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<refentry id="man.dnssec-signzone">
  <refentryinfo>
    <date>June 08, 2009</date>
  </refentryinfo>

  <refmeta>
    <refentrytitle><application>dnssec-signzone</application></refentrytitle>
   <manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
    <refmiscinfo>BIND9</refmiscinfo>
  </refmeta>

  <refnamediv>
    <refname><application>dnssec-signzone</application></refname>
    <refpurpose>DNSSEC zone signing tool</refpurpose>
  </refnamediv>

  <docinfo>
    <copyright>
      <year>2004</year>
      <year>2005</year>
      <year>2006</year>
      <year>2007</year>
      <year>2008</year>
      <year>2009</year>
      <holder>Internet Systems Consortium, Inc. ("ISC")</holder>
    </copyright>
    <copyright>
      <year>2000</year>
      <year>2001</year>
      <year>2002</year>
      <year>2003</year>
      <holder>Internet Software Consortium.</holder>
    </copyright>
  </docinfo>

  <refsynopsisdiv>
    <cmdsynopsis>
      <command>dnssec-signzone</command>
      <arg><option>-a</option></arg>
      <arg><option>-c <replaceable class="parameter">class</replaceable></option></arg>
      <arg><option>-d <replaceable class="parameter">directory</replaceable></option></arg>
      <arg><option>-e <replaceable class="parameter">end-time</replaceable></option></arg>
      <arg><option>-f <replaceable class="parameter">output-file</replaceable></option></arg>
      <arg><option>-g</option></arg>
      <arg><option>-h</option></arg>
      <arg><option>-k <replaceable class="parameter">key</replaceable></option></arg>
      <arg><option>-l <replaceable class="parameter">domain</replaceable></option></arg>
      <arg><option>-i <replaceable class="parameter">interval</replaceable></option></arg>
      <arg><option>-I <replaceable class="parameter">input-format</replaceable></option></arg>
      <arg><option>-j <replaceable class="parameter">jitter</replaceable></option></arg>
      <arg><option>-N <replaceable class="parameter">soa-serial-format</replaceable></option></arg>
      <arg><option>-o <replaceable class="parameter">origin</replaceable></option></arg>
      <arg><option>-O <replaceable class="parameter">output-format</replaceable></option></arg>
      <arg><option>-p</option></arg>
      <arg><option>-P</option></arg>
      <arg><option>-r <replaceable class="parameter">randomdev</replaceable></option></arg>
      <arg><option>-s <replaceable class="parameter">start-time</replaceable></option></arg>
      <arg><option>-t</option></arg>
      <arg><option>-v <replaceable class="parameter">level</replaceable></option></arg>
      <arg><option>-z</option></arg>
      <arg><option>-3 <replaceable class="parameter">salt</replaceable></option></arg>
      <arg><option>-H <replaceable class="parameter">iterations</replaceable></option></arg>
      <arg><option>-A</option></arg>
      <arg choice="req">zonefile</arg>
      <arg rep="repeat">key</arg>
    </cmdsynopsis>
  </refsynopsisdiv>

  <refsect1>
    <title>DESCRIPTION</title>
    <para><command>dnssec-signzone</command>
      signs a zone.  It generates
      NSEC and RRSIG records and produces a signed version of the
      zone.  It also generates a <filename>keyset-</filename> file containing
      the key-signing keys for the zone, and if signing a zone which
      contains delegations, it can optionally generate DS records for
      the child zones from their <filename>keyset-</filename> files.
    </para>
  </refsect1>

