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Error generating backup codes #2130

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opened 2026-03-13 09:29:14 -05:00 by GiteaMirror · 6 comments
GiteaMirror commented 2026-03-13 09:29:14 -05:00
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Originally created by @hades200082 on GitHub (Oct 15, 2025).

Is this suited for github?

  • Yes, this is suited for github

To Reproduce

  1. Setup better-auth in a NextJS application using Prisma with a Postgres (I have it running in docker locally)
  2. Configure auth.ts as follows:
export const auth = betterAuth({
appName: "wahtever",
database: prismaAdapter(prisma, { provider: "postgresql" }),
plugins: [
  username(),
  twoFactor({
    totpOptions: {
      backupCodes: {
        storeBackupCodes: "encrypted"
      }
    },
    backupCodeOptions: {
      storeBackupCodes: "encrypted"
    },
  }),
  admin(),
  emailOTP({
    async sendVerificationOTP({ email, otp, type }) {
      console.log(`Sending OTP ${otp} to ${email} for ${type}`)
    },
  })
],
emailAndPassword: {
  enabled: true,
  sendResetPassword: async ({ user, url, token }, req) => {
    console.log("Reset password email sending", url, token)
  },
},
})
  1. Create the auth-client as follows:
const authClient = createAuthClient({
  plugins: [
      usernameClient(),
      twoFactorClient(),
      adminClient(),
      emailOTPClient()]
})
  1. Generate the prisma schema and create a migration
  2. Create a form that calls authClient.twoFactor.generateBackupCodes() passing in the password
const { data, error } = await authClient.twoFactor.generateBackupCodes({
                password, 
            })

Current vs. Expected behavior

In my setup, this results in a 500 error on the client, and the following error logged in the NextJS dev console:

# SERVER_ERROR:  Error [PrismaClientValidationError]: 
Invalid `prisma.twoFactor.update()` invocation:

{
  where: {
    userId: "QsVPqNBcs1Ock9S4eCIBhriWGDpGm43f",
?   id?: String,
?   AND?: TwoFactorWhereInput | TwoFactorWhereInput[],
?   OR?: TwoFactorWhereInput[],
?   NOT?: TwoFactorWhereInput | TwoFactorWhereInput[],
?   secret?: StringFilter | String,
?   backupCodes?: StringFilter | String,
?   user?: UserScalarRelationFilter | UserWhereInput
  },
  data: {
    backupCodes: "d3b17686d9109f20a24ee435bb3163e78e9f5247c1528be7f151b84178959d0e29f7f977ddf3296ef086561cbf1681561bbce09a61ec236a25e7b4323a28301fd0fcb21b9d2d710f589dc5cc0b95d119de54db1ce353abb9b5ac1c8eecec6d2503b958b5edfa9d1f49a71ad8528e28b950be22fa0c4503fc571d57bb60be4a1b585e06cc74e41b382bc29e2044decf848f21af44f77b370d681e9a8b27f810ef61d5de79525fa952603bbeda68f99d7f8fc607e9c0136b81b1ab8ebeeaafee902394b84cfdcd8eddf821d64ea0b193a22d32ff00a4f99516254663090abf6cd985a6925ecab9f878ff096d671e6c9be648793be10dc24974fb7ce43125811aa492dec55180005c420c813533d223df38961f724d2b8a24ff3d7a8c88a0e1f644534c489bb5223f883878c29088b5ac066b7d8b6eb7aed162f99cf0362cc7eeb5bfa49abfbb26a8140326b20b6cf2791ac955392c116cc2a42c81abece8ae688459c5babdf042430ed1daf92099afcfb36b21f099b58a01e0c421cdd8fdca6d01a4d80a2a3b26d3e6b6d63f1f70380dff8567"
  }
}

Argument `where` of type TwoFactorWhereUniqueInput needs at least one of `id` arguments. Available options are marked with ?.
    at Nn (src\generated\prisma\runtime\library.js:32:1363)
    at ei.handleRequestError (src\generated\prisma\runtime\library.js:124:6911)
    at ei.handleAndLogRequestError (src\generated\prisma\runtime\library.js:124:6593)
    at ei.request (src\generated\prisma\runtime\library.js:124:6300)
    at async a (src\generated\prisma\runtime\library.js:133:9551)
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                                                                                         ^
  33 | Prisma Accelerate has built-in connection pooling to prevent such errors: https://pris.ly/client/error-accelerate`),t}var vt="<unknown>";function La(e){var r=e.split(`
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  35 |  {
  clientVersion: '6.17.1'
}
 POST /api/auth/two-factor/generate-backup-codes 500 in 4020ms

What version of Better Auth are you using?

