# AUTOGENERATED! DO NOT EDIT! File to edit: ../../modules/source/02_tensor/tensor_dev.ipynb.

# %% auto 0
__all__ = ['Tensor']

# %% ../../modules/source/02_tensor/tensor_dev.ipynb 1
import numpy as np
import sys
from typing import Union, Tuple, Optional, Any

# %% ../../modules/source/02_tensor/tensor_dev.ipynb 14
class Tensor:
    """
    TinyTorch Tensor: N-dimensional array with ML operations.
    
    The fundamental data structure for all TinyTorch operations.
    Wraps NumPy arrays with ML-specific functionality.
    """
    
    def __init__(self, data: Any, dtype: Optional[str] = None):
        """
        Create a new tensor from data.
        
        Args:
            data: Input data (scalar, list, or numpy array)
            dtype: Data type ('float32', 'int32', etc.). Defaults to auto-detect.
            
        TODO: Implement tensor creation with proper type handling.
        
        STEP-BY-STEP:
        1. Check if data is a scalar (int/float) - convert to numpy array
        2. Check if data is a list - convert to numpy array  
        3. Check if data is already a numpy array - use as-is
        4. Apply dtype conversion if specified
        5. Store the result in self._data
        
        EXAMPLE:
        Tensor(5) → stores np.array(5)
        Tensor([1, 2, 3]) → stores np.array([1, 2, 3])
        Tensor(np.array([1, 2, 3])) → stores the array directly
        
        HINTS:
        - Use isinstance() to check data types
        - Use np.array() for conversion
        - Handle dtype parameter for type conversion
        - Store the array in self._data
        """
        ### BEGIN SOLUTION
        # Convert input to numpy array
        if isinstance(data, (int, float, np.number)):
            # Handle Python and NumPy scalars
            if dtype is None:
                # Auto-detect type: int for integers, float32 for floats
                if isinstance(data, int) or (isinstance(data, np.number) and np.issubdtype(type(data), np.integer)):
                    dtype = 'int32'
                else:
                    dtype = 'float32'
            self._data = np.array(data, dtype=dtype)
        elif isinstance(data, list):
            # Let NumPy auto-detect type, then convert if needed
            temp_array = np.array(data)
            if dtype is None:
                # Use NumPy's auto-detected type, but prefer float32 for floats
                if temp_array.dtype == np.float64:
                    dtype = 'float32'
                else:
                    dtype = str(temp_array.dtype)
            self._data = np.array(data, dtype=dtype)
        elif isinstance(data, np.ndarray):
            # Already a numpy array
            if dtype is None:
                # Keep existing dtype, but prefer float32 for float64
                if data.dtype == np.float64:
                    dtype = 'float32'
                else:
                    dtype = str(data.dtype)
            self._data = data.astype(dtype) if dtype != data.dtype else data.copy()
        else:
            # Try to convert unknown types
            self._data = np.array(data, dtype=dtype)
        ### END SOLUTION

    @property
    def data(self) -> np.ndarray:
        """
        Access underlying numpy array.
        
        TODO: Return the stored numpy array.
        
        STEP-BY-STEP IMPLEMENTATION:
        1. Access the internal _data attribute
        2. Return the numpy array directly
        3. This provides access to underlying data for NumPy operations
        
        LEARNING CONNECTIONS:
        Real-world relevance:
        - PyTorch: tensor.numpy() converts to NumPy for visualization/analysis
        - TensorFlow: tensor.numpy() enables integration with scientific Python
        - Production: Data scientists need to access raw arrays for debugging
        - Performance: Direct access avoids copying for read-only operations
        
        HINT: Return self._data (the array you stored in __init__)
        """
        ### BEGIN SOLUTION
        return self._data
        ### END SOLUTION
    
    @property
    def shape(self) -> Tuple[int, ...]:
        """
        Get tensor shape.
        
        TODO: Return the shape of the stored numpy array.
        
