING_TIMEOUT"
+        [ -n "$MOD_PANGOLIN_SITE_UDP_PROXY_IDLE_TIMEOUT" ] && export NEWT_UDP_PROXY_IDLE_TIMEOUT="$MOD_PANGOLIN_SITE_UDP_PROXY_IDLE_TIMEOUT"
+        [ -n "$MOD_PANGOLIN_SITE_DOCKER_ENFORCE_NETWORK_VALIDATION" ] && export DOCKER_ENFORCE_NETWORK_VALIDATION="$MOD_PANGOLIN_SITE_DOCKER_ENFORCE_NETWORK_VALIDATION"
+        [ -n "$MOD_PANGOLIN_SITE_HEALTH_FILE" ] && export HEALTH_FILE="$MOD_PANGOLIN_SITE_HEALTH_FILE"
+        [ -n "$MOD_PANGOLIN_SITE_AUTH_DAEMON_ENABLED" ] && export AUTH_DAEMON_ENABLED="$MOD_PANGOLIN_SITE_AUTH_DAEMON_ENABLED"
+        [ -n "$MOD_PANGOLIN_SITE_AD_GENERATE_RANDOM_PASSWORD" ] && export AD_GENERATE_RANDOM_PASSWORD="$MOD_PANGOLIN_SITE_AD_GENERATE_RANDOM_PASSWORD"
+        [ -n "$MOD_PANGOLIN_SITE_AD_KEY" ] && export AD_KEY="$MOD_PANGOLIN_SITE_AD_KEY"
+        [ -n "$MOD_PANGOLIN_SITE_AD_PRINCIPALS_FILE" ] && export AD_PRINCIPALS_FILE="$MOD_PANGOLIN_SITE_AD_PRINCIPALS_FILE"
+        [ -n "$MOD_PANGOLIN_SITE_AD_CA_CERT_PATH" ] && export AD_CA_CERT_PATH="$MOD_PANGOLIN_SITE_AD_CA_CERT_PATH"
+        [ -n "$MOD_PANGOLIN_SITE_METRICS_PROMETHEUS_ENABLED" ] && export NEWT_METRICS_PROMETHEUS_ENABLED="$MOD_PANGOLIN_SITE_METRICS_PROMETHEUS_ENABLED"
+        [ -n "$MOD_PANGOLIN_SITE_METRICS_OTLP_ENABLED" ] && export NEWT_METRICS_OTLP_ENABLED="$MOD_PANGOLIN_SITE_METRICS_OTLP_ENABLED"
+        [ -n "$MOD_PANGOLIN_SITE_ADMIN_ADDR" ] && export NEWT_ADMIN_ADDR="$MOD_PANGOLIN_SITE_ADMIN_ADDR"
+        [ -n "$MOD_PANGOLIN_SITE_REGION" ] && export NEWT_REGION="$MOD_PANGOLIN_SITE_REGION"
+        [ -n "$MOD_PANGOLIN_SITE_METRICS_ASYNC_BYTES" ] && export NEWT_METRICS_ASYNC_BYTES="$MOD_PANGOLIN_SITE_METRICS_ASYNC_BYTES"
+        [ -n "$MOD_PANGOLIN_SITE_PPROF_ENABLED" ] && export NEWT_PPROF_ENABLED="$MOD_PANGOLIN_SITE_PPROF_ENABLED"
+        [ -n "$MOD_PANGOLIN_SITE_TLS_CLIENT_CERT" ] && export TLS_CLIENT_CERT="$MOD_PANGOLIN_SITE_TLS_CLIENT_CERT"
+        [ -n "$MOD_PANGOLIN_SITE_TLS_CLIENT_KEY" ] && export TLS_CLIENT_KEY="$MOD_PANGOLIN_SITE_TLS_CLIENT_KEY"
+        [ -n "$MOD_PANGOLIN_SITE_TLS_CLIENT_CAS" ] && export TLS_CLIENT_CAS="$MOD_PANGOLIN_SITE_TLS_CLIENT_CAS"
+        [ -n "$MOD_PANGOLIN_SITE_TLS_CLIENT_CERT_PKCS12" ] && export TLS_CLIENT_CERT_PKCS12="$MOD_PANGOLIN_SITE_TLS_CLIENT_CERT_PKCS12"
+        [ -n "$MOD_PANGOLIN_SITE_BLUEPRINT_FILE" ] && export BLUEPRINT_FILE="$MOD_PANGOLIN_SITE_BLUEPRINT_FILE"
+        [ -n "$MOD_PANGOLIN_SITE_PROVISIONING_BLUEPRINT_FILE" ] && export PROVISIONING_BLUEPRINT_FILE="$MOD_PANGOLIN_SITE_PROVISIONING_BLUEPRINT_FILE"
+        [ -n "$MOD_PANGOLIN_SITE_NO_CLOUD" ] && export NO_CLOUD="$MOD_PANGOLIN_SITE_NO_CLOUD"
+        [ -n "$MOD_PANGOLIN_SITE_PROVISIONING_KEY" ] && export NEWT_PROVISIONING_KEY="$MOD_PANGOLIN_SITE_PROVISIONING_KEY"
+        [ -n "$MOD_PANGOLIN_SITE_NAME" ] && export NEWT_NAME="$MOD_PANGOLIN_SITE_NAME"
+        [ -n "$MOD_PANGOLIN_SITE_CONFIG_FILE" ] && export CONFIG_FILE="$MOD_PANGOLIN_SITE_CONFIG_FILE"
+
+        export NEWT_SYSTEM_SUBSTRATE="ADVANTECH_ROUTER_APP"
+        export NEWT_PID_FILE="$PIDFILE"
+
+        echo "Starting $MODNAME..."
+        if [ -n "$MOD_PANGOLIN_SITE_PREFER_ENDPOINT" ]; then
+            /opt/$MODNAME/bin/newt --prefer-endpoint "$MOD_PANGOLIN_SITE_PREFER_ENDPOINT" >> "$LOGFILE" 2>&1 &
+        else
+            /opt/$MODNAME/bin/newt >> "$LOGFILE" 2>&1 &
+        fi
+        echo $! > "$PIDFILE"
+        echo "Started $MODNAME (PID: $(cat "$PIDFILE"))"
+        exit 0
+        ;;
+    stop)
+        echo "Stopping $MODNAME..."
+        if [ -f "$PIDFILE" ]; then
+            kill "$(cat "$PIDFILE" 2>/dev/null)" 2>/dev/null
+            rm -f "$PIDFILE"
+        fi
+        killall newt 2>/dev/null
+        # Stopping newt implies disable at boot.
+        set_setting_raw "MOD_PANGOLIN_SITE_ENABLED" "0"
+        echo "Stopped $MODNAME"
+        exit 0
+        ;;
+    restart)
+        $0 stop
+        sleep 1
+        # Restart should remain enabled after reboot.
+        set_setting_raw "MOD_PANGOLIN_SITE_ENABLED" "1"
+        $0 start
+        ;;
+    status)
+        if [ -f "$PIDFILE" ] && kill -0 "$(cat "$PIDFILE" 2>/dev/null)" 2>/dev/null; then
+            echo "$MODNAME is running (PID: $(cat "$PIDFILE"))"
+            exit 0
+        else
+            echo "$MODNAME is not running"
+            exit 1
+        fi
+        ;;
+    defaults)
+        cp /opt/$MODNAME/etc/defaults /opt/$MODNAME/etc/settings 2>/dev/null
+        ;;
+    *)
+        echo "Usage: $0 {start|stop|restart|status|defaults}"
+        exit 1
+esac

packages/advantech/merge/etc/install

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+
+MODNAME=newt
+
+# Ensure scripts are executable
+chmod +x /opt/$MODNAME/etc/init
+chmod +x /opt/$MODNAME/etc/install
+chmod +x /opt/$MODNAME/etc/uninstall
+chmod +x /opt/$MODNAME/bin/newt
+chmod +x /opt/$MODNAME/www/index.cgi
+
+# Secure the web interface with router authentication
+ln -sf /etc/htpasswd /opt/$MODNAME/www/.htpasswd
+
+exit 0

packages/advantech/merge/etc/name

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Pangolin Site

packages/advantech/merge/etc/summary

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Tunnel client for Pangolin secure remote access.