1.3.27

System info

{
  "system": {
    "platform": "win32",
    "arch": "x64",
    "version": "Windows 11 Pro",
    "release": "10.0.26100",
    "cpuCount": 16,
    "cpuModel": "AMD Ryzen 7 5800X 8-Core Processor             ",
    "totalMemory": "63.92 GB",
    "freeMemory": "33.63 GB"
  },
  "node": {
    "version": "v22.20.0",
    "env": "development"
  },
  "packageManager": {
    "name": "pnpm",
    "version": "10.18.3"
  },
  "frameworks": [
    {
      "name": "next",
      "version": "15.5.4"
    },
    {
      "name": "react",
      "version": "19.1.0"
    }
  ],
  "databases": [
    {
      "name": "@prisma/client",
      "version": "^6.17.1"
    }
  ],
  "betterAuth": {
    "version": "^1.3.27",
    "config": {
      "appName": "My App",
      "emailVerification": {
        "sendOnSignUp": false
      },
      "plugins": [
        {
          "name": "username",
          "config": {
            "id": "username",
            "endpoints": {},
            "schema": {
              "user": {
                "fields": {
                  "username": {
                    "type": "string",
                    "required": false,
                    "sortable": true,
                    "unique": true,
                    "returned": true,
                    "transform": {}
                  },
                  "displayUsername": {
                    "type": "string",
                    "required": false,
                    "transform": {}
                  }
                }
              }
            },
            "hooks": {
              "before": [
                {},
                {}
              ]
            },
            "$ERROR_CODES": {
              "INVALID_USERNAME_OR_PASSWORD": "[REDACTED]",
              "EMAIL_NOT_VERIFIED": "Email not verified",
              "UNEXPECTED_ERROR": "Unexpected error",
              "USERNAME_IS_ALREADY_TAKEN": "Username is already taken. Please try another.",
              "USERNAME_TOO_SHORT": "Username is too short",
              "USERNAME_TOO_LONG": "Username is too long",
              "INVALID_USERNAME": "Username is invalid",
              "INVALID_DISPLAY_USERNAME": "Display username is invalid"
            }
          }
        },
        {
          "name": "two-factor",
          "config": {
            "id": "two-factor",
            "endpoints": {},
            "options": {
              "totpOptions": {
                "backupCodes": {
                  "storeBackupCodes": "encrypted"
                }
              },
              "backupCodeOptions": {
                "storeBackupCodes": "encrypted"
              }
            },
            "hooks": {
              "after": [
                {}
              ]
            },
            "schema": {
              "user": {
                "fields": {
                  "twoFactorEnabled": {
                    "type": "boolean",
                    "required": false,
                    "defaultValue": false,
                    "input": false
                  }
                }
              },
              "twoFactor": {
                "fields": {
                  "secret": {
                    "type": "string",
                    "required": true,
                    "returned": false
                  },
                  "backupCodes": {
                    "type": "string",
                    "required": true,
                    "returned": false
                  },
                  "userId": {
                    "type": "string",
                    "required": true,
                    "returned": false,
                    "references": {
                      "model": "user",
                      "field": "id"
                    }
                  }
                }
              }
            },
            "rateLimit": [
              {
                "window": 10,
                "max": 3
              }
            ],
            "$ERROR_CODES": {
              "OTP_NOT_ENABLED": "OTP not enabled",
              "OTP_HAS_EXPIRED": "OTP has expired",
              "TOTP_NOT_ENABLED": "TOTP not enabled",
              "TWO_FACTOR_NOT_ENABLED": "Two factor isn't enabled",
              "BACKUP_CODES_NOT_ENABLED": "Backup codes aren't enabled",
              "INVALID_BACKUP_CODE": "Invalid backup code",
              "INVALID_CODE": "Invalid code",
              "TOO_MANY_ATTEMPTS_REQUEST_NEW_CODE": "Too many attempts. Please request a new code.",
              "INVALID_TWO_FACTOR_COOKIE": "Invalid two factor cookie"
            }
          }
        },
        {
          "name": "admin",
          "config": {
            "id": "admin",
            "hooks": {
              "after": [
                {}
              ]
            },
            "endpoints": {},
            "$ERROR_CODES": {
              "FAILED_TO_CREATE_USER": "Failed to create user",
              "USER_ALREADY_EXISTS": "User already exists.",
              "USER_ALREADY_EXISTS_USE_ANOTHER_EMAIL": "User already exists. Use another email.",
              "YOU_CANNOT_BAN_YOURSELF": "You cannot ban yourself",
              "YOU_ARE_NOT_ALLOWED_TO_CHANGE_USERS_ROLE": "You are not allowed to change users role",
              "YOU_ARE_NOT_ALLOWED_TO_CREATE_USERS": "You are not allowed to create users",
              "YOU_ARE_NOT_ALLOWED_TO_LIST_USERS": "You are not allowed to list users",
              "YOU_ARE_NOT_ALLOWED_TO_LIST_USERS_SESSIONS": "You are not allowed to list users sessions",
              "YOU_ARE_NOT_ALLOWED_TO_BAN_USERS": "You are not allowed to ban users",
              "YOU_ARE_NOT_ALLOWED_TO_IMPERSONATE_USERS": "You are not allowed to impersonate users",
              "YOU_ARE_NOT_ALLOWED_TO_REVOKE_USERS_SESSIONS": "You are not allowed to revoke users sessions",
              "YOU_ARE_NOT_ALLOWED_TO_DELETE_USERS": "You are not allowed to delete users",
              "YOU_ARE_NOT_ALLOWED_TO_SET_USERS_PASSWORD": "[REDACTED]",
              "BANNED_USER": "You have been banned from this application",
              "YOU_ARE_NOT_ALLOWED_TO_GET_USER": "You are not allowed to get user",
              "NO_DATA_TO_UPDATE": "No data to update",
              "YOU_ARE_NOT_ALLOWED_TO_UPDATE_USERS": "You are not allowed to update users",
              "YOU_CANNOT_REMOVE_YOURSELF": "You cannot remove yourself"
            },
            "schema": {
              "user": {
                "fields": {
                  "role": {
                    "type": "string",
                    "required": false,
                    "input": false
                  },
                  "banned": {
                    "type": "boolean",
                    "defaultValue": false,
                    "required": false,
                    "input": false
                  },
                  "banReason": {
                    "type": "string",
                    "required": false,
                    "input": false
                  },
                  "banExpires": {
                    "type": "date",
                    "required": false,
                    "input": false
                  }
                }
              },
              "session": {
                "fields": {
                  "impersonatedBy": {
                    "type": "string",
                    "required": false
                  }
                }
              }
            }
          }
        },
        {
          "name": "email-otp",
          "config": {
            "id": "email-otp",
            "endpoints": {},
            "hooks": {
              "after": [
                {}
              ]
            },
            "$ERROR_CODES": {
              "OTP_EXPIRED": "otp expired",
              "INVALID_OTP": "Invalid OTP",
              "INVALID_EMAIL": "Invalid email",
              "USER_NOT_FOUND": "User not found",
              "TOO_MANY_ATTEMPTS": "Too many attempts"
            },
            "rateLimit": [
              {
                "window": 60,
                "max": 3
              },
              {
                "window": 60,
                "max": 3
              },
              {
                "window": 60,
                "max": 3
              },
              {
                "window": 60,
                "max": 3
              }
            ]
          }
        }
      ],
      "emailAndPassword": {
        "enabled": true
      }
    }
  }
}