        STEP-BY-STEP IMPLEMENTATION:
        1. Access the _data attribute (the NumPy array)
        2. Get the shape property from the NumPy array
        3. Return the shape tuple directly
        
        LEARNING CONNECTIONS:
        Real-world relevance:
        - Neural networks: Layer compatibility requires matching shapes
        - Computer vision: Image shape (height, width, channels) determines architecture
        - NLP: Sequence length and vocabulary size affect model design
        - Debugging: Shape mismatches are the #1 cause of ML errors
        
        HINT: Use .shape attribute of the numpy array
        EXAMPLE: Tensor([1, 2, 3]).shape should return (3,)
        """
        ### BEGIN SOLUTION
        return self._data.shape
        ### END SOLUTION
    
    @property
    def size(self) -> int:
        """
        Get total number of elements.
        
        TODO: Return the total number of elements in the tensor.
        
        STEP-BY-STEP IMPLEMENTATION:
        1. Access the _data attribute (the NumPy array)
        2. Get the size property from the NumPy array
        3. Return the total element count as an integer
        
        LEARNING CONNECTIONS:
        Real-world relevance:
        - Memory planning: Calculate RAM requirements for large tensors
        - Model architecture: Determine parameter counts for layers
        - Performance optimization: Size affects computation time
        - Batch processing: Total elements determines vectorization efficiency
        
        HINT: Use .size attribute of the numpy array
        EXAMPLE: Tensor([1, 2, 3]).size should return 3
        """
        ### BEGIN SOLUTION
        return self._data.size
        ### END SOLUTION
    
    @property
    def dtype(self) -> np.dtype:
        """
        Get data type as numpy dtype.
        
        TODO: Return the data type of the stored numpy array.
        
        STEP-BY-STEP IMPLEMENTATION:
        1. Access the _data attribute (the NumPy array)
        2. Get the dtype property from the NumPy array
        3. Return the NumPy dtype object directly
        
        LEARNING CONNECTIONS:
        Real-world relevance:
        - Precision vs speed: float32 is faster, float64 more accurate
        - Memory optimization: int8 uses 1/4 memory of int32
        - GPU compatibility: Some operations only work with specific types
        - Model deployment: Mobile/edge devices prefer smaller data types
        
        HINT: Use .dtype attribute of the numpy array
        EXAMPLE: Tensor([1, 2, 3]).dtype should return dtype('int32')
        """
        ### BEGIN SOLUTION
        return self._data.dtype
        ### END SOLUTION
    
    def __repr__(self) -> str:
        """
        String representation.
        
        TODO: Create a clear string representation of the tensor.
        
        STEP-BY-STEP IMPLEMENTATION:
        1. Convert the numpy array to a list using .tolist()
        2. Get shape and dtype information from properties
        3. Format as "Tensor([data], shape=shape, dtype=dtype)"
        4. Return the formatted string
        
        LEARNING CONNECTIONS:
        Real-world relevance:
        - Debugging: Clear tensor representation speeds debugging
        - Jupyter notebooks: Good __repr__ improves data exploration
        - Logging: Production systems log tensor info for monitoring
        - Education: Students understand tensors better with clear output
        
        APPROACH:
        1. Convert the numpy array to a list for readable output
        2. Include the shape and dtype information
        3. Format: "Tensor([data], shape=shape, dtype=dtype)"
        
        EXAMPLE:
        Tensor([1, 2, 3]) → "Tensor([1, 2, 3], shape=(3,), dtype=int32)"
        
        HINTS:
        - Use .tolist() to convert numpy array to list
        - Include shape and dtype information
        - Keep format consistent and readable
        """
        ### BEGIN SOLUTION
        return f"Tensor({self._data.tolist()}, shape={self.shape}, dtype={self.dtype})"
        ### END SOLUTION

    def add(self, other: 'Tensor') -> 'Tensor':
        """
        Add two tensors element-wise.
        
        TODO: Implement tensor addition.
        