packages/advantech/merge/etc/uninstall

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+
+MODNAME=newt
+
+rm -f /opt/$MODNAME/www/.htpasswd
+rm -f /tmp/newt.pid
+rm -f /tmp/newt.log
+
+exit 0

packages/advantech/merge/etc/version

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+1.12.5

packages/advantech/merge/www/index.cgi

@@ -0,0 +1,282 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+
+MODNAME=newt
+SETTINGS=/opt/$MODNAME/etc/settings
+LOGFILE=/tmp/newt.log
+PIDFILE=/tmp/newt.pid
+
+# Escape special HTML characters
+htmlesc() {
+    printf '%s' "$1" | sed \
+        -e 's/&/\&/g' \
+        -e 's/</\&lt;/g' \
+        -e 's/>/\&gt;/g' \
+        -e 's/"/\&quot;/g'
+}
+
+# Decode URL-encoded form values (handles common chars in endpoints/ids/secrets)
+urldecode() {
+    printf '%s' "$1" | sed \
+        -e 's/+/ /g' \
+        -e 's/%3[Aa]/:/g' -e 's/%3[aa]/:/g' \
+        -e 's/%2[Ff]/\//g' -e 's/%2[ff]/\//g' \
+        -e 's/%40/@/g' \
+        -e 's/%2[Ee]/./g' \
+        -e 's/%2[Dd]/-/g' \
+        -e 's/%5[Ff]/_/g' \
+        -e 's/%3[Dd]/=/g' \
+        -e 's/%3[Ff]/?/g' \
+        -e 's/%23/#/g' \
+        -e 's/%25/%/g'
+}
+
+# Extract a named field from URL-encoded POST data (awk splits on & without tr)
+get_field() {
+    printf '%s' "$2" | awk -v f="${1}=" 'BEGIN{RS="&"} index($0,f)==1 {print substr($0,length(f)+1); exit}'
+}
+
+# Check whether newt process is alive
+is_running() {
+    [ -f "$PIDFILE" ] && kill -0 "$(cat "$PIDFILE" 2>/dev/null)" 2>/dev/null
+}
+
+ensure_settings_file() {
+  [ -f "$SETTINGS" ] && return
+  if [ -f "/opt/$MODNAME/etc/defaults" ]; then
+    cp "/opt/$MODNAME/etc/defaults" "$SETTINGS" 2>/dev/null
+  else
+    printf 'MOD_PANGOLIN_SITE_ENABLED=0\n' > "$SETTINGS"
+  fi
+}
+
+set_setting_raw() {
+  key="$1"
+  value="$2"
+  ensure_settings_file
+  awk -v k="$key" -v v="$value" '
+    BEGIN { done=0 }
+    index($0, k "=") == 1 { print k "=" v; done=1; next }
+    { print }
+    END { if (!done) print k "=" v }
+  ' "$SETTINGS" > "$SETTINGS.tmp" && mv "$SETTINGS.tmp" "$SETTINGS"
+}
+
+quote_sh_value() {
+  printf '%s' "$1" | sed -e 's/\\/\\\\/g' -e 's/"/\\"/g'
+}
+
+# ── Read POST body ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+POST_DATA=""
+if [ "$REQUEST_METHOD" = "POST" ] && [ -n "$CONTENT_LENGTH" ] && [ "$CONTENT_LENGTH" -gt 0 ] 2>/dev/null; then
+    POST_DATA=$(dd bs="$CONTENT_LENGTH" count=1 2>/dev/null)
+fi
+
+# ── Load current settings ───────────────────────────────────────────────────
+MOD_PANGOLIN_SITE_ENABLED=0
+MOD_PANGOLIN_SITE_ENDPOINT=""
+MOD_PANGOLIN_SITE_ID=""
+MOD_PANGOLIN_SITE_SECRET=""
+[ -f "$SETTINGS" ] && . "$SETTINGS"
+
+# ── Handle actions ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+if [ -n "$POST_DATA" ]; then
+    ACTION=$(get_field "action" "$POST_DATA")
+    case "$ACTION" in
+        save)
+            EP=$(urldecode "$(get_field "endpoint" "$POST_DATA")")
+            ID=$(urldecode "$(get_field "id"       "$POST_DATA")")
+            SEC=$(urldecode "$(get_field "secret"  "$POST_DATA")")
+        set_setting_raw "MOD_PANGOLIN_SITE_ENDPOINT" "\"$(quote_sh_value "$EP")\""
+        set_setting_raw "MOD_PANGOLIN_SITE_ID" "\"$(quote_sh_value "$ID")\""
+        set_setting_raw "MOD_PANGOLIN_SITE_SECRET" "\"$(quote_sh_value "$SEC")\""
+            ;;
+        start)
+        set_setting_raw "MOD_PANGOLIN_SITE_ENABLED" "1"
+            /opt/$MODNAME/etc/init start >/dev/null 2>&1
+            ;;
+        stop)
+            /opt/$MODNAME/etc/init stop >/dev/null 2>&1
+        set_setting_raw "MOD_PANGOLIN_SITE_ENABLED" "0"
+            ;;
+        restart)
+        set_setting_raw "MOD_PANGOLIN_SITE_ENABLED" "1"
+            /opt/$MODNAME/etc/init restart >/dev/null 2>&1
+            ;;
+        clearlog)
+            printf '' > "$LOGFILE"
+            ;;
+    esac
+fi
+
+# Reload settings after actions.
+MOD_PANGOLIN_SITE_ENABLED=0
+MOD_PANGOLIN_SITE_ENDPOINT=""
+MOD_PANGOLIN_SITE_ID=""
+MOD_PANGOLIN_SITE_SECRET=""
+[ -f "$SETTINGS" ] && . "$SETTINGS"
+
+# ── Status ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+if is_running; then
+    STATUS_TEXT="Running"
+    STATUS_CLASS="running"
+    DISABLED="disabled"
+  SETTINGS_HINT='<div class="notice">Stop Newt first to edit settings.</div>'
+else
+    STATUS_TEXT="Stopped"
+    STATUS_CLASS="stopped"
+    DISABLED=""
+    SETTINGS_HINT=""
+fi
+
+EP_ESC=$(htmlesc  "$MOD_PANGOLIN_SITE_ENDPOINT")
+ID_ESC=$(htmlesc  "$MOD_PANGOLIN_SITE_ID")
+SEC_ESC=$(htmlesc "$MOD_PANGOLIN_SITE_SECRET")
+EP_INPUT_ESC="$EP_ESC"
+[ -z "$MOD_PANGOLIN_SITE_ENDPOINT" ] && EP_INPUT_ESC="https://app.pangolin.net"
+
+# ── Log (escape HTML and dollar signs to prevent shell expansion in heredoc) ─
+LOG_HTML=""
+if [ -f "$LOGFILE" ]; then
+    LOG_HTML=$(tail -100 "$LOGFILE" 2>/dev/null | sed \
+        -e 's/&/\&amp;/g' \
+        -e 's/</\&lt;/g'  \
+        -e 's/>/\&gt;/g'  \
+        -e 's/\$/\&#36;/g')
+fi
+
+# ── Output ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+printf 'Content-type: text/html\r\n\r\n'
+
+# Static head — split around the conditional refresh meta tag
+cat << 'HEAD_START'
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html>
+<head>
+<meta charset="UTF-8">
+HEAD_START
+
+# Only auto-refresh while newt is running (avoids wiping settings form mid-edit)
+[ "$STATUS_CLASS" = "running" ] && printf '<meta http-equiv="refresh" content="10">\n'
+
+cat << 'STATIC_HEAD'
+<title>Pangolin Site</title>
+<style>
+*{box-sizing:border-box}
+body{margin:0;padding:8px;border-top:3px solid #79BD28;background:#fff;color:#000}
+body,table,tr,td,a,input,select,textarea,button{font-family:Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px}
+a{color:#004280;text-decoration:none}
+a:hover{text-decoration:underline}
+.topline{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;gap:8px;flex-wrap:wrap;margin-bottom:6px}
+.app-title{background:#004280;color:#fff;font-weight:bold;padding:6px 8px;border:1px solid #00315f;border-bottom:none}
+.window{background:#f4f4f4;border:2px solid #004280;padding:0}
+.section{border-top:1px solid #9fb7d5}
+.section:first-child{border-top:none}
+.section-head{background:#c0e0ff;color:#000;font-weight:bold;padding:5px 8px;border-bottom:1px solid #9fb7d5;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;gap:8px;flex-wrap:wrap}
+.section-body{padding:10px 8px}
+.badge{display:inline-block;padding:2px 10px;border-radius:2px;color:#fff;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.4}
+.running{background:#008000}
+.stopped{background:#800000}
+.row{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:8px;margin:6px 0}
+.row label{width:90px;font-weight:bold}
+.row input{width:360px;max-width:100%;padding:2px 4px;border:1px solid #7f9db9;background:#fff;height:23px}
+.btn{height:24px;padding:0 10px;border:1px solid #7f9db9;background:#efefef;color:#000;cursor:pointer}
+.btn:disabled{color:#777;background:#e5e5e5}
+.btn + .btn{margin-left:6px}
+.btn-start{border-color:#2d7a2d;background:#dff0df}
+.btn-stop{border-color:#8a2c2c;background:#f7dddd}
+.btn-restart{border-color:#9a6a1f;background:#f7ecd8}
+.btn-save{border-color:#2e5f92;background:#dce9f8}
+.hint{color:#808080;font-weight:normal}
+.notice{margin:0 0 10px 0;color:#ff0000;font-style:italic}
+.log{background:#fff;border:1px solid #7f9db9;color:#000;font-family:monospace;font-size:12px;line-height:1.35;padding:6px;height:300px;overflow-y:auto;white-space:pre-wrap;word-break:break-word}
+</style>
+</head>
+<body>
+<div class="topline">
+<a href="/">&laquo; Back to Router</a>
+</div>
+<div class="app-title">Router Apps - Pangolin Site</div>
+<div class="window">
+STATIC_HEAD
+
+# Status card (double-quoted heredoc — variables expand)
+cat << STATUS_CARD
+<div class="section">
+<div class="section-head">Status</div>
+<div class="section-body">
+<div><span class="badge ${STATUS_CLASS}">${STATUS_TEXT}</span></div>
+<div style="margin-top:8px">
+<form method="post" style="display:inline">
+  <input type="hidden" name="action" value="start">
+  <button class="btn btn-start" type="submit">Start</button>
+</form>
+<form method="post" style="display:inline">
+  <input type="hidden" name="action" value="stop">
+  <button class="btn btn-stop" type="submit">Stop</button>
+</form>
+<form method="post" style="display:inline">
+  <input type="hidden" name="action" value="restart">
+  <button class="btn btn-restart" type="submit">Restart</button>
+</form>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+STATUS_CARD
+
+# Settings card
+cat << SETTINGS_CARD
+<div class="section">
+<div class="section-head">Settings</div>
+<div class="section-body">
+${SETTINGS_HINT}<form method="post">
+  <input type="hidden" name="action" value="save">
+  <div class="row">
+    <label>Endpoint</label>
+    <input type="text" name="endpoint" value="${EP_INPUT_ESC}" ${DISABLED}>
+  </div>
+  <div class="row">
+    <label>ID</label>
+    <input type="text" name="id" value="${ID_ESC}" ${DISABLED}>
+  </div>
+  <div class="row">
+    <label>Secret</label>
+    <input type="password" name="secret" value="${SEC_ESC}" ${DISABLED}>
+  </div>
+  <div style="margin-top:12px">
+    <button class="btn btn-save" type="submit" ${DISABLED}>Save</button>
+  </div>
+</form>
+</div>
+</div>
+SETTINGS_CARD
+
+# Log card header
+cat << 'LOG_HEADER'
+<div class="section">
+<div class="section-head">
+<span>Log <span class="hint">(last 100 lines, auto-refreshes every 10s while running)</span></span>
+<span style="display:inline-flex;gap:6px">
+<form method="post" style="margin:0">
+  <input type="hidden" name="action" value="clearlog">
+  <button class="btn" type="submit">Clear Log</button>
+</form>
+<form method="get" style="margin:0">
+  <button class="btn" type="submit">Refresh</button>
+</form>
+</span>
+</div>
+<div class="section-body">
+<div class="log">
+LOG_HEADER
+
+# Log content — printed with printf to prevent any shell expansion
+printf '%s' "$LOG_HTML"
+
+# Close tags (static)
+cat << 'STATIC_FOOTER'
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
+STATIC_FOOTER