  <refsect1>
    <title>OPTIONS</title>

    <variablelist>
      <varlistentry>
        <term>-a</term>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            Verify all generated signatures.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term>-c <replaceable class="parameter">class</replaceable></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            Specifies the DNS class of the zone.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term>-k <replaceable class="parameter">key</replaceable></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            Treat specified key as a key signing key ignoring any
            key flags.  This option may be specified multiple times.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term>-l <replaceable class="parameter">domain</replaceable></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            Generate a DLV set in addition to the key (DNSKEY) and DS sets.
            The domain is appended to the name of the records.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term>-d <replaceable class="parameter">directory</replaceable></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            Look for <filename>keyset</filename> files in
            <option>directory</option> as the directory
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term>-g</term>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            If the zone contains any delegations, and there are
            <filename>keyset-</filename> files for any of the child zones,
            then DS records for the child zones will be generated from the
            keys in those files.  Existing DS records will be removed.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term>-s <replaceable class="parameter">start-time</replaceable></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            Specify the date and time when the generated RRSIG records
            become valid.  This can be either an absolute or relative
            time.  An absolute start time is indicated by a number
            in YYYYMMDDHHMMSS notation; 20000530144500 denotes
            14:45:00 UTC on May 30th, 2000.  A relative start time is
            indicated by +N, which is N seconds from the current time.
            If no <option>start-time</option> is specified, the current
            time minus 1 hour (to allow for clock skew) is used.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term>-e <replaceable class="parameter">end-time</replaceable></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            Specify the date and time when the generated RRSIG records
            expire.  As with <option>start-time</option>, an absolute
            time is indicated in YYYYMMDDHHMMSS notation.  A time relative
            to the start time is indicated with +N, which is N seconds from
            the start time.  A time relative to the current time is
            indicated with now+N.  If no <option>end-time</option> is
            specified, 30 days from the start time is used as a default.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term>-f <replaceable class="parameter">output-file</replaceable></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            The name of the output file containing the signed zone.  The
            default is to append <filename>.signed</filename> to
            the
            input filename.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term>-h</term>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            Prints a short summary of the options and arguments to
            <command>dnssec-signzone</command>.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term>-i <replaceable class="parameter">interval</replaceable></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            When a previously-signed zone is passed as input, records
            may be resigned.  The <option>interval</option> option
            specifies the cycle interval as an offset from the current
            time (in seconds).  If a RRSIG record expires after the
            cycle interval, it is retained.  Otherwise, it is considered
            to be expiring soon, and it will be replaced.
          </para>
          <para>
            The default cycle interval is one quarter of the difference
            between the signature end and start times.  So if neither
            <option>end-time</option> or <option>start-time</option>
            are specified, <command>dnssec-signzone</command>
            generates
            signatures that are valid for 30 days, with a cycle
            interval of 7.5 days.  Therefore, if any existing RRSIG records
            are due to expire in less than 7.5 days, they would be
            replaced.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term>-I <replaceable class="parameter">input-format</replaceable></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            The format of the input zone file.
	    Possible formats are <command>"text"</command> (default)
	    and <command>"raw"</command>.
	    This option is primarily intended to be used for dynamic
            signed zones so that the dumped zone file in a non-text
            format containing updates can be signed directly.
	    The use of this option does not make much sense for
	    non-dynamic zones.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term>-j <replaceable class="parameter">jitter</replaceable></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            When signing a zone with a fixed signature lifetime, all
            RRSIG records issued at the time of signing expires
            simultaneously.  If the zone is incrementally signed, i.e.
            a previously-signed zone is passed as input to the signer,
            all expired signatures have to be regenerated at about the
            same time.  The <option>jitter</option> option specifies a
            jitter window that will be used to randomize the signature
            expire time, thus spreading incremental signature
            regeneration over time.
          </para>
          <para>
            Signature lifetime jitter also to some extent benefits
            validators and servers by spreading out cache expiration,
            i.e. if large numbers of RRSIGs don't expire at the same time
            from all caches there will be less congestion than if all
            validators need to refetch at mostly the same time.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term>-n <replaceable class="parameter">ncpus</replaceable></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            Specifies the number of threads to use.  By default, one
            thread is started for each detected CPU.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term>-N <replaceable class="parameter">soa-serial-format</replaceable></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            The SOA serial number format of the signed zone.
	    Possible formats are <command>"keep"</command> (default),
            <command>"increment"</command> and
	    <command>"unixtime"</command>.
          </para>

          <variablelist>
	    <varlistentry>
	      <term><command>"keep"</command></term>
              <listitem>
                <para>Do not modify the SOA serial number.</para>
	      </listitem>
            </varlistentry>

	    <varlistentry>
	      <term><command>"increment"</command></term>
              <listitem>
                <para>Increment the SOA serial number using RFC 1982
                      arithmetics.</para>
	      </listitem>
            </varlistentry>

	    <varlistentry>
	      <term><command>"unixtime"</command></term>
              <listitem>
                <para>Set the SOA serial number to the number of seconds
	        since epoch.</para>
	      </listitem>
            </varlistentry>
	 </variablelist>

