# Von Neumann Architecture

## Basic Concepts

- **Von Neumann Architecture - Wikipedia:**
    - [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Von_Neumann_architecture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Von_Neumann_architecture)
    - *Comprehensive overview of the architecture, its history, and key characteristics.*
- **Von Neumann Architecture - Techopedia:** 
    - [https://www.techopedia.com/definition/1390/von-neumann-architecture](https://www.techopedia.com/definition/1390/von-neumann-architecture) 
    - *Simplified explanation of the architecture and its components.*

## Key Components and Their Roles 

- **CPU (Central Processing Unit):** 
    - *See "CPU" section for detailed resources on CPU architecture and functionality.* 
- **Memory (Main Memory):**
    - *See "Memory" section for resources on memory hierarchy and organization.*
- **Input/Output Devices:**
    - *See "I/O Devices" section for details on various I/O devices and their interfaces.*

## Instruction Cycle and Program Execution

- **The Fetch-Execute Cycle - BBC Bitesize:**
    - [https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zws8d2p/revision/3](https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zws8d2p/revision/3) 
    - *Simple explanation of how instructions are fetched and executed in a Von Neumann machine.*
- **Computer Organization and Design RISC-V Edition (Book - Chapter 1):**
    - ISBN: 978-0128122754
    - [Find Online](https://www.amazon.com/Computer-Organization-Design-RISC-V-Architecture/dp/0128122757)
    - *Introduces the stored-program concept and its implications.*

## Advantages and Disadvantages

- **Von Neumann vs. Harvard Architecture - GeeksforGeeks:** 
    - [https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/von-neumann-vs-harvard-architecture/](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/von-neumann-vs-harvard-architecture/) 
    - *Compares and contrasts the Von Neumann architecture with the Harvard architecture, highlighting their pros and cons.* 

## Alternatives and Modern Architectures

- **Harvard Architecture - Wikipedia:**
    - [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_architecture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_architecture) 
    - *Explanation of the Harvard architecture and its differences from the Von Neumann model.*
- **Modified Harvard Architecture - Wikipedia:**
    - [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modified_Harvard_architecture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modified_Harvard_architecture)
    - *Describes the modified Harvard architecture, a hybrid approach combining elements of both Von Neumann and Harvard models.*
- **Beyond Von Neumann - Computer Architecture Research Directions:**
    - [https://cacm.acm.org/magazines/2021/10/256524-there-is-plenty-of-room-at-the-top/fulltext](https://cacm.acm.org/magazines/2021/10/256524-there-is-plenty-of-room-at-the-top/fulltext) 
    - *Article discussing research directions in computer architecture that aim to overcome limitations of the Von Neumann model.* 