packages/arch/PKGBUILD

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+# Maintainer: Fossorial <hello@fossorial.io>
+pkgname=newt
+pkgver=1.13.0
+pkgrel=1
+pkgdesc="Fully user space WireGuard tunnel client and TCP/UDP proxy for Pangolin"
+arch=('x86_64' 'aarch64' 'armv7h' 'armv6h' 'riscv64')
+url="https://github.com/fosrl/newt"
+license=('AGPL3')
+makedepends=('go')
+source=("$pkgname-$pkgver.tar.gz::https://github.com/fosrl/newt/archive/refs/tags/v$pkgver.tar.gz")
+sha256sums=('SKIP')
+
+build() {
+	cd "$pkgname-$pkgver"
+	export CGO_ENABLED=0
+	export GOFLAGS="-trimpath -mod=readonly -modcacherw"
+	go build -ldflags "-X main.newtVersion=$pkgver -X main.newtPlatform=linux_$(go env GOARCH)" -o "$pkgname" .
+}
+
+check() {
+	cd "$pkgname-$pkgver"
+	go test ./... || true
+}
+
+package() {
+	cd "$pkgname-$pkgver"
+	install -Dm755 "$pkgname" "$pkgdir/usr/bin/$pkgname"
+	install -Dm644 LICENSE "$pkgdir/usr/share/licenses/$pkgname/LICENSE"
+	install -Dm644 README.md "$pkgdir/usr/share/doc/$pkgname/README.md"
+}

proxy/manager.go

@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@ import (
 	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/attribute"
 	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/metric"
 	"golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard/tun/netstack"
-	"gvisor.dev/gvisor/pkg/tcpip/adapters/gonet"
 )
 
 const (
@@ -54,15 +53,60 @@ type Target struct {
 	Port    int
 }
 
+// managedListener wraps a net.Listener so an intentional Close() can be
+// detected reliably by the accept loop. gVisor's netstack (unlike the
+// stdlib) does not return net.ErrClosed from Accept() after Close() - it
+// returns a generic "endpoint is in invalid state" error - so relying on
+// errors.Is(err, net.ErrClosed) leaves the accept loop spinning forever.
+type managedListener struct {
+	net.Listener
+	closed chan struct{}
+}
+
+func newManagedListener(l net.Listener) *managedListener {
+	return &managedListener{Listener: l, closed: make(chan struct{})}
+}
+
+func (m *managedListener) Close() error {
+	err := m.Listener.Close()
+	select {
+	case <-m.closed:
+	default:
+		close(m.closed)
+	}
+	return err
+}
+
+// managedPacketConn is the net.PacketConn equivalent of managedListener.
+type managedPacketConn struct {
+	net.PacketConn
+	closed chan struct{}
+}
+
+func newManagedPacketConn(c net.PacketConn) *managedPacketConn {
+	return &managedPacketConn{PacketConn: c, closed: make(chan struct{})}
+}
+
+func (m *managedPacketConn) Close() error {
+	err := m.PacketConn.Close()
+	select {
+	case <-m.closed:
+	default:
+		close(m.closed)
+	}
+	return err
+}
+
 // ProxyManager handles the creation and management of proxy connections
 type ProxyManager struct {
-	tnet       *netstack.Net
-	tcpTargets map[string]map[int]string // map[listenIP]map[port]targetAddress
-	udpTargets map[string]map[int]string
-	listeners  []*gonet.TCPListener
-	udpConns   []*gonet.UDPConn
-	running    bool
-	mutex      sync.RWMutex
+	tnet           *netstack.Net
+	tcpTargets     map[string]map[int]string // map[listenIP]map[port]targetAddress
+	udpTargets     map[string]map[int]string
+	listeners      []net.Listener
+	udpConns       []net.PacketConn
+	running        bool
+	mutex          sync.RWMutex
+	nativeListenIP string // when non-empty, use native OS listeners instead of netstack
 