        STEP-BY-STEP IMPLEMENTATION:
        1. Extract numpy arrays from both tensors
        2. Use NumPy's + operator for element-wise addition
        3. Create a new Tensor object with the result
        4. Return the new tensor
        
        LEARNING CONNECTIONS:
        Real-world relevance:
        - Neural networks: Adding bias terms to linear layer outputs
        - Residual connections: skip connections in ResNet architectures
        - Gradient updates: Adding computed gradients to parameters
        - Ensemble methods: Combining predictions from multiple models
        
        APPROACH:
        1. Add the numpy arrays using +
        2. Return a new Tensor with the result
        3. Handle broadcasting automatically
        
        EXAMPLE:
        Tensor([1, 2]) + Tensor([3, 4]) → Tensor([4, 6])
        
        HINTS:
        - Use self._data + other._data
        - Return Tensor(result)
        - NumPy handles broadcasting automatically
        """
        ### BEGIN SOLUTION
        result = self._data + other._data
        return Tensor(result)
        ### END SOLUTION

    def multiply(self, other: 'Tensor') -> 'Tensor':
        """
        Multiply two tensors element-wise.
        
        TODO: Implement tensor multiplication.
        
        STEP-BY-STEP IMPLEMENTATION:
        1. Extract numpy arrays from both tensors
        2. Use NumPy's * operator for element-wise multiplication
        3. Create a new Tensor object with the result
        4. Return the new tensor
        
        LEARNING CONNECTIONS:
        Real-world relevance:
        - Activation functions: Element-wise operations like ReLU masking
        - Attention mechanisms: Element-wise scaling in transformer models
        - Feature scaling: Multiplying features by learned scaling factors
        - Gating: Element-wise gating in LSTM and GRU cells
        
        APPROACH:
        1. Multiply the numpy arrays using *
        2. Return a new Tensor with the result
        3. Handle broadcasting automatically
        
        EXAMPLE:
        Tensor([1, 2]) * Tensor([3, 4]) → Tensor([3, 8])
        
        HINTS:
        - Use self._data * other._data
        - Return Tensor(result)
        - This is element-wise, not matrix multiplication
        """
        ### BEGIN SOLUTION
        result = self._data * other._data
        return Tensor(result)
        ### END SOLUTION

    def __add__(self, other: Union['Tensor', int, float]) -> 'Tensor':
        """
        Addition operator: tensor + other
        
        TODO: Implement + operator for tensors.
        
        STEP-BY-STEP IMPLEMENTATION:
        1. Check if other is a Tensor object
        2. If Tensor, call the add() method directly
        3. If scalar, convert to Tensor then call add()
        4. Return the result from add() method
        
        LEARNING CONNECTIONS:
        Real-world relevance:
        - Natural syntax: tensor + scalar enables intuitive code
        - Broadcasting: Adding scalars to tensors is common in ML
        - Operator overloading: Python's magic methods enable math-like syntax
        - API design: Clean interfaces reduce cognitive load for researchers
        
        APPROACH:
        1. If other is a Tensor, use tensor addition
        2. If other is a scalar, convert to Tensor first
        3. Return the result
        
        EXAMPLE:
        Tensor([1, 2]) + Tensor([3, 4]) → Tensor([4, 6])
        Tensor([1, 2]) + 5 → Tensor([6, 7])
        """
        ### BEGIN SOLUTION
        if isinstance(other, Tensor):
            return self.add(other)
        else:
            return self.add(Tensor(other))
        ### END SOLUTION

    def __mul__(self, other: Union['Tensor', int, float]) -> 'Tensor':
        """
        Multiplication operator: tensor * other
        
        TODO: Implement * operator for tensors.
        
        STEP-BY-STEP IMPLEMENTATION:
        1. Check if other is a Tensor object
        2. If Tensor, call the multiply() method directly
        3. If scalar, convert to Tensor then call multiply()
        4. Return the result from multiply() method
        
        LEARNING CONNECTIONS:
        Real-world relevance:
        - Scaling features: tensor * learning_rate for gradient updates
        - Masking: tensor * mask for attention mechanisms
        - Regularization: tensor * dropout_mask during training
        - Normalization: tensor * scale_factor in batch normalization
        
        APPROACH:
        1. If other is a Tensor, use tensor multiplication
        2. If other is a scalar, convert to Tensor first
        3. Return the result
        
        EXAMPLE:
        Tensor([1, 2]) * Tensor([3, 4]) → Tensor([3, 8])
        Tensor([1, 2]) * 3 → Tensor([3, 6])
        """
        ### BEGIN SOLUTION
        if isinstance(other, Tensor):
            return self.multiply(other)
        else:
            return self.multiply(Tensor(other))
        ### END SOLUTION

    def __sub__(self, other: Union['Tensor', int, float]) -> 'Tensor':
        """
        Subtraction operator: tensor - other
        
        TODO: Implement - operator for tensors.
        