Which area(s) are affected? (Select all that apply)

Backend

Auth config (if applicable)

import { betterAuth } from "better-auth"
import { prismaAdapter } from "better-auth/adapters/prisma"
import { admin, twoFactor, username, emailOTP } from "better-auth/plugins"
import prisma from "./prisma"
import { validateUsername } from "./validate-username"
import { sendMail } from "./email-sender" // Uses nodemailer SMTP

export const auth = betterAuth({
  appName: process.env.BETTER_AUTH_APP_NAME,
  emailVerification: {
    sendOnSignUp: false,
    sendVerificationEmail: async ({ user, url, token }, req) => {
      console.log(url, token)
      sendMail({
        sendFrom: "noreply@wildkatz.org",
        sendTo: user.email,
        subject: "Verify your email",
        text: `Verify your email by clicking the link: ${url}`
      })
    }
  },
  database: prismaAdapter(prisma, { provider: "postgresql" }),
  plugins: [
    username({
      usernameValidator: (username) => validateUsername(username),
      displayUsernameValidator: (username) => validateUsername(username)
    }),
    twoFactor({
      totpOptions: {
        backupCodes: {
          storeBackupCodes: "encrypted"
        }
      },
      backupCodeOptions: {
        storeBackupCodes: "encrypted"
      },
    }),
    admin(),
    emailOTP({
      async sendVerificationOTP({ email, otp, type }) {
        console.log(`Sending OTP ${otp} to ${email} for ${type}`)
        sendMail({
          sendFrom: "noreply@wildkatz.org",
          sendTo: email,
          subject: "Verify your email",
          text: `Verify your email using this code: ${otp}`
        })
      },
    })
  ],
  emailAndPassword: {
    enabled: true,
    sendResetPassword: async ({ user, url, token }, req) => {
      console.log("Reset password email sending", url, token)
      sendMail({
        sendFrom: "noreply@wildkatz.org",
        sendTo: user.email,
        subject: "Password reset",
        text: `Reset your password using the following link: ${url}`
      })
    },
  },
})

Additional context

// validate-username.ts

import { RegExpMatcher, englishDataset, englishRecommendedTransformers } from 'obscenity'

const disallowedUserNames = ["sa", "sysadmin", "admin", "administration", "moderator", "mod", "staff", "owner"]
const matcher = new RegExpMatcher({
    ...englishDataset.build(),
    ...englishRecommendedTransformers,
});

export function validateUsername(username: any): boolean {
    if (disallowedUserNames.some(i => i === username.toLowerCase().trim()))
        return false
    if (matcher.hasMatch(username)) return false
    return true
}

// email-sender.ts
import nodemailer from 'nodemailer'
import SMTPTransport from 'nodemailer/lib/smtp-transport'

function getTransport() {

    let configOptions: SMTPTransport.Options

    switch (process.env.EMAIL_SENDER) {
        default:
        case "SMTP":
            const host = process.env.EMAIL_SMTP_HOST
            const port = process.env.EMAIL_SMTP_PORT
            const user = process.env.EMAIL_SMTP_USER
            const pass = process.env.EMAIL_SMTP_PWD
            const secure = process.env.EMAIL_SMTP_USETLS

            if (!host || !port) throw new Error("Bad SMTP configuration")

            configOptions = {
                host,
                port: +port,
                secure: secure?.toUpperCase() === "TRUE",
            }
            if (user && pass) {
                configOptions.auth = {
                    user,
                    pass
                }
            }
            console.log(configOptions)
            break

        // case "SENDGRID":
        //     console.error("SendGrid Not Implemented")
        //     break

        // case "RESEND":
        //     console.error("Resend Not Implemented")
        //     break
    }

    return nodemailer.createTransport(configOptions)
}

export async function sendMail({
    sendFrom,
    sendTo,
    subject,
    text,
    html,
}: {
    sendFrom: string;
    sendTo: string;
    subject: string;
    text: string;
    html?: string;
}) {
    const transporter = getTransport()
    try {
        const isVerified = await transporter.verify();
    } catch (error) {
        console.error('Something went wrong when sending email', error);
        return;
    }
    const info = await transporter.sendMail({
        from: sendFrom,
        to: sendTo,
        subject: subject,
        text: text,
        html: html ? html : '',
    });
    return info;
}