 	// telemetry (multi-tunnel)
 	currentTunnelID string
@@ -70,6 +114,9 @@ type ProxyManager struct {
 	asyncBytes      bool
 	flushStop       chan struct{}
 	udpIdleTimeout  time.Duration
+
+	// connection blocking
+	blocked atomic.Bool
 }
 
 // tunnelEntry holds per-tunnel attributes and (optional) async counters.
@@ -146,15 +193,29 @@ func classifyProxyError(err error) string {
 	}
 }
 
-// NewProxyManager creates a new proxy manager instance
+// NewProxyManager creates a new proxy manager instance backed by a netstack.
 func NewProxyManager(tnet *netstack.Net) *ProxyManager {
 	return &ProxyManager{
-		tnet:       tnet,
-		tcpTargets: make(map[string]map[int]string),
-		udpTargets: make(map[string]map[int]string),
-		listeners:  make([]*gonet.TCPListener, 0),
-		udpConns:   make([]*gonet.UDPConn, 0),
-		tunnels:    make(map[string]*tunnelEntry),
+		tnet:           tnet,
+		tcpTargets:     make(map[string]map[int]string),
+		udpTargets:     make(map[string]map[int]string),
+		listeners:      make([]net.Listener, 0),
+		udpConns:       make([]net.PacketConn, 0),
+		tunnels:        make(map[string]*tunnelEntry),
+		udpIdleTimeout: defaultUDPIdleTimeout,
+	}
+}
+
+// NewProxyManagerNative creates a proxy manager that binds listeners directly
+// to the host network stack on the given IP address.
+func NewProxyManagerNative(listenIP string) *ProxyManager {
+	return &ProxyManager{
+		nativeListenIP: listenIP,
+		tcpTargets:     make(map[string]map[int]string),
+		udpTargets:     make(map[string]map[int]string),
+		listeners:      make([]net.Listener, 0),
+		udpConns:       make([]net.PacketConn, 0),
+		tunnels:        make(map[string]*tunnelEntry),
 		udpIdleTimeout: defaultUDPIdleTimeout,
 	}
 }
@@ -226,13 +287,14 @@ func (pm *ProxyManager) ClearTunnelID() {
 	pm.currentTunnelID = ""
 }
 
-// init function without tnet
+// NewProxyManagerWithoutTNet creates a proxy manager with no backing network.
+// Call SetTNet before starting.
 func NewProxyManagerWithoutTNet() *ProxyManager {
 	return &ProxyManager{
-		tcpTargets: make(map[string]map[int]string),
-		udpTargets: make(map[string]map[int]string),
-		listeners:  make([]*gonet.TCPListener, 0),
-		udpConns:   make([]*gonet.UDPConn, 0),
+		tcpTargets:     make(map[string]map[int]string),
+		udpTargets:     make(map[string]map[int]string),
+		listeners:      make([]net.Listener, 0),
+		udpConns:       make([]net.PacketConn, 0),
 		udpIdleTimeout: defaultUDPIdleTimeout,
 	}
 }
@@ -244,6 +306,18 @@ func (pm *ProxyManager) SetTNet(tnet *netstack.Net) {
 	pm.tnet = tnet
 }
 
+// SetBlocked enables or disables connection blocking.
+// When enabled, all new incoming TCP connections are immediately closed
+// and all incoming UDP packets are silently dropped.
+func (pm *ProxyManager) SetBlocked(v bool) {
+	pm.blocked.Store(v)
+	if v {
+		logger.Debug("ProxyManager: connection blocking enabled, new connections will be dropped")
+	} else {
+		logger.Debug("ProxyManager: connection blocking disabled, accepting connections")
+	}
+}
+
 // AddTarget adds as new target for proxying
 func (pm *ProxyManager) AddTarget(proto, listenIP string, port int, targetAddr string) error {
 	pm.mutex.Lock()
@@ -481,23 +555,46 @@ func (pm *ProxyManager) Stop() error {
 func (pm *ProxyManager) startTarget(proto, listenIP string, port int, targetAddr string) error {
 	switch proto {
 	case "tcp":
-		listener, err := pm.tnet.ListenTCP(&net.TCPAddr{Port: port})
-		if err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("failed to create TCP listener: %v", err)
+		var listener net.Listener
+		if pm.tnet != nil {
+			l, err := pm.tnet.ListenTCP(&net.TCPAddr{Port: port})
+			if err != nil {
+				return fmt.Errorf("failed to create TCP listener: %v", err)
+			}
+			listener = l
+		} else if pm.nativeListenIP != "" {
+			l, err := net.ListenTCP("tcp", &net.TCPAddr{IP: net.ParseIP(pm.nativeListenIP), Port: port})
+			if err != nil {
+				return fmt.Errorf("failed to create native TCP listener on %s:%d: %v", pm.nativeListenIP, port, err)
+			}
+			listener = l
+		} else {
+			return fmt.Errorf("proxy manager has no tnet or native IP configured")
 		}
-
-		pm.listeners = append(pm.listeners, listener)
-		go pm.handleTCPProxy(listener, targetAddr)
+		ml := newManagedListener(listener)
+		pm.listeners = append(pm.listeners, ml)
+		go pm.handleTCPProxy(ml, targetAddr)
 
 	case "udp":
-		addr := &net.UDPAddr{Port: port}
-		conn, err := pm.tnet.ListenUDP(addr)
-		if err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("failed to create UDP listener: %v", err)
+		var conn net.PacketConn
+		if pm.tnet != nil {
+			c, err := pm.tnet.ListenUDP(&net.UDPAddr{Port: port})
+			if err != nil {
+				return fmt.Errorf("failed to create UDP listener: %v", err)
+			}
+			conn = c
+		} else if pm.nativeListenIP != "" {
+			c, err := net.ListenUDP("udp", &net.UDPAddr{IP: net.ParseIP(pm.nativeListenIP), Port: port})
+			if err != nil {
+				return fmt.Errorf("failed to create native UDP listener on %s:%d: %v", pm.nativeListenIP, port, err)
+			}
+			conn = c
+		} else {
+			return fmt.Errorf("proxy manager has no tnet or native IP configured")
 		}
-
-		pm.udpConns = append(pm.udpConns, conn)
-		go pm.handleUDPProxy(conn, targetAddr)
+		mc := newManagedPacketConn(conn)
+		pm.udpConns = append(pm.udpConns, mc)
+		go pm.handleUDPProxy(mc, targetAddr)
 
 	default:
 		return fmt.Errorf(errUnsupportedProtoFmt, proto)
@@ -517,11 +614,17 @@ func (pm *ProxyManager) getEntry(id string) *tunnelEntry {
 	return e
 }
 