        STEP-BY-STEP IMPLEMENTATION:
        1. Check if other is a Tensor object
        2. If Tensor, subtract other._data from self._data
        3. If scalar, subtract scalar directly from self._data
        4. Create new Tensor with result and return
        
        LEARNING CONNECTIONS:
        Real-world relevance:
        - Gradient computation: parameter - learning_rate * gradient
        - Residual connections: output - skip_connection in some architectures
        - Error calculation: predicted - actual for loss computation
        - Centering data: tensor - mean for zero-centered inputs
        
        APPROACH:
        1. Convert other to Tensor if needed
        2. Subtract using numpy arrays
        3. Return new Tensor with result
        
        EXAMPLE:
        Tensor([5, 6]) - Tensor([1, 2]) → Tensor([4, 4])
        Tensor([5, 6]) - 1 → Tensor([4, 5])
        """
        ### BEGIN SOLUTION
        if isinstance(other, Tensor):
            result = self._data - other._data
        else:
            result = self._data - other
        return Tensor(result)
        ### END SOLUTION

    def __truediv__(self, other: Union['Tensor', int, float]) -> 'Tensor':
        """
        Division operator: tensor / other
        
        TODO: Implement / operator for tensors.
        
        STEP-BY-STEP IMPLEMENTATION:
        1. Check if other is a Tensor object
        2. If Tensor, divide self._data by other._data
        3. If scalar, divide self._data by scalar directly
        4. Create new Tensor with result and return
        
        LEARNING CONNECTIONS:
        Real-world relevance:
        - Normalization: tensor / std_deviation for standard scaling
        - Learning rate decay: parameter / decay_factor over time
        - Probability computation: counts / total_counts for frequencies
        - Temperature scaling: logits / temperature in softmax functions
        
        APPROACH:
        1. Convert other to Tensor if needed
        2. Divide using numpy arrays
        3. Return new Tensor with result
        
        EXAMPLE:
        Tensor([6, 8]) / Tensor([2, 4]) → Tensor([3, 2])
        Tensor([6, 8]) / 2 → Tensor([3, 4])
        """
        ### BEGIN SOLUTION
        if isinstance(other, Tensor):
            result = self._data / other._data
        else:
            result = self._data / other
        return Tensor(result)
        ### END SOLUTION

    def mean(self) -> 'Tensor':
        """Computes the mean of the tensor's elements."""
        return Tensor(np.mean(self.data))

    def matmul(self, other: 'Tensor') -> 'Tensor':
        """
        Perform matrix multiplication between two tensors.
        
        TODO: Implement matrix multiplication.
        
        STEP-BY-STEP IMPLEMENTATION:
        1. Extract numpy arrays from both tensors
        2. Use np.matmul() for proper matrix multiplication
        3. Create new Tensor object with the result
        4. Return the new tensor
        
        LEARNING CONNECTIONS:
        Real-world relevance:
        - Linear layers: input @ weight matrices in neural networks
        - Transformer attention: Q @ K^T for attention scores
        - CNN convolutions: Implemented as matrix multiplications
        - Batch processing: Matrix ops enable parallel computation
        
        APPROACH:
        1. Use np.matmul() to perform matrix multiplication
        2. Return a new Tensor with the result
        3. Handle broadcasting automatically
        
        EXAMPLE:
        Tensor([[1, 2], [3, 4]]) @ Tensor([[5, 6], [7, 8]]) → Tensor([[19, 22], [43, 50]])
        
        HINTS:
        - Use np.matmul(self._data, other._data)
        - Return Tensor(result)
        - This is matrix multiplication, not element-wise multiplication
        """
        ### BEGIN SOLUTION
        result = np.matmul(self._data, other._data)
        return Tensor(result)
        ### END SOLUTION