Schema generated by Better-Auth in Prisma:


generator client {
  provider = "prisma-client-js"
  output   = "../src/generated/prisma"
}

datasource db {
  provider = "postgresql"
  url      = env("DATABASE_URL")
}

model User {
  id               String      @id
  name             String
  email            String
  emailVerified    Boolean     @default(false)
  image            String?
  createdAt        DateTime    @default(now())
  updatedAt        DateTime    @default(now()) @updatedAt
  username         String?
  displayUsername  String?
  twoFactorEnabled Boolean?    @default(false)
  role             String?
  banned           Boolean?    @default(false)
  banReason        String?
  banExpires       DateTime?
  sessions         Session[]
  accounts         Account[]
  twofactors       TwoFactor[]

  @@unique([email])
  @@unique([username])
  @@map("user")
}

model Session {
  id             String   @id
  expiresAt      DateTime
  token          String
  createdAt      DateTime @default(now())
  updatedAt      DateTime @updatedAt
  ipAddress      String?
  userAgent      String?
  userId         String
  user           User     @relation(fields: [userId], references: [id], onDelete: Cascade)
  impersonatedBy String?

  @@unique([token])
  @@map("session")
}

model Account {
  id                    String    @id
  accountId             String
  providerId            String
  userId                String
  user                  User      @relation(fields: [userId], references: [id], onDelete: Cascade)
  accessToken           String?
  refreshToken          String?
  idToken               String?
  accessTokenExpiresAt  DateTime?
  refreshTokenExpiresAt DateTime?
  scope                 String?
  password              String?
  createdAt             DateTime  @default(now())
  updatedAt             DateTime  @updatedAt

  @@map("account")
}

model Verification {
  id         String   @id
  identifier String
  value      String
  expiresAt  DateTime
  createdAt  DateTime @default(now())
  updatedAt  DateTime @default(now()) @updatedAt

  @@map("verification")
}

model TwoFactor {
  id          String @id
  secret      String
  backupCodes String
  userId      String
  user        User   @relation(fields: [userId], references: [id], onDelete: Cascade)