-func (pm *ProxyManager) handleTCPProxy(listener net.Listener, targetAddr string) {
+func (pm *ProxyManager) handleTCPProxy(listener *managedListener, targetAddr string) {
 	for {
 		conn, err := listener.Accept()
 		if err != nil {
 			telemetry.IncProxyAccept(context.Background(), pm.currentTunnelID, "tcp", "failure", classifyProxyError(err))
+			select {
+			case <-listener.closed:
+				logger.Info("TCP listener closed, stopping proxy handler for %v", listener.Addr())
+				return
+			default:
+			}
 			if !pm.running {
 				return
 			}
@@ -535,6 +638,12 @@ func (pm *ProxyManager) handleTCPProxy(listener net.Listener, targetAddr string)
 		}
 
 		tunnelID := pm.currentTunnelID
+		// Drop connection if blocking is enabled
+		if pm.blocked.Load() {
+			conn.Close()
+			logger.Debug("TCP proxy: connection dropped (blocking enabled)")
+			continue
+		}
 		telemetry.IncProxyAccept(context.Background(), tunnelID, "tcp", "success", "")
 		telemetry.IncProxyConnectionEvent(context.Background(), tunnelID, "tcp", telemetry.ProxyConnectionOpened)
 		if tunnelID != "" {
@@ -590,7 +699,7 @@ func (pm *ProxyManager) handleTCPProxy(listener net.Listener, targetAddr string)
 	}
 }
 
-func (pm *ProxyManager) handleUDPProxy(conn *gonet.UDPConn, targetAddr string) {
+func (pm *ProxyManager) handleUDPProxy(conn *managedPacketConn, targetAddr string) {
 	bufPtr := getUDPBuffer()
 	defer putUDPBuffer(bufPtr)
 	buffer := *bufPtr
@@ -600,37 +709,50 @@ func (pm *ProxyManager) handleUDPProxy(conn *gonet.UDPConn, targetAddr string) {
 	for {
 		n, remoteAddr, err := conn.ReadFrom(buffer)
 		if err != nil {
-			if !pm.running {
-				// Clean up all connections when stopping
+			closeAllClients := func() {
 				clientsMutex.Lock()
 				for _, targetConn := range clientConns {
 					targetConn.Close()
 				}
 				clientConns = nil
 				clientsMutex.Unlock()
+			}
+
+			// Check for intentional closure first: netstack does not
+			// surface net.ErrClosed/io.EOF from ReadFrom() after Close(),
+			// so this channel is the only reliable signal.
+			select {
+			case <-conn.closed:
+				logger.Info("UDP connection closed, stopping proxy handler")
+				closeAllClients()
+				return
+			default:
+			}
+
+			if !pm.running {
+				closeAllClients()
 				return
 			}
 
 			// Check for connection closed conditions
 			if errors.Is(err, io.EOF) || errors.Is(err, net.ErrClosed) {
 				logger.Info("UDP connection closed, stopping proxy handler")
-
-				// Clean up existing client connections
-				clientsMutex.Lock()
-				for _, targetConn := range clientConns {
-					targetConn.Close()
-				}
-				clientConns = nil
-				clientsMutex.Unlock()
-
+				closeAllClients()
 				return
 			}
 
 			logger.Error("Error reading UDP packet: %v", err)
+			// Avoid a tight busy-loop if this error persists.
+			time.Sleep(100 * time.Millisecond)
 			continue
 		}
 
 		clientKey := remoteAddr.String()
+		// Drop packet if blocking is enabled
+		if pm.blocked.Load() {
+			logger.Debug("UDP proxy: packet dropped (blocking enabled)")
+			continue
+		}
 		// bytes from client -> target (direction=in)
 		if pm.currentTunnelID != "" && n > 0 {
 			if pm.asyncBytes {

proxy/manager_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+package proxy
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"net/netip"
+	"os"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/fosrl/newt/internal/telemetry"
+	"github.com/fosrl/newt/logger"
+	"golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard/tun/netstack"
+)
+
+// TestRemoveTargetStopsAcceptLoop verifies that removing a TCP target on a
+// netstack-backed ProxyManager causes the accept loop goroutine to actually
+// stop retrying, instead of spinning forever logging
+// "Error accepting TCP connection: ... endpoint is in invalid state".
+func TestRemoveTargetStopsAcceptLoop(t *testing.T) {
+	if _, err := telemetry.Init(context.Background(), telemetry.Config{ServiceName: "test"}); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("telemetry.Init: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	logFile, err := os.CreateTemp(t.TempDir(), "newt-proxy-test-*.log")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("CreateTemp: %v", err)
+	}
+	defer logFile.Close()
+	logger.SetOutput(logFile)
+	defer logger.SetOutput(os.Stdout)
+
+	_, tnet, err := netstack.CreateNetTUN(
+		[]netip.Addr{netip.MustParseAddr("100.64.0.1")},
+		[]netip.Addr{},
+		1420,
+	)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("CreateNetTUN: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	pm := NewProxyManager(tnet)
+	const listenIP = "100.64.0.1"
+	const port = 53405
+
+	if err := pm.AddTarget("tcp", listenIP, port, "127.0.0.1:9999"); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("AddTarget: %v", err)
+	}
+	if err := pm.Start(); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Start: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if err := pm.RemoveTarget("tcp", listenIP, port); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("RemoveTarget: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	// If the bug is present, the accept loop spins every 100ms logging an
+	// error forever. Sample the log twice, 400ms apart; a healthy accept
+	// loop logs the error/close message once (or zero times) and then goes
+	// silent, while the buggy loop keeps appending.
+	time.Sleep(200 * time.Millisecond)
+	countAt1 := countAcceptErrors(t, logFile.Name())
+
+	time.Sleep(400 * time.Millisecond)
+	countAt2 := countAcceptErrors(t, logFile.Name())
+
+	t.Logf("accept-error-ish log lines: at 200ms=%d, at 600ms=%d", countAt1, countAt2)
+
+	if countAt2 > countAt1 {
+		t.Fatalf("accept loop kept logging after RemoveTarget (200ms=%d, 600ms=%d) -- it is spinning forever on the closed netstack listener instead of exiting", countAt1, countAt2)
+	}
+}
+
+func countAcceptErrors(t *testing.T, path string) int {
+	t.Helper()
+	data, err := os.ReadFile(path)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("ReadFile: %v", err)
+	}
+	count := 0
+	for _, line := range strings.Split(string(data), "\n") {
+		if strings.Contains(line, "Error accepting TCP connection") {
+			count++
+		}
+	}
+	return count
+}

reexec_unix.go

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+//go:build !windows
+
+package main
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
+	"syscall"
+)
+
+// reexec replaces the current process image with a fresh copy of itself,
+// preserving all arguments and environment variables. On success it never
+// returns (execve replaces the process in-place). On failure it returns an
+// error describing why the exec could not be performed.
+func reexec() error {
+	exe, err := os.Executable()
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to get executable path: %w", err)
+	}
+	return syscall.Exec(exe, os.Args, os.Environ())
+}

reexec_windows.go

@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+//go:build windows
+
+package main
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
+	"os/exec"
+)
+
+// reexec restarts newt. On Windows, execve is not available, so outside of
+// service mode we start a child process and exit (on success this never
+// returns since os.Exit terminates the current process).
+//
+// When running as a Windows service, spawning a detached child would orphan
+// it from the Service Control Manager (the SCM only tracks processes it
+// started itself), and os.Exit would end the process without ever reporting
+// a clean status transition, making the service look like it crashed. So in
+// that case we instead delegate to requestServiceRestart, which asks the SCM
+// itself to relaunch the service.
+func reexec() error {
+	if isWindowsService() {
+		return requestServiceRestart()
+	}
+
+	exe, err := os.Executable()
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to get executable path: %w", err)
+	}
+	cmd := exec.Command(exe, os.Args[1:]...)
+	cmd.Stdout = os.Stdout
+	cmd.Stderr = os.Stderr
+	cmd.Stdin = os.Stdin
+	cmd.Env = os.Environ()
+	if err := cmd.Start(); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to start new process: %w", err)
+	}
+	os.Exit(0)
+	return nil // unreachable
+}

service_windows.go

@@ -7,11 +7,11 @@ import (
 	"encoding/json"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
-	"log"
 	"os"
 	"os/signal"
 	"path/filepath"
 	"strings"
+	"sync/atomic"
 	"syscall"
 	"time"
 