        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term>-o <replaceable class="parameter">origin</replaceable></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            The zone origin.  If not specified, the name of the zone file
            is assumed to be the origin.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term>-O <replaceable class="parameter">output-format</replaceable></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            The format of the output file containing the signed zone.
	    Possible formats are <command>"text"</command> (default)
	    and <command>"raw"</command>.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term>-p</term>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            Use pseudo-random data when signing the zone.  This is faster,
            but less secure, than using real random data.  This option
            may be useful when signing large zones or when the entropy
            source is limited.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term>-P</term>
        <listitem>
          <para>
	    Disable post sign verification tests.
          </para>
          <para>
	    The post sign verification test ensures that for each algorithm
	    in use there is at least one non revoked self signed KSK key,
	    that all revoked KSK keys are self signed, and that all records
	    in the zone are signed by the algorithm.
	    This option skips these tests.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term>-r <replaceable class="parameter">randomdev</replaceable></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            Specifies the source of randomness.  If the operating
            system does not provide a <filename>/dev/random</filename>
            or equivalent device, the default source of randomness
            is keyboard input.  <filename>randomdev</filename>
            specifies
            the name of a character device or file containing random
            data to be used instead of the default.  The special value
            <filename>keyboard</filename> indicates that keyboard
            input should be used.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term>-t</term>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            Print statistics at completion.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term>-v <replaceable class="parameter">level</replaceable></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            Sets the debugging level.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term>-z</term>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            Ignore KSK flag on key when determining what to sign.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term>-3 <replaceable class="parameter">salt</replaceable></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            Generate a NSEC3 chain with the given hex encoded salt.
	    A dash (<replaceable class="parameter">salt</replaceable>) can
	    be used to indicate that no salt is to be used when generating		    the NSEC3 chain.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term>-H <replaceable class="parameter">iterations</replaceable></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>
	    When generating a NSEC3 chain use this many interations.  The
	    default is 100.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term>-A</term>
        <listitem>
          <para>
	    When generating a NSEC3 chain set the OPTOUT flag on all
	    NSEC3 records and do not generate NSEC3 records for insecure
	    delegations.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term>zonefile</term>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            The file containing the zone to be signed.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term>key</term>
        <listitem>
          <para>
	    Specify which keys should be used to sign the zone.  If
	    no keys are specified, then the zone will be examined
	    for DNSKEY records at the zone apex.  If these are found and
	    there are matching private keys, in the current directory,
	    then these will be used for signing.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

    </variablelist>
  </refsect1>

  <refsect1>
    <title>EXAMPLE</title>
    <para>
      The following command signs the <userinput>example.com</userinput>
      zone with the DSA key generated by <command>dnssec-keygen</command>
      (Kexample.com.+003+17247).  The zone's keys must be in the master
      file (<filename>db.example.com</filename>).  This invocation looks
      for <filename>keyset</filename> files, in the current directory,
      so that DS records can be generated from them (<command>-g</command>).
    </para>
<programlisting>% dnssec-signzone -g -o example.com db.example.com \
Kexample.com.+003+17247
db.example.com.signed
%</programlisting>
    <para>
      In the above example, <command>dnssec-signzone</command> creates
      the file <filename>db.example.com.signed</filename>.  This
      file should be referenced in a zone statement in a
      <filename>named.conf</filename> file.
    </para>
    <para>
      This example re-signs a previously signed zone with default parameters.
      The private keys are assumed to be in the current directory.
    </para>
<programlisting>% cp db.example.com.signed db.example.com
% dnssec-signzone -o example.com db.example.com
db.example.com.signed
%</programlisting>
  </refsect1>

  <refsect1>
    <title>KNOWN BUGS</title>
    <para>
        <command>dnssec-signzone</command> was designed so that it could
        sign a zone partially, using only a subset of the DNSSEC keys
        needed to produce a fully-signed zone.  This permits a zone
        administrator, for example, to sign a zone with one key on one
        machine, move the resulting partially-signed zone to a second
        machine, and sign it again with a second key.
    </para>
    <para>
        An unfortunate side-effect of this flexibility is that
        <command>dnssec-signzone</command> does not check to make sure
        it's signing a zone with any valid keys at all.  An attempt to
        sign a zone without any keys will appear to succeed, producing
        a "signed" zone with no signatures.  There is no warning issued
        when a zone is not fully signed.
    </para>

    <para>
        This will be corrected in a future release.  In the meantime, ISC
        recommends examining the output of <command>dnssec-signzone</command>
        to confirm that the zone is properly signed by all keys before
        using it.
    </para>
  </refsect1>

  <refsect1>
    <title>SEE ALSO</title>
    <para><citerefentry>
        <refentrytitle>dnssec-keygen</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
      </citerefentry>,
      <citetitle>BIND 9 Administrator Reference Manual</citetitle>,
      <citetitle>RFC 4033</citetitle>.
    </para>
  </refsect1>

  <refsect1>
    <title>AUTHOR</title>
    <para><corpauthor>Internet Systems Consortium</corpauthor>
    </para>
  </refsect1>

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