  @@map("twoFactor")
}
Originally created by @hades200082 on GitHub (Oct 15, 2025). ### Is this suited for github? - [x] Yes, this is suited for github ### To Reproduce 1. Setup better-auth in a NextJS application using Prisma with a Postgres (I have it running in docker locally) 2. Configure auth.ts as follows: ```ts export const auth = betterAuth({ appName: "wahtever", database: prismaAdapter(prisma, { provider: "postgresql" }), plugins: [ username(), twoFactor({ totpOptions: { backupCodes: { storeBackupCodes: "encrypted" } }, backupCodeOptions: { storeBackupCodes: "encrypted" }, }), admin(), emailOTP({ async sendVerificationOTP({ email, otp, type }) { console.log(`Sending OTP ${otp} to ${email} for ${type}`) }, }) ], emailAndPassword: { enabled: true, sendResetPassword: async ({ user, url, token }, req) => { console.log("Reset password email sending", url, token) }, }, }) ``` 3. Create the auth-client as follows: ```ts const authClient = createAuthClient({ plugins: [ usernameClient(), twoFactorClient(), adminClient(), emailOTPClient()] }) ``` 4. Generate the prisma schema and create a migration 5. Create a form that calls `authClient.twoFactor.generateBackupCodes()` passing in the password ```ts const { data, error } = await authClient.twoFactor.generateBackupCodes({ password, }) ``` ### Current vs. Expected behavior In my setup, this results in a 500 error on the client, and the following error logged in the NextJS dev console: ``` # SERVER_ERROR: Error [PrismaClientValidationError]: Invalid `prisma.twoFactor.update()` invocation: { where: { userId: "QsVPqNBcs1Ock9S4eCIBhriWGDpGm43f", ? id?: String, ? AND?: TwoFactorWhereInput | TwoFactorWhereInput[], ? OR?: TwoFactorWhereInput[], ? NOT?: TwoFactorWhereInput | TwoFactorWhereInput[], ? secret?: StringFilter | String, ? backupCodes?: StringFilter | String, ? user?: UserScalarRelationFilter | UserWhereInput }, data: { backupCodes: "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" } } Argument `where` of type TwoFactorWhereUniqueInput needs at least one of `id` arguments. 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To fix this, make sure to run the \`prisma generate\` command during the build process. 35 | { clientVersion: '6.17.1' } POST /api/auth/two-factor/generate-backup-codes 500 in 4020ms ``` ### What version of Better Auth are you using? 1.3.27 ### System info ```bash { "system": { "platform": "win32", "arch": "x64", "version": "Windows 11 Pro", "release": "10.0.26100", "cpuCount": 16, "cpuModel": "AMD Ryzen 7 5800X 8-Core Processor ", "totalMemory": "63.92 GB", "freeMemory": "33.63 GB" }, "node": { "version": "v22.20.0", "env": "development" }, "packageManager": { "name": "pnpm", "version": "10.18.3" }, "frameworks": [ { "name": "next", "version": "15.5.4" }, { "name": "react", "version": "19.1.0" } ], "databases": [ { "name": "@prisma/client", "version": "^6.17.1" } ], "betterAuth": { "version": "^1.3.27", "config": { "appName": "My App", "emailVerification": { "sendOnSignUp": false }, "plugins": [ { "name": "username", "config": { "id": "username", "endpoints": {}, "schema": { "user": { "fields": { "username": { "type": "string", "required": false, "sortable": true, "unique": true, "returned": true, "transform": {} }, "displayUsername": { "type": "string", "required": false, "transform": {} } } } }, "hooks": { "before": [ {}, {} ] }, "$ERROR_CODES": { "INVALID_USERNAME_OR_PASSWORD": "[REDACTED]", "EMAIL_NOT_VERIFIED": "Email not verified", "UNEXPECTED_ERROR": "Unexpected error", "USERNAME_IS_ALREADY_TAKEN": "Username is already taken. Please try another.", "USERNAME_TOO_SHORT": "Username is too short", "USERNAME_TOO_LONG": "Username is too long", "INVALID_USERNAME": "Username is invalid", "INVALID_DISPLAY_USERNAME": "Display username is invalid" } } }, { "name": "two-factor", "config": { "id": "two-factor", "endpoints": {}, "options": { "totpOptions": { "backupCodes": { "storeBackupCodes": "encrypted" } }, "backupCodeOptions": { "storeBackupCodes": "encrypted" } }, "hooks": { "after": [ {} ] }, "schema": { "user": { "fields": { "twoFactorEnabled": { "type": "boolean", "required": false, "defaultValue": false, "input": false } } }, "twoFactor": { "fields": { "secret": { "type": "string", "required": true, "returned": false }, "backupCodes": { "type": "string", "required": true, "returned": false }, "userId": { "type": "string", "required": true, "returned": false, "references": { "model": "user", "field": "id" } } } } }, "rateLimit": [ { "window": 10, "max": 3 } ], "$ERROR_CODES": { "OTP_NOT_ENABLED": "OTP not enabled", "OTP_HAS_EXPIRED": "OTP has expired", "TOTP_NOT_ENABLED": "TOTP not enabled", "TWO_FACTOR_NOT_ENABLED": "Two factor isn't enabled", "BACKUP_CODES_NOT_ENABLED": "Backup codes aren't enabled", "INVALID_BACKUP_CODE": "Invalid backup code", "INVALID_CODE": "Invalid code", "TOO_MANY_ATTEMPTS_REQUEST_NEW_CODE": "Too many attempts. Please request a new code.", "INVALID_TWO_FACTOR_COOKIE": "Invalid two factor cookie" } } }, { "name": "admin", "config": { "id": "admin", "hooks": { "after": [ {} ] }, "endpoints": {}, "$ERROR_CODES": { "FAILED_TO_CREATE_USER": "Failed to create user", "USER_ALREADY_EXISTS": "User already exists.", "USER_ALREADY_EXISTS_USE_ANOTHER_EMAIL": "User already exists. Use another email.", "YOU_CANNOT_BAN_YOURSELF": "You cannot ban yourself", "YOU_ARE_NOT_ALLOWED_TO_CHANGE_USERS_ROLE": "You are not allowed to change users role", "YOU_ARE_NOT_ALLOWED_TO_CREATE_USERS": "You are not allowed to create users", "YOU_ARE_NOT_ALLOWED_TO_LIST_USERS": "You are not allowed to list users", "YOU_ARE_NOT_ALLOWED_TO_LIST_USERS_SESSIONS": "You are not allowed to list users sessions", "YOU_ARE_NOT_ALLOWED_TO_BAN_USERS": "You are not allowed to ban users", "YOU_ARE_NOT_ALLOWED_TO_IMPERSONATE_USERS": "You are not allowed to impersonate users", "YOU_ARE_NOT_ALLOWED_TO_REVOKE_USERS_SESSIONS": "You are not allowed to revoke users sessions", "YOU_ARE_NOT_ALLOWED_TO_DELETE_USERS": "You are not allowed to delete users", "YOU_ARE_NOT_ALLOWED_TO_SET_USERS_PASSWORD": "[REDACTED]", "BANNED_USER": "You have been banned from this application", "YOU_ARE_NOT_ALLOWED_TO_GET_USER": "You are not allowed to get user", "NO_DATA_TO_UPDATE": "No data to update", "YOU_ARE_NOT_ALLOWED_TO_UPDATE_USERS": "You are not allowed to update users", "YOU_CANNOT_REMOVE_YOURSELF": "You cannot remove yourself" }, "schema": { "user": { "fields": { "role": { "type": "string", "required": false, "input": false }, "banned": { "type": "boolean", "defaultValue": false, "required": false, "input": false }, "banReason": { "type": "string", "required": false, "input": false }, "banExpires": { "type": "date", "required": false, "input": false } } }, "session": { "fields": { "impersonatedBy": { "type": "string", "required": false } } } } } }, { "name": "email-otp", "config": { "id": "email-otp", "endpoints": {}, "hooks": { "after": [ {} ] }, "$ERROR_CODES": { "OTP_EXPIRED": "otp expired", "INVALID_OTP": "Invalid OTP", "INVALID_EMAIL": "Invalid email", "USER_NOT_FOUND": "User not found", "TOO_MANY_ATTEMPTS": "Too many attempts" }, "rateLimit": [ { "window": 60, "max": 3 }, { "window": 60, "max": 3 }, { "window": 60, "max": 3 }, { "window": 60, "max": 3 } ] } } ], "emailAndPassword": { "enabled": true } } } } ``` ### Which area(s) are affected? (Select all that apply) Backend ### Auth config (if applicable) ```typescript import { betterAuth } from "better-auth" import { prismaAdapter } from "better-auth/adapters/prisma" import { admin, twoFactor, username, emailOTP } from "better-auth/plugins" import prisma from "./prisma" import { validateUsername } from "./validate-username" import { sendMail } from "./email-sender" // Uses nodemailer SMTP export const auth = betterAuth({ appName: process.env.BETTER_AUTH_APP_NAME, emailVerification: { sendOnSignUp: false, sendVerificationEmail: async ({ user, url, token }, req) => { console.log(url, token) sendMail({ sendFrom: "noreply@wildkatz.org", sendTo: user.email, subject: "Verify your email", text: `Verify your email by clicking the link: ${url}` }) } }, database: prismaAdapter(prisma, { provider: "postgresql" }), plugins: [ username({ usernameValidator: (username) => validateUsername(username), displayUsernameValidator: (username) => validateUsername(username) }), twoFactor({ totpOptions: { backupCodes: { storeBackupCodes: "encrypted" } }, backupCodeOptions: { storeBackupCodes: "encrypted" }, }), admin(), emailOTP({ async sendVerificationOTP({ email, otp, type }) { console.log(`Sending OTP ${otp} to ${email} for ${type}`) sendMail({ sendFrom: "noreply@wildkatz.org", sendTo: email, subject: "Verify your email", text: `Verify your email using this code: ${otp}` }) }, }) ], emailAndPassword: { enabled: true, sendResetPassword: async ({ user, url, token }, req) => { console.log("Reset password email sending", url, token) sendMail({ sendFrom: "noreply@wildkatz.org", sendTo: user.email, subject: "Password reset", text: `Reset your password using the following link: ${url}` }) }, }, }) ``` ### Additional context ```ts // validate-username.ts import { RegExpMatcher, englishDataset, englishRecommendedTransformers } from 'obscenity' const disallowedUserNames = ["sa", "sysadmin", "admin", "administration", "moderator", "mod", "staff", "owner"] const matcher = new RegExpMatcher({ ...englishDataset.build(), ...englishRecommendedTransformers, }); export function validateUsername(username: any): boolean { if (disallowedUserNames.some(i => i === username.toLowerCase().trim())) return false if (matcher.hasMatch(username)) return false return true } ``` ```ts // email-sender.ts import nodemailer from 'nodemailer' import SMTPTransport from 'nodemailer/lib/smtp-transport' function getTransport() { let configOptions: SMTPTransport.Options switch (process.env.EMAIL_SENDER) { default: case "SMTP": const host = process.env.EMAIL_SMTP_HOST const port = process.env.EMAIL_SMTP_PORT const user = process.env.EMAIL_SMTP_USER const pass = process.env.EMAIL_SMTP_PWD const secure = process.env.EMAIL_SMTP_USETLS if (!host || !port) throw new Error("Bad SMTP configuration") configOptions = { host, port: +port, secure: secure?.toUpperCase() === "TRUE", } if (user && pass) { configOptions.auth = { user, pass } } console.log(configOptions) break // case "SENDGRID": // console.error("SendGrid Not Implemented") // break // case "RESEND": // console.error("Resend Not Implemented") // break } return nodemailer.createTransport(configOptions) } export async function sendMail({ sendFrom, sendTo, subject, text, html, }: { sendFrom: string; sendTo: string; subject: string; text: string; html?: string; }) { const transporter = getTransport() try { const isVerified = await transporter.verify(); } catch (error) { console.error('Something went wrong when sending email', error); return; } const info = await transporter.sendMail({ from: sendFrom, to: sendTo, subject: subject, text: text, html: html ? html : '', }); return info; } ``` ## Schema generated by Better-Auth in Prisma: ``` generator client { provider = "prisma-client-js" output = "../src/generated/prisma" } datasource db { provider = "postgresql" url = env("DATABASE_URL") } model User { id String @id name String email String emailVerified Boolean @default(false) image String? createdAt DateTime @default(now()) updatedAt DateTime @default(now()) @updatedAt username String? displayUsername String? twoFactorEnabled Boolean? @default(false) role String? banned Boolean? @default(false) banReason String? banExpires DateTime? sessions Session[] accounts Account[] twofactors TwoFactor[] @@unique([email]) @@unique([username]) @@map("user") } model Session { id String @id expiresAt DateTime token String createdAt DateTime @default(now()) updatedAt DateTime @updatedAt ipAddress String? userAgent String? userId String user User @relation(fields: [userId], references: [id], onDelete: Cascade) impersonatedBy String? @@unique([token]) @@map("session") } model Account { id String @id accountId String providerId String userId String user User @relation(fields: [userId], references: [id], onDelete: Cascade) accessToken String? refreshToken String? idToken String? accessTokenExpiresAt DateTime? refreshTokenExpiresAt DateTime? scope String? password String? createdAt DateTime @default(now()) updatedAt DateTime @updatedAt @@map("account") } model Verification { id String @id identifier String value String expiresAt DateTime createdAt DateTime @default(now()) updatedAt DateTime @default(now()) @updatedAt @@map("verification") } model TwoFactor { id String @id secret String backupCodes String userId String user User @relation(fields: [userId], references: [id], onDelete: Cascade) @@map("twoFactor") } ```
GiteaMirror added the nextjsbug labels 2026-03-13 09:29:14 -05:00
GiteaMirror commented 2026-03-13 09:29:16 -05:00
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@dosubot[bot] commented on GitHub (Oct 15, 2025):