@@ -86,10 +86,44 @@ type newtService struct {
 	args []string
 }
 
+// activeService points at the newtService currently running under the SCM,
+// so that requestServiceRestart (called from deep inside the app via
+// cfg.OnRestart) can signal it without threading a reference through the
+// newt package. restartRequested tells Execute's completion path whether the
+// tunnel shut down because of a real Stop/Shutdown control request (report
+// success) or because the app asked to be restarted (report a non-zero exit
+// code so the SCM's configured recovery action relaunches the service as a
+// fresh, SCM-tracked process).
+var (
+	activeService    *newtService
+	restartRequested atomic.Bool
+)
+
+// requestServiceRestart asks the Windows Service Control Manager to relaunch
+// the service. Unlike reexec on other platforms, a Windows service cannot
+// replace its own process image or spawn a detached child that the SCM would
+// recognize - the SCM only respawns processes it started itself. So instead
+// we gracefully stop the current run (same as a real Stop control request)
+// and report a failure exit code on the way out, which - combined with the
+// recovery actions configured in configureRecoveryActions - causes the SCM
+// to start a brand new, properly tracked instance of the service.
+func requestServiceRestart() error {
+	if activeService == nil || activeService.stop == nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("newt service is not running")
+	}
+	restartRequested.Store(true)
+	activeService.elog.Info(1, "Restart requested; stopping tunnel and asking the service control manager to relaunch")
+	activeService.stop()
+	return nil
+}
+
 func (s *newtService) Execute(args []string, r <-chan svc.ChangeRequest, changes chan<- svc.Status) (bool, uint32) {
 	const cmdsAccepted = svc.AcceptStop | svc.AcceptShutdown
 	changes <- svc.Status{State: svc.StartPending}
 
+	activeService = s
+	restartRequested.Store(false)
+
 	s.elog.Info(1, fmt.Sprintf("Service Execute called with args: %v", args))
 
 	// Load saved service arguments
@@ -170,8 +204,12 @@ func (s *newtService) Execute(args []string, r <-chan svc.ChangeRequest, changes
 				s.elog.Error(1, fmt.Sprintf("Unexpected control request #%d", c))
 			}
 		case <-newtDone:
-			s.elog.Info(1, "Main newt logic completed, stopping service")
 			changes <- svc.Status{State: svc.StopPending}
+			if restartRequested.Load() {
+				s.elog.Info(1, "Main newt logic stopped for restart, reporting failure exit code so the SCM relaunches the service")
+				return false, 1
+			}
+			s.elog.Info(1, "Main newt logic completed, stopping service")
 			return false, 0
 		}
 	}
@@ -208,6 +246,52 @@ func (s *newtService) runNewt() {
 	}
 }
 
+// configureRecoveryActions tells the Service Control Manager to relaunch the
+// service automatically when it stops with a non-zero exit code. This is
+// what makes requestServiceRestart's approach (report failure, let the SCM
+// respawn us) actually result in a restart.
+func configureRecoveryActions(s *mgr.Service) error {
+	actions := []mgr.RecoveryAction{
+		{Type: mgr.ServiceRestart, Delay: 5 * time.Second},
+		{Type: mgr.ServiceRestart, Delay: 5 * time.Second},
+		{Type: mgr.ServiceRestart, Delay: 30 * time.Second},
+	}
+	if err := s.SetRecoveryActions(actions, 24*60*60); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to set recovery actions: %v", err)
+	}
+	// By default the SCM only runs recovery actions when a service crashes.
+	// A restart-via-OnRestart is a controlled stop that merely reports a
+	// non-zero exit code, so this flag must be enabled for it to count.
+	if err := s.SetRecoveryActionsOnNonCrashFailures(true); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to enable recovery actions on non-crash failures: %v", err)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// ensureRecoveryActionsConfigured is a best-effort check run at service
+// startup so that services installed by older versions of newt (before
+// recovery actions existed) get them configured on their next start, without
+// requiring a reinstall.
+func ensureRecoveryActionsConfigured(name string, elog debug.Log) {
+	m, err := mgr.Connect()
+	if err != nil {
+		elog.Warning(1, fmt.Sprintf("Could not connect to service manager to verify recovery actions: %v", err))
+		return
+	}
+	defer m.Disconnect()
+
+	s, err := m.OpenService(name)
+	if err != nil {
+		elog.Warning(1, fmt.Sprintf("Could not open service to verify recovery actions: %v", err))
+		return
+	}
+	defer s.Close()
+
+	if err := configureRecoveryActions(s); err != nil {
+		elog.Warning(1, fmt.Sprintf("Could not configure recovery actions: %v", err))
+	}
+}
+
 func runService(name string, isDebug bool, args []string) {
 	var err error
 	var elog debug.Log
@@ -225,6 +309,7 @@ func runService(name string, isDebug bool, args []string) {
 	defer elog.Close()
 
 	elog.Info(1, fmt.Sprintf("Starting %s service", name))
+	ensureRecoveryActionsConfigured(name, elog)
 	run := svc.Run
 	if isDebug {
 		run = debug.Run
@@ -284,6 +369,13 @@ func installService() error {
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to install event log: %v", err)
 	}
 
+	if err := configureRecoveryActions(s); err != nil {
+		// Non-fatal: the service is installed and usable, it just won't
+		// auto-relaunch on an app-initiated restart until this is retried
+		// (ensureRecoveryActionsConfigured does so on every service start).
+		fmt.Printf("Warning: failed to configure service recovery actions: %v\n", err)
+	}
+
 	return nil
 }
 
@@ -649,7 +741,7 @@ func setupWindowsEventLog() {
 	// Set the custom logger output
 	logger.GetLogger().SetOutput(file)
 
-	log.Printf("Newt service logging initialized - log file: %s", logFile)
+	logger.Debug("Newt service logging initialized - log file: %s", logFile)
 }
 
 // handleServiceCommand checks for service management commands and returns true if handled

testing/ws_client.py

@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+import asyncio
+import sys
+import websockets
+
+# Argument parsing: Check if HOST and PORT are provided
+if len(sys.argv) < 3 or len(sys.argv) > 4:
+    print("Usage: python ws_client.py <HOST_IP> <HOST_PORT> [ws|wss]")
+    # Example: python ws_client.py 127.0.0.1 8765
+    # Example: python ws_client.py 127.0.0.1 8765 wss
+    sys.exit(1)
+
+HOST = sys.argv[1]
+try:
+    PORT = int(sys.argv[2])
+except ValueError:
+    print("Error: HOST_PORT must be an integer.")
+    sys.exit(1)
+
+if len(sys.argv) == 4:
+    SCHEME = sys.argv[3].lower()
+    if SCHEME not in ("ws", "wss"):
+        print("Error: scheme must be 'ws' or 'wss'.")
+        sys.exit(1)
+else:
+    SCHEME = "ws"
+
+URI = f"{SCHEME}://{HOST}:{PORT}"
+
+# The message to send to the server
+MESSAGE = "Hello WebSocket Server! How are you?"
+
+
+async def main():
+    print(f"Connecting to {URI}...")
+
+    try:
+        async with websockets.connect(URI) as websocket:
+            print(f"Connected to server.")
+            print(f"Sending message: '{MESSAGE}'")
+
+            await websocket.send(MESSAGE)
+
+            response = await websocket.recv()
+
+            print("-" * 30)
+            print(f"Received response from server:")
+            print(f"-> Data: '{response}'")
+
+    except ConnectionRefusedError:
+        print(f"Error: Connection to {URI} was refused. Is the server running?")
+    except websockets.exceptions.InvalidMessage as e:
+        print(f"Error: Server did not respond with a valid WebSocket handshake: {e}")
+    except Exception as e:
+        print(f"Error during communication: {e}")
+
+    print("-" * 30)
+    print("Client finished.")
+
+
+asyncio.run(main())

testing/ws_server.py

@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+import asyncio
+import sys
+import websockets
+
+# Optionally take in a positional arg for the port
+if len(sys.argv) > 1:
+    try:
+        PORT = int(sys.argv[1])
+    except ValueError:
+        print("Invalid port number. Using default port 8765.")
+        PORT = 8765
+else:
+    PORT = 8765
+
+# Define the server host
+HOST = "0.0.0.0"
+
+
+async def handle_client(websocket):
+    client_address = websocket.remote_address
+    print(f"Client connected: {client_address[0]}:{client_address[1]}")
+
+    try:
+        async for message in websocket:
+            print("-" * 30)
+            print(f"Received message from {client_address[0]}:{client_address[1]}:")
+            print(f"-> Data: '{message}'")
+
+            response = f"Hello client! Server received: '{message.upper()}'"
+
+            await websocket.send(response)
+            print(f"Sent response back to client.")
+
+    except websockets.exceptions.ConnectionClosedOK:
+        print(f"Client {client_address[0]}:{client_address[1]} disconnected cleanly.")
+    except websockets.exceptions.ConnectionClosedError as e:
+        print(f"Client {client_address[0]}:{client_address[1]} disconnected with error: {e}")
+
+
+async def main():
+    print(f"WebSocket Server listening on {HOST}:{PORT}")
+    async with websockets.serve(handle_client, HOST, PORT):
+        await asyncio.Future()  # Run forever
+
+
+try:
+    asyncio.run(main())
+except KeyboardInterrupt:
+    print("\nServer stopped.")

updates/advantech.go

@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+//go:build !windows
+
+package updates
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+
+	"github.com/fosrl/newt/logger"
+)
+
+const advantechVersionFile = "/opt/newt/etc/version"
+
+// postUpdateAdvantech performs Advantech Router App-specific post-update steps:
+//   - Writes the new version string to /opt/newt/etc/version so that the
+//     router firmware's package management reflects the installed version.
+//   - Updates the PID file at pidFile (if non-empty) with the current process
+//     PID, in case the re-exec lands with a new PID on platforms where
+//     syscall.Exec behaviour differs.
+func postUpdateAdvantech(newVersion, pidFile string) error {
+	// --- Write version file ---
+	versionDir := filepath.Dir(advantechVersionFile)
+	if err := os.MkdirAll(versionDir, 0755); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("advantech: failed to create version directory %s: %w", versionDir, err)
+	}
+
+	if err := os.WriteFile(advantechVersionFile, []byte(newVersion+"\n"), 0644); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("advantech: failed to write version file %s: %w", advantechVersionFile, err)
+	}
+	logger.Debug("postUpdateAdvantech: wrote version %s to %s", newVersion, advantechVersionFile)
+
+	// --- Update PID file ---
+	// syscall.Exec replaces the process image in-place so the PID is preserved.
+	// We update the PID file here anyway so that any race between the old and
+	// new binary is covered (e.g. on platforms that fork before exec).
+	if pidFile != "" {
+		pid := fmt.Sprintf("%d\n", os.Getpid())
+		if err := os.WriteFile(pidFile, []byte(pid), 0644); err != nil {
+			// Non-fatal: log and continue so the update still proceeds.
+			logger.Debug("postUpdateAdvantech: warning: failed to update PID file %s: %v", pidFile, err)
+		} else {
+			logger.Debug("postUpdateAdvantech: updated PID file %s with PID %d", pidFile, os.Getpid())
+		}
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}

updates/advantech_windows.go

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+//go:build windows
+
+package updates
+
+// postUpdateAdvantech is not supported on Windows.
+func postUpdateAdvantech(newVersion, pidFile string) error {
+	return nil
+}

updates/reexec_unix.go

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+//go:build !windows
+
+package updates
+
+import (
+	"os"
+	"syscall"
+)
+
+// reexec replaces the current process image with the binary at exePath,
+// forwarding all original arguments and environment variables.
+func reexec(exePath string) error {
+	return syscall.Exec(exePath, os.Args, os.Environ())
+}

updates/reexec_windows.go

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+//go:build windows
+
+package updates
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
+	"os/exec"
+)
+
+// reexec on Windows cannot use syscall.Exec (there is no exec syscall that
+// replaces the process image).  Instead we start a new process and exit the
+// current one.
+func reexec(exePath string) error {
+	cmd := exec.Command(exePath, os.Args[1:]...)
+	cmd.Stdin = os.Stdin
+	cmd.Stdout = os.Stdout
+	cmd.Stderr = os.Stderr
+	cmd.Env = os.Environ()
+
+	if err := cmd.Start(); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to start updated binary: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// Exit the current process so the new binary takes over.
+	os.Exit(0)
+	return nil // unreachable
+}