The error happens because Prisma's update() method for the TwoFactor model requires a unique identifier in the where clause—specifically, the id field. Your schema only has id as unique, but the update is being attempted with where: { userId: ... }, which isn't unique and causes the validation error.

To fix this, you have two options:

  1. Make userId unique in your Prisma schema: Add @unique to the userId field in the TwoFactor model, then run a migration. This will allow updates using where: { userId: ... } to work as expected.

    model TwoFactor {
  id          String @id
  secret      String
  backupCodes String
  userId      String @unique
  user        User   @relation(fields: [userId], references: [id], onDelete: Cascade)

  @@map("twoFactor")
}

  2. Update the plugin/code to use id for updates: If you don't want to make userId unique, you need to ensure that any update operation first queries for the TwoFactor record by userId, retrieves its id, and then performs the update using where: { id: ... }.

The first option is usually simpler and aligns with how the Better Auth two-factor plugin expects to operate. This issue is a known limitation with the Prisma adapter and schema alignment in Better Auth (reference).

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@dosubot[bot] commented on GitHub (Oct 15, 2025): <!-- Answer --> The error happens because Prisma's `update()` method for the `TwoFactor` model requires a unique identifier in the `where` clause—specifically, the `id` field. Your schema only has `id` as unique, but the update is being attempted with `where: { userId: ... }`, which isn't unique and causes the validation error. To fix this, you have two options: 1. **Make `userId` unique in your Prisma schema**: Add `@unique` to the `userId` field in the `TwoFactor` model, then run a migration. This will allow updates using `where: { userId: ... }` to work as expected. ```prisma model TwoFactor { id String @id secret String backupCodes String userId String @unique user User @relation(fields: [userId], references: [id], onDelete: Cascade) @@map("twoFactor") } ``` 2. **Update the plugin/code to use `id` for updates**: If you don't want to make `userId` unique, you need to ensure that any update operation first queries for the `TwoFactor` record by `userId`, retrieves its `id`, and then performs the update using `where: { id: ... }`. The first option is usually simpler and aligns with how the Better Auth two-factor plugin expects to operate. This issue is a known limitation with the Prisma adapter and schema alignment in Better Auth ([reference](https://github.com/better-auth/better-auth/issues/4751)). <!-- Dosu Comment Footer --> *To reply, just mention [@dosu](https://go.dosu.dev/dosubot).* --- <sup>How did I do? [Good](https://app.dosu.dev/response-feedback/f94461a0-b424-4868-9517-e04b994ede84?feedback_type=great_response) | [Irrelevant](https://app.dosu.dev/response-feedback/f94461a0-b424-4868-9517-e04b994ede84?feedback_type=irrelevant_answer) | [Incorrect](https://app.dosu.dev/response-feedback/f94461a0-b424-4868-9517-e04b994ede84?feedback_type=incorrect_sources) | [Verbose](https://app.dosu.dev/response-feedback/f94461a0-b424-4868-9517-e04b994ede84?feedback_type=too_verbose) | [Hallucination](https://app.dosu.dev/response-feedback/f94461a0-b424-4868-9517-e04b994ede84?feedback_type=hallucination) | [Report 🐛](https://app.dosu.dev/response-feedback/f94461a0-b424-4868-9517-e04b994ede84?feedback_type=bug_report) | [Other](https://app.dosu.dev/response-feedback/f94461a0-b424-4868-9517-e04b994ede84?feedback_type=other)</sup>&nbsp;&nbsp;[![Chat with Dosu](https://dosu.dev/dosu-chat-badge.svg)](https://app.dosu.dev/cdda13d9-dd27-4d31-b09a-5d8bec92de21/ask?utm_source=github)&nbsp;[![Join Discord](https://img.shields.io/badge/join-5865F2?logo=discord&logoColor=white&label=)](https://go.dosu.dev/discord-bot)&nbsp;[![Share on X](https://img.shields.io/badge/X-share-black)](https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=%40dosu_ai%20helped%20me%20solve%20this%20issue!&url=https%3A//github.com/better-auth/better-auth/issues/5331)
GiteaMirror commented 2026-03-13 09:29:17 -05:00
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@hades200082 commented on GitHub (Oct 15, 2025):

@dosu Shouldn't the npx @better-auth/cli generate command know about this quirk and add the unique constraint automatically then?

@hades200082 commented on GitHub (Oct 15, 2025): @dosu Shouldn't the `npx @better-auth/cli generate` command know about this quirk and add the unique constraint automatically then?
GiteaMirror commented 2026-03-13 09:29:17 -05:00
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@dosubot[bot] commented on GitHub (Oct 15, 2025):

You're right—ideally, the CLI should add a @unique constraint to the userId field in the TwoFactor model automatically, since the plugin's runtime expects to update by userId and Prisma requires that field to be unique for such operations. However, the current CLI only adds unique constraints if the plugin schema explicitly marks a field as unique. The two-factor plugin's schema does not set userId as unique, so the CLI omits it, which leads to this mismatch between the generated schema and runtime expectations. This is a known gap in the schema generation logic and not currently handled automatically by the CLI.

For now, you'll need to manually add @unique to userId in your Prisma schema after generation to avoid this issue.

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@dosubot[bot] commented on GitHub (Oct 15, 2025): <!-- Answer --> You're right—ideally, the CLI should add a `@unique` constraint to the `userId` field in the `TwoFactor` model automatically, since the plugin's runtime expects to update by `userId` and Prisma requires that field to be unique for such operations. However, the current CLI only adds unique constraints if the plugin schema explicitly marks a field as unique. The two-factor plugin's schema does not set `userId` as unique, so the CLI omits it, which leads to this mismatch between the generated schema and runtime expectations. This is a known gap in the schema generation logic and not currently handled automatically by the CLI. For now, you'll need to manually add `@unique` to `userId` in your Prisma schema after generation to avoid this issue. <!-- Dosu Comment Footer --> *To reply, just mention [@dosu](https://go.dosu.dev/dosubot).* --- <sup>How did I do? [Good](https://app.dosu.dev/response-feedback/0498ae20-5473-421b-850d-f465f299f39f?feedback_type=great_response) | [Irrelevant](https://app.dosu.dev/response-feedback/0498ae20-5473-421b-850d-f465f299f39f?feedback_type=irrelevant_answer) | [Incorrect](https://app.dosu.dev/response-feedback/0498ae20-5473-421b-850d-f465f299f39f?feedback_type=incorrect_sources) | [Verbose](https://app.dosu.dev/response-feedback/0498ae20-5473-421b-850d-f465f299f39f?feedback_type=too_verbose) | [Hallucination](https://app.dosu.dev/response-feedback/0498ae20-5473-421b-850d-f465f299f39f?feedback_type=hallucination) | [Report 🐛](https://app.dosu.dev/response-feedback/0498ae20-5473-421b-850d-f465f299f39f?feedback_type=bug_report) | [Other](https://app.dosu.dev/response-feedback/0498ae20-5473-421b-850d-f465f299f39f?feedback_type=other)</sup>&nbsp;&nbsp;[![Chat with Dosu](https://dosu.dev/dosu-chat-badge.svg)](https://app.dosu.dev/cdda13d9-dd27-4d31-b09a-5d8bec92de21/ask?utm_source=github)&nbsp;[![Join Discord](https://img.shields.io/badge/join-5865F2?logo=discord&logoColor=white&label=)](https://go.dosu.dev/discord-bot)&nbsp;[![Share on X](https://img.shields.io/badge/X-share-black)](https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=%40dosu_ai%20helped%20me%20solve%20this%20issue!&url=https%3A//github.com/better-auth/better-auth/issues/5331)
GiteaMirror commented 2026-03-13 09:29:17 -05:00
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@hades200082 commented on GitHub (Oct 15, 2025):

@dosu I understand what you're saying, but if the plugin uses userId as though it is unique, then it must be a bug for the plugin to not generate the unique constraint, regardless of which database access method or ORM is in use?

@hades200082 commented on GitHub (Oct 15, 2025): @dosu I understand what you're saying, but if the plugin uses `userId` as though it is unique, then it must be a bug for the plugin to not generate the unique constraint, regardless of which database access method or ORM is in use?
GiteaMirror commented 2026-03-13 09:29:18 -05:00
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@dosubot[bot] commented on GitHub (Oct 15, 2025):

Yes, that's correct—if the plugin's logic treats userId as unique (for example, by using it in update operations that require a unique constraint), then not generating a unique constraint on userId is a bug or design oversight in the plugin and schema generation, regardless of which ORM or database is used. This mismatch can cause runtime errors and data integrity issues, not just with Prisma but with any system that expects uniqueness for such operations. The schema generation should always align with the plugin's runtime expectations to avoid these problems. This is not intentional and should be addressed in the plugin and CLI to ensure correctness across all supported adapters.

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@dosubot[bot] commented on GitHub (Oct 15, 2025): <!-- Answer --> Yes, that's correct—if the plugin's logic treats `userId` as unique (for example, by using it in update operations that require a unique constraint), then not generating a unique constraint on `userId` is a bug or design oversight in the plugin and schema generation, regardless of which ORM or database is used. This mismatch can cause runtime errors and data integrity issues, not just with Prisma but with any system that expects uniqueness for such operations. The schema generation should always align with the plugin's runtime expectations to avoid these problems. This is not intentional and should be addressed in the plugin and CLI to ensure correctness across all supported adapters. <!-- Dosu Comment Footer --> *To reply, just mention [@dosu](https://go.dosu.dev/dosubot).* --- <sup>How did I do? [Good](https://app.dosu.dev/response-feedback/f82938c0-bb85-49e8-8fa2-788c448cabfc?feedback_type=great_response) | [Irrelevant](https://app.dosu.dev/response-feedback/f82938c0-bb85-49e8-8fa2-788c448cabfc?feedback_type=irrelevant_answer) | [Incorrect](https://app.dosu.dev/response-feedback/f82938c0-bb85-49e8-8fa2-788c448cabfc?feedback_type=incorrect_sources) | [Verbose](https://app.dosu.dev/response-feedback/f82938c0-bb85-49e8-8fa2-788c448cabfc?feedback_type=too_verbose) | [Hallucination](https://app.dosu.dev/response-feedback/f82938c0-bb85-49e8-8fa2-788c448cabfc?feedback_type=hallucination) | [Report 🐛](https://app.dosu.dev/response-feedback/f82938c0-bb85-49e8-8fa2-788c448cabfc?feedback_type=bug_report) | [Other](https://app.dosu.dev/response-feedback/f82938c0-bb85-49e8-8fa2-788c448cabfc?feedback_type=other)</sup>&nbsp;&nbsp;[![Chat with Dosu](https://dosu.dev/dosu-chat-badge.svg)](https://app.dosu.dev/cdda13d9-dd27-4d31-b09a-5d8bec92de21/ask?utm_source=github)&nbsp;[![Join Discord](https://img.shields.io/badge/join-5865F2?logo=discord&logoColor=white&label=)](https://go.dosu.dev/discord-bot)&nbsp;[![Share on X](https://img.shields.io/badge/X-share-black)](https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=%40dosu_ai%20helped%20me%20solve%20this%20issue!&url=https%3A//github.com/better-auth/better-auth/issues/5331)
GiteaMirror commented 2026-03-13 09:29:19 -05:00
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@ping-maxwell commented on GitHub (Oct 20, 2025):

What's weird is that we're not using prisma's update, we're using updateMany which shouldn't trigger this error.

@ping-maxwell commented on GitHub (Oct 20, 2025): What's weird is that we're not using prisma's `update`, we're using `updateMany` which shouldn't trigger this error.
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