updates/selfupdate.go

@@ -0,0 +1,300 @@
+package updates
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"context"
+	"crypto/sha256"
+	"crypto/tls"
+	"encoding/hex"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"net/http"
+	"net/url"
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"runtime"
+	"strings"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/fosrl/newt/logger"
+)
+
+// SelfUpdateConfig holds the configuration required to perform a self-update.
+type SelfUpdateConfig struct {
+	// Endpoint is the base URL of the pangolin server (e.g. "https://app.pangolin.net")
+	Endpoint string
+	// NewtID is the newt client identifier used for authentication.
+	NewtID string
+	// Secret is the newt client secret used for authentication.
+	Secret string
+	// CurrentVersion is the version of the currently running binary.
+	CurrentVersion string
+	// Platform is the OS+arch string embedded at build time via ldflags
+	// (e.g. "linux_amd64", "darwin_arm64").  When non-empty it is used
+	// directly; when empty the value is derived from runtime.GOOS/GOARCH.
+	Platform string
+	// TLSConfig is an optional TLS configuration for the HTTP client (may be nil).
+	TLSConfig *tls.Config
+}
+
+// versionResponse mirrors the JSON returned by POST /api/v1/auth/newt/version
+type versionResponse struct {
+	Data struct {
+		LatestVersion   string `json:"latestVersion"`
+		CurrentIsLatest bool   `json:"currentIsLatest"`
+		DownloadUrl     string `json:"downloadUrl"`
+		Sha256          string `json:"sha256"`
+	} `json:"data"`
+	Success bool   `json:"success"`
+	Message string `json:"message"`
+}
+
+// ErrAutoUpdateUnsupportedInOfficialContainer indicates auto-update is not
+// available when running inside official Fossorial container images.
+var ErrAutoUpdateUnsupportedInOfficialContainer = errors.New("auto-update unsupported in official Fossorial container images")
+
+// isOfficialContainer returns true when the process is running inside an
+// official Fossorial-built container image.  The image sets
+// NEWT_SYSTEM_SUBSTRATE="CONTAINER" at build time; users running newt in their own
+// containers (or bare-metal) will not have this variable set.
+func isOfficialContainer() bool {
+	return os.Getenv("NEWT_SYSTEM_SUBSTRATE") == "CONTAINER"
+}
+
+// platform returns the OS+arch string used in the newt release binary names,
+// e.g. "linux_amd64", "darwin_arm64", "windows_amd64".
+// It is used as a fallback when no platform was embedded at build time.
+func platform() string {
+	goarch := runtime.GOARCH
+	goos := runtime.GOOS
+
+	// Map Go arch names to the names used by newt releases
+	archMap := map[string]string{
+		"amd64":   "amd64",
+		"arm64":   "arm64",
+		"arm":     "arm32",
+		"riscv64": "riscv64",
+	}
+
+	arch, ok := archMap[goarch]
+	if !ok {
+		arch = goarch
+	}
+
+	return fmt.Sprintf("%s_%s", goos, arch)
+}
+
+// verifySHA256 checks that the file at path has the expected SHA-256 hex digest.
+func verifySHA256(path, expected string) error {
+	f, err := os.Open(path)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to open file for hashing: %w", err)
+	}
+	defer f.Close()
+
+	h := sha256.New()
+	if _, err := io.Copy(h, f); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to hash file: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	got := hex.EncodeToString(h.Sum(nil))
+	if !strings.EqualFold(got, expected) {
+		return fmt.Errorf("sha256 mismatch: expected %s, got %s", expected, got)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// CheckAndSelfUpdate contacts the pangolin server, checks whether a newer
+// version of newt is available, downloads it if so, replaces the running
+// binary on disk, and re-executes from the new binary.
+//
+// It returns an error when the check or update fails.  On a successful update
+// the function does not return – the process is replaced by the new binary via
+// syscall.Exec.
+func CheckAndSelfUpdate(cfg SelfUpdateConfig) error {
+	logger.Debug("checkAndSelfUpdate: starting update check (currentVersion=%s)", cfg.CurrentVersion)
+
+	if isOfficialContainer() {
+		logger.Debug("checkAndSelfUpdate: running inside official container, skipping auto-update")
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w; pull a new image tag instead", ErrAutoUpdateUnsupportedInOfficialContainer)
+	}
+
+	if cfg.CurrentVersion == "version_replaceme" {
+		logger.Debug("checkAndSelfUpdate: development build detected, skipping auto-update")
+		return fmt.Errorf("cannot auto-update a development build (version_replaceme)")
+	}
+
+	baseEndpoint := strings.TrimRight(cfg.Endpoint, "/")
+
+	// Build the HTTP client.
+	httpClient := &http.Client{Timeout: 30 * time.Second}
+	if cfg.TLSConfig != nil {
+		httpClient.Transport = &http.Transport{TLSClientConfig: cfg.TLSConfig}
+	}
+
+	// Check the current binary path before we do anything else so we can fail
+	// fast if the executable path cannot be determined.
+	exePath, err := os.Executable()
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to determine current executable path: %w", err)
+	}
+	exePath, err = filepath.EvalSymlinks(exePath)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to resolve symlinks for executable path: %w", err)
+	}
+	logger.Debug("checkAndSelfUpdate: current executable path: %s", exePath)
+
+	// --- Step 1: Ask the server for the latest version ---
+	plat := cfg.Platform
+	if plat == "" {
+		plat = platform()
+	}
+	logger.Debug("checkAndSelfUpdate: querying server for latest version (platform=%s, endpoint=%s)", plat, baseEndpoint)
+	reqBody, err := json.Marshal(map[string]string{
+		"newtId":   cfg.NewtID,
+		"secret":   cfg.Secret,
+		"platform": plat,
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to marshal version request: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	versionURL, err := url.JoinPath(baseEndpoint, "/api/v1/auth/newt/version")
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to build version URL: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 30*time.Second)
+	defer cancel()
+
+	req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, "POST", versionURL, bytes.NewBuffer(reqBody))
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to create version request: %w", err)
+	}
+	req.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
+	req.Header.Set("X-CSRF-Token", "x-csrf-protection")
+
+	resp, err := httpClient.Do(req)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to request version info: %w", err)
+	}
+	defer resp.Body.Close()
+
+	if resp.StatusCode == http.StatusNoContent { // updates are disabled
+		logger.Debug("checkAndSelfUpdate: server indicated updates are disabled (204 No Content)")
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	if resp.StatusCode == http.StatusNotFound { // older server without version endpoint
+		logger.Debug("checkAndSelfUpdate: server does not support version endpoint (404 Not Found), skipping")
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	if resp.StatusCode != http.StatusOK {
+		body, _ := io.ReadAll(resp.Body)
+		return fmt.Errorf("server returned status %d: %s", resp.StatusCode, string(body))
+	}
+
+	var verResp versionResponse
+	if err := json.NewDecoder(resp.Body).Decode(&verResp); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to parse version response: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	if !verResp.Success {
+		return fmt.Errorf("server error: %s", verResp.Message)
+	}
+
+	if verResp.Data.CurrentIsLatest {
+		logger.Debug("checkAndSelfUpdate: already up to date (%s)", cfg.CurrentVersion)
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	logger.Debug("checkAndSelfUpdate: update available %s → %s", cfg.CurrentVersion, verResp.Data.LatestVersion)
+
+	// --- Pre-download: verify we can write to the binary's directory ---
+	// Do this before downloading so a permission failure doesn't waste bandwidth.
+	exeDir := filepath.Dir(exePath)
+	logger.Debug("checkAndSelfUpdate: verifying write access to %s", exeDir)
+	writeTestFile, err := os.CreateTemp(exeDir, ".newt-write-test-*")
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("cannot write to %s (you may need to run as root or with elevated permissions): %w", exeDir, err)
+	}
+	writeTestFile.Close()
+	_ = os.Remove(writeTestFile.Name())
+
+	// --- Step 2: Download the new binary ---
+	logger.Debug("checkAndSelfUpdate: beginning download of new binary")
+	dlCtx, dlCancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 5*time.Minute)
+	defer dlCancel()
+
+	dlReq, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(dlCtx, "GET", verResp.Data.DownloadUrl, nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to create download request: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	dlResp, err := httpClient.Do(dlReq)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to download new binary: %w", err)
+	}
+	defer dlResp.Body.Close()
+
+	if dlResp.StatusCode != http.StatusOK {
+		return fmt.Errorf("download failed with status %d", dlResp.StatusCode)
+	}
+
+	// Write to a temp file in the same directory as the current binary so that
+	// an atomic rename works even across filesystem boundaries.
+	tmpFile, err := os.CreateTemp(exeDir, ".newt-update-*")
+	tmpPath := tmpFile.Name()
+
+	// Ensure the temp file is cleaned up on any error path.
+	defer func() {
+		_ = os.Remove(tmpPath)
+	}()
+
+	if _, err := io.Copy(tmpFile, dlResp.Body); err != nil {
+		_ = tmpFile.Close()
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to write downloaded binary: %w", err)
+	}
+	if err := tmpFile.Close(); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to close temp file: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// --- Verify SHA256 checksum if the server provided one ---
+	if verResp.Data.Sha256 != "" {
+		logger.Debug("checkAndSelfUpdate: verifying SHA256 checksum")
+		if err := verifySHA256(tmpPath, verResp.Data.Sha256); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("binary integrity check failed: %w", err)
+		}
+		logger.Debug("checkAndSelfUpdate: SHA256 checksum verified")
+	} else {
+		logger.Debug("checkAndSelfUpdate: no SHA256 checksum provided by server, skipping verification")
+	}
+
+	// Make the new binary executable.
+	if err := os.Chmod(tmpPath, 0755); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to set executable permission: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// --- Step 3: Replace the running binary ---
+	// On Unix an atomic rename works even while the file is running.
+	logger.Debug("checkAndSelfUpdate: replacing binary at %s", exePath)
+	if err := os.Rename(tmpPath, exePath); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to replace binary (you may need to run as root): %w", err)
+	}
+
+	systemSubstrate := os.Getenv("NEWT_SYSTEM_SUBSTRATE")
+	logger.Debug("checkAndSelfUpdate: system substrate: %s", systemSubstrate)
+	if systemSubstrate == "ADVANTECH_ROUTER_APP" {
+		pidFile := os.Getenv("NEWT_PID_FILE")
+		if err := postUpdateAdvantech(verResp.Data.LatestVersion, pidFile); err != nil {
+			logger.Debug("checkAndSelfUpdate: advantech post-update steps failed: %v", err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// --- Step 4: Re-exec ---
+	logger.Debug("checkAndSelfUpdate: re-executing new binary")
+	return reexec(exePath)
